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Unit T Pasallel ohesahi on of Altermah

OR Unit I (for AEPS stuents)
9hat ase the causee ef vottage amt
tqueny change im pones system,
Jhe actine ond eactino pertes demend
in a pates systero s nee coneBant,
ott ioaslag
it changes contin ceusly st
and deereating tendk sten inþu
to tusbo qenesdo or wates oput to
aydsa qcocstb rut thesefore lae
egulted to
centincoslgy dmndJ{ m tehte
it iA not
aetie podes
requlted thcn <heed charpee tH
consequent chqe in froquenoy si

genesato mut toe cestineousy sequleted

to mat the reectne posel demand
ctheßeojse the veltage aþecitied
vaslou ouie may cNAses the qive
Linit
h Modesn lase întescmatel
manual Agulatin e not feacible an
tthesefor e autormatie qene stion and
veltage aqulatineaelsystn
jenesab
frequeny nd exi ttonve ltage
geoesator.
 Date
Stean /p Page

Exeitti
Cerstrolle
Ceuling

Tulbiot Shatt
Genesr

Votage sendtr
tear freq. Sensort
Valre Cornpaetor
Cortolles Cornpadr

Losd freq cnd Exci tatien vetage reglatve af

tsbo qeoers
Jhe centelles ase let r apaghclas
ofertinq cnlitin and it tkes case of
Small clange in lead oitheut treguent
Hard votage excaeding -the pretcib d
Linit Jf change io load Jemandie ladg
then ootrolley must be eset e t e
Ynanuelly
automticaly
for small change, actiue peoes
dependet on intesnal maeune ane
and is independerst af ous votage hile
bus voge is dapendt on machme
exitation md ndependerst maelie
ange. try ckagye
Momertwy change in shecd changee
the naehine angle
 SPE£D GOVERNIN G sYsTEM
TURR0ALTERNATOR
FoR
Stcass

speedchang
Raise Lirteege ceh anitn
clese
A
openTo
Prtot
spring -Maun
Pisten

amplifia
Presause (speed cante
meehensm
Speed

Jhe syztern censist ed folloaing cempar

gaveny
shick
the change in fraquenay Cspeat)
As the specd inreases te kiybal
move outwasdand thepaint ink
meehanikn moyes donjasdReverse
jorecesA talees plaee ohen speed dec
 Hydralie amplitter- tt compmses ef a
pilot valwe and man pjstan asenqemeit.
lo
Too paee level ilet valve movement s
Cenvested oto tigh posoee level isten
Valve movemetis lk necessasy
to eben or clese the steen Vae agant

Liskag
asesigid
Mechaoikm- ABC
link biroted at B amlL
o'respeetvely.ie lisle medantm
fxoudes moement to the c o o l
Valre in foportin to change iospeed.
Jt alse frid feedbacle fam the
stean Valwe moVement

change
state sp poesoutput setting tr te
tusbine .

1ts
domwasd mOvernent
the uppee pilt vawe lo that re
teamis adoitted to tbeteine
umdestely candition Rerese ceS
akes lace far upehd ma/emest ef
speed cherges
* Autormatic Ve tage Requlato
Jt censiat f mat eyciteg ohc excite
the alteinat teld t cuntol the
tt
otput ve ltage. Jhe extes le cost)lel
atmaticaly eses &iqn al
e= Vaf -Vt witably ompifi-d
Genesatr
V Ve Genr
V Poses

Fietd Mao
Stabilising Eeite tyate

AVR of Geoestr
Vasicu cempenents Qe

)Potetial transteoe :- Jt gies sample

f tesminal Voltge
2 Aitfeiencing oletce - (digfelentiat
oR alteetoy)
It gire the aetuating emr
=Vref-Vt, the esas clqnl
makes the correetiao o altehnty
excitahoo. Eyer siqnal is modelated

3% Erer ampHei i - t demodulated and

anplies the esies signal &ite gaisKe
fes
43R poNe anplifies and Exeites tfeld
Jt ovides the necessasy pooes amplig
catin or costlin tbe exeite teld
Jhe oveSall tantes tntin ia
Ke
|+ Tes
ohese Tef is excts tield tine constat.
5 Altesnaty i Main excites vattage VE
Undes no doad it
toducee voltege propottnl tz 4ield
curent
Jhe No Lood TE e Kg
I+ Taf-s
wbese To4 ik eneiator fiekd time cntat.
Jhe do ad cases aa vo tege do ticd ie
conlex functin of direet and quadsatue
axic crest otich ie Yepreserted doy

