Lecture PowerPoint to accompany

Talaro

Chapter 1
The Main Themes of
Microbiology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
micros: rất nhỏ; bios: sự sống; logos: khoa học (chữ Hy lạp)

▪ Microbiology is the study of organisms too

small to be seen with the naked eye.
A microscope is needed to view them.

▪ Microorganisms include:
1. Bacteria (s. Bacterium)
2. Fungi (s. Fungus)
3. Algae (s. Alga)
4. Protozoa (s. Protozoan)
5. Helminths (Worms)
6. Viruses
2
3
1. Biotechnology
2. Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
3. Agricultural Microbiology
4. Immunology
5. Public health microbiology and epidemiology
6. Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

4
5
6
7
1. Nutrient production and energy flow

2. Decomposition

3. Biotechnology

4. Genetic engineering

5. Bioremediation (xử lý, cải tạo MT)

6. Infectious disease

8
▪ Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases

▪ 10 B new infections/year worldwide

▪ 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

9
10
▪ Procaryotes and Eukaryotes
▪ Procaryotes – Microscopic, unicellular organisms.
Lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

▪ Eucaryotes – Unicellular and multicellular

organisms. Have nuclei and membrane-bound
organelles

▪ Viruses
Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic
acid and protein

11
12
 Microbial
Dimensions
▪ Helminths are
measured in
millimeters

▪ Procaryotes are
measured in
micrometers
(10 – 0.3µm)

▪ Viruses in
nanometers
(300 – 10nm) 13
14
15
 6 ĐẶC TÍNH QUAN TRỌNG CỦA VSV
1. Kích thước: nhỏ bé
2. Sự hấp thu: hấp thu nhiều – chuyển hóa nhanh
3. Khả năng sinh trưởng và phát triển: Sinh trưởng
nhanh – phát triển mạnh
4. Khả năng thích ứng: Khả năng thích ứng nhanh,
mạnh và dễ phát sinh biến dị
5. Phân bố rộng rãi trong tự nhiên
6. Tồn tại lâu đời

16
▪ 300 years of contributions by many

▪ Prominent discoveries include:

◦ microscopy
◦ scientific method
◦ development of medical microbiology
◦ microbiology techniques

17
 ▪ Dutch linen
merchant
Insert figure 1.8
▪ First to observe
living microbes

▪ Single-lens
magnified up to
300X
http://vietsciences.free.fr/biographie/biologists/leeuwenhoek.htm

18
Insert figure 1.9 (a)
microscope

19
Early belief that some forms of life could arise from
vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing
matter
(meat left out in the open soon “produced” maggots;
mushrooms appeared on rotting wood; rats and mice
emerged from piles of litter, and that, etc.)
21
▪ John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each
demonstrated the presence of heat
resistant forms of some microbes.
*Cohn determined these forms to be endospores.

▪ Sterility requires the elimination of all life

forms including endospores and viruses.

22
▪ Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes – observed that
mothers of home births had fewer infections
than those who gave birth in hospital

▪ Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis – correlated infections

with physicians coming directly from
autopsy room to maternity ward

▪ Nosocomial Infections - infections acquired

during stay in hospitals

23
▪ Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic
techniques reducing microbes in medical
settings to prevent infections

◦ involved disinfection of hands using chemicals

prior to surgery (phenol 5%)

◦ use of heat for sterilization

24
▪ Many diseases are caused by the growth of
microbes in the body and not by sins, bad
character, or poverty, etc.

▪ Two major contributors:

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

25
 1. Disproved spontaneous
generation of
microorganisms (hiện tượng
tự sinh)
2. Demonstrated what is now
known as Germ Theory of
Insert figure 1.11 Disease
3. Developed a rabies vaccine
4. Showed microbes caused
fermentation and spoilage
5. Developed pasteurization

http://vietsciences.free.fr/biographie/biologists/pasteur.htm 26
27
28
 1. Established Koch’s
postulates - a sequence
of experimental steps
that verified the germ
theory
Insert figure 1.12
2. Developed pure culture
methods

3. Identified cause of
anthrax, TB, and cholera

29
30
31
Formal system originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778)

▪ Concerned with:
◦ Identification (định danh) – discovering and
recording traits of organisms for placement into
taxonomic schemes
◦ Nomenclature (danh pháp) – assigning names
◦ Classification (phân loại) – orderly arrangement of
organisms into groups

32
1. Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum (pl. Phyla)
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus (pl. Genera)
8. species

33
34
▪ Binomial (scientific) nomenclature

▪ Gives each microbe 2 names:

◦ Genus - noun, always capitalized
◦ species - adjective, lowercase
 sp. - not yet identified single species
 spp. - not yet identified plural species
 BOTH NOT italicized or underlined

▪ Both italicized or underlined

◦ Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
◦ Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
◦ Escherichia coli (E. coli)

35
36
▪ Bacteria - true bacteria, peptidoglycan

▪ Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme

environments, high salt, heat, etc.

▪ Eukarya- have a nucleus and organelles

37
 Insert figure 1.15
Woese-Fox System

Woese-Fox System 38
39
40
 Fusarium culmorum
Fusarium solani Aspergillus flavus
Penicillium notatum Aspergillus fumigatus
Penicillium chrysogenum Aspergillus niger
Trichoderma sp. Lactobacillus acidophilus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lactobacillus thermophilus
Saccharomyces boulardii Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
41
42
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Hygromycin, Rapamycin, Geldanamycin S. hygroscopius
Neomycin, Tylosin S. fradiae
Gentamycin Micromonospora spp.
Kanamycin S. kanamycetius
Apramycin S. tenebrarius
Spectinomycin, Streptovaricins S. spectabilis
Rifamycin Amycolatopsis mediterranei
Oleandomycin, Actinomycin S. antibioticus
Erythromycin Saccharopolyspora erythraea
Spiramycin S. ambofaciens
Sinefungin, Tunicamycin, Candicidin S. griseolus
Vancomycin, Muraceins, Orienticin A and B A. orientalis
Avoparcin A. coloradensis
Macrobicyclic peptide A. fastidiosa
Azureomycin B, Thiostrepton A. azurea
Amphotericin B S. nodosus
Nystatin S. nouresii
Monensin S. cinnamonensis
Salinomycin S. albus
Narasin, (Chlo-) Tetracyclin S. aureofaciens
43
Oxytetracyclin