Jyannfmmes ynamíe
stabilizing
eaponte
ionved oy steinal deivathine feadbaale
loapbe detivative feedbale lot in
system is froided toy neng ofstetil
Zing tantprmes exeitd by exete
etht altage Ve Jhe outpt ofstablli
zing tanstmes is fed negatively ot outpt
tesoioak
 CIASSAe

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Ke | Vec) Kg
(
skst
+Tst s

The 7f. o atabilizíng tmmi ik

+d(st
VE = Rit
Vst = M s t
dt

Taleing Laplace tanstorm nd dividng

by ) coe get
Vst() SM SM/R skst
R+sL
Ve cs)

Active foos Ahesiog bet hoe pajtel Alt

3phae bud bar
Ceutling
Rnime
Moves | 1

shaft Electn
Prime
Move 2
 Lobe two altelhatr ase Puming in p ellel,
the divisin f doed toetweeo tbem iz
heinly goresred toy efoed Joad chalectesiztic
ef the fonme merez
a ltein atha anníng i palel The
qcvesnei chatatesietha f two tni t ae

Gutfese total lo ad i P
md f2 ik shaiing ot toce lten trk

Nos it the load ie ioreesed to P

the cquency tals -o fn doecae the
lac) uníte inureaLes tbeir cutput toyosaing
me
kinetic enigy (ie yeJuchien m
speed)

1
Pe

Jo ordes t sestre the systom fequeny

hasaetesaties ef dosth unit< One

e4 the too unte can be raised (shon

dotted lises) co tbat he total load
 uoite
p! ik ghated ty oth the
the cytem trequeny
pones cupalied uoill
te fn Tbe
koe p'= p+P.
ke ping
Jhe saizlng tosegin of gevesnon
chasatesistiC
devtce knmn as speed chemeotit
is hested wmanually or by seivormeter
dhe skced loat chaletei
mives ase &hn io ia

refsented oy D and Dz Let oett

altenty sbare eual lo ad (P). Tetal
lead = 2P. het f' doe the otating
requeney
ffreg Y speed

Load
No it mcehanical toqne of mimedethn
inweaed by it foreenet
ity load sed
for cnstan t -he
totel Load 2p
feitin g poirt 'a' ' ats
 mes ofejating peints qnd d'. bt the
lo ad on alten ator 1 inwease and loadd.
n altesntr 2. deercasee at new freq. f
Bueh tht ttal load =2P. To motstain
cntant frequeny f' mcehanica in fut
to pnme moved 2 must be reluce d do
-tht load faueny chaseetesistc chtz
donNa toD h e opeitingpofnt c
and dno shifs to nes pesiticn'n
y oth sytem rea t2amd Lo ad
altein atoy 1 s Me and on 2 is My
&weh tht total oad=2P

Keactive Passe shasing betn too Palallel

AHesna

Consiles tuoo alteinats BetNing în petalel

witt tuminal veltage Vt
bet Ef £p =At be the qenesated emf
het Ja, and Iag oe tte asmatuse cumet
e4 qeneLatur 'Iamd '2
Ta =Ia, 2
L ohele L =lead cumet

Lt excittin ef geneaty 1 is increased

An order to keep temindotage

cendat, tt,e excitahien
excitatien ef
ef geneseY
'2
Lhoutd be reduced to
 The voltge diffehcnce of e and E
gives rike to ciculatinq cument I
shich get add ed t Ia and Abstractey
trom az . Hence cument f genelate
a e how
Tbe ative components f he
cument vemains Aarme in magnitude
je. Vt. IL and Pf) but anmteie.
(ie.
cument excitatfon vo lHage and individua
generetor Pf Loill change i-e. generatY
4 uill epesate at low pf and '2'
Lei l ofeste at tiu Pt Hee
genesat 1 deliesd more
reactive poe.
Thus loy covbolling tbeir ezitatia
and bene their P£ can costrol -the
reachve poer shared by gneitA

AE
 Dare

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Namyericala (Pasallel opsateon of Altert)

200 MW ane
To geneiata ratet |o0MW and
eferat inpasalWel. nþ chaiecteratc of
their qovernerS are 47 and 5y- reep. rom
no load t tull toad. Assuming that the
Ae operatng at 50 Hz at NO
genejatx ase
Le ad. temne the load shared by each
gensstr tora total lo ad e 3op MW and
systeo frq at this load.

Y p48)
M
E

200 YW

Lat fn :New opesating freq

O from soilarity o ABCX and ABEL
Q5 200
Cx
BE LE 50-fn LE

Le = &o(50- fn)
2
From ioj lkority ABYD nd ABME
2
ME ME
BE 5o-fn
ME= So (50-fn)
 Date

Page.

LE + ME =300
Bo(50-fo)+ So(50- fn)= 3o0
: . t = 47-G93 Hz.
. LE =logd on 4 = I84-SG MW
ME =load GYO = |5-35M0

Arob. Tuoo genesstrs sated 200MW g 400 M

ahe epeatinq in paialel.Jhe Arop
chasactristic ef thet governrs ale
47. & 5. rsb fom No load to full
oad. tbe Aheed chargers a r e o de
that the geneatÁ opeae at s Hz
aherig
the rathio o thet satins1f the lbad
seduces to 400 MW
be ahaTed amM
ammg -the genelators and
shect vai L be sten trequeray ?? Assume
free governer Yesþende.
52-5HZ

52
H
P

-200MWt
ABy sinilty ef ABcG & ABDE
BD 52-fn Pi
2 200
 P, =lo0 (52-fn)

By siilerity AACH and AAD

Ac CH 52-5-fn
AD DE 2-5 400

. Pa |Go(52-5-fn)
Now P +P = 400
foo (52-fn) +l6o(52-5- fn) = 40o
tn=50-76 Hz

* loo(52-50-76)

Load en qr P = l6o(52-5-fo)
= 278 M

qenerars rated 120MW and 250Mw

are epelating in aiallel . Governer settings
on the machine are sueh tht they have
4 and 3/. eoþs rel etemihe O
Load taken by each nm achineter a ttal
Le ad od 200MM0 Zadjatoest in
la no lo ad speed to be made y the
<þeed changer i7 the machines' ase to
share the load cquwelly
bupþece is load
and Pa load on
hat
ejate
in llcoi ttey mly IhenYeduee.
jncrease
ast D f ilp meeh eiher then
ttohare
he ase xolc JË
Problen porte 29d
06MW |7 P
s4 =52-34
Mw P
-12) P=4o(e-fo)
Hz fn get, zoluing,
we A7tr
0 Go(50-fn)+
cirenP+Py=
MW20O
Pz 5o-fn
2S> 50-485 Ax
ZÁC andA Axy simillority
A o) By
=Go(50-fn)
50-fn Ac
J20 BE AB
AcD andA ABE aimillanty
A o By
MW 2S MW
|20
B
48-5
D
fo
A(t)
 parallet olb cqual treq

but meolb
het ncb ilp o. O i reduced Hee
its ne dop chasaute iztíc i% reorede sted
by D.
P,=,= too Mw at freq: fn
th
0 By sfmilaity f AAeE and AAH
>fo= 48-93 Hz
50-f
bot N0 Load freq af GO be fo

fo-48"93
50-48-5 250

. fo = 48-93 Hz
Zcharge in setting <þeed
50-48-93y lo0 = 2-|4 7
charger

Tiso atenators are opeseting îin

Altecn ator aiallel
ad Jov kw and freg doþ
trosn 5 OHz at NO Load to es Hz at full
Load AltO dhad nkw cataeity and
freq ctrop trem 50-5 H2 at No Load tr
48 Hz at t full load . Calelate O
Hoo ttal load o4 12oo Kw oill be beshred
shre
by hoo altertor . (2) contute Max.
Lo act that cao be oleliveed oy two
ltnator cottto ut oveslo acling either
e then.
A(50-5)
B
50
AO

L M

c48-5)

b|(4sH2)
Ofom siillanty ef ABcx and ABEL
Xc J-5
BE LE 50- fo LE

. LE = 23333-3 4 GG-7{
(e)
O fronn siil larit of AAD ant AAME
AD.
ME
505-f ME

. ME =l4)40-28ofn
(e)
Giren P +P |20o
233333 - 466-7hot i4)46-280}0

= Gc|· o| Kw,,=537-6 KW

from chroo chaeeteriatic it is leas

that altebatr O attan ite first
 Pt 2 ef Numencal
A lt =7D kw
Consides A ADy and A
AAe4 4CZ
AD 2-5
Ac 2.

Load o Alt = A zC= 56o K<w

-. Max. essble load0+ 560 = |26o KW

ofeuting at freg 485 Hz