Chapter04 Lecture
Chapter04 Lecture
Talaro
Chapter 4
An Introduction to Cells
and Procaryotic Cell –
Structure and Function
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
All living things (single and multicellular) are made
of cells that share some common characteristics:
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Eucaryotic cells: animals, plants, fungi, and protists
◦ contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA
chromosomes
◦ contain membrane-bound organelles that
compartmentalize the cytoplasm and perform specific
functions
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Growth and development
Reproduction and heredity – genome composed
of DNA packed in chromosomes; produce
offspring sexually or asexually
Metabolism – chemical and physical life
processes
Movement and/or irritability – respond to
internal/external stimuli; self-propulsion/
motility of many organisms
Cell support, protection, and storage
mechanisms – cell walls, vacuoles, granules and
inclusions
Transport of nutrients and waste
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Appendages
Motility – flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)
Attachment – fimbriae
Channels - pili
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Flagella
3 parts:
◦ filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of
protein flagellin
◦ hook - curved sheath
◦ basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
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Vibrio, Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Spirillum, H. pylori
E. coli, Salmonella
Aquaspirillum, Spirillum
Bacillus, Proteus
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Treponema pallidum
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Guide bacteria in a direction in response to external
stimulus:
(hóa hướng động & quang hướng động)
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Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles from
the cell surface
Function in adhesion to other cells and
surfaces
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Rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
Found only in Gram negative cells
Function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA
transfer called conjugation
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Coating of molecules external to the cell wall,
made of sugars and/or proteins
Two types:
1. slime layer (màng nhày) - loosely organized and attached
2. Capsule (vỏ/bao nhày) - highly organized, tightly attached
Functions:
◦ protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
◦ inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis
➔ contributing to pathogenicity
◦ attachment - formation of biofilms
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Colonization
Survival and Persistence
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Acetobacter xylinum Acetobacter spp. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Gluconobacter spp. Gluconacetobacter xylinus
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Jing Wang et al., 2019
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Kefir or kephir
Tibicos or water kefir
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Kei-Xian Tan et al., 2020 28
Exopolysaccharide - Biopolymer
❖ Bacterial cellulose
❖ Kefiran
❖ Xanthan gum:
▪ A laxative
▪ Toothpastes and cosmetic
▪ Food addictive: thickening agent and stabilizer
▪ To reduce blood sugar and total cholesterol in people
with diabetes
❖ Dextran:
▪ An antithrombotic (antiplatelet)
▪ Intravenous solutions function both as volume
expanders and means of parenteral nutrition
▪ Size-exclusion chromatography matrices (Sephadex)
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External covering outside the cytoplasm
Composed of two basic layers:
◦ cell wall and cell membrane
Maintains cell integrity
Two generally different groups of bacteria
demonstrated by Gram stain:
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Insert figure 4.12
Comparative cell envelopes
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Peptidoglycan is primary component:
◦ unique macromolecule composed of a repeating
framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by
short peptide fragments
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Thick, homogeneous sheath
of peptidoglycan
◦ 20-80 nm thick
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An outer membrane + a thin peptidoglycan layer
OM is similar to cell membrane bilayer structure
◦ Outermost layer: lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - lipid portion
(lipid A) is released during infections and cell lysis ➔
endotoxin
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Single, thin sheet of peptidoglycan (8-11nm)
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Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a
Gram (+) cell wall from those with a Gram (-) cell
wall
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Some bacterial groups lack typical cell wall
structure i.e. Mycobacterium and Nocardia
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Mycoplasma 44
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Functions in:
◦ providing site for energy reactions, nutrient
processing, and synthesis
◦ transport into and out of the cell
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Chromosome
◦ single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that
contains all the genetic information
◦ DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a
dense area called the nucleoid (vùng nhân)
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Plasmids
◦ small circular, double-stranded DNA, max 8% gDNA
◦ free or integrated into the chromosome
◦ duplicated and passed on to offspring
◦ not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism
◦ role in adaptation, may encode antibiotic resistance,
tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes and toxins
◦ used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated and
transferred from cell to cell
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Ribosomes
◦ made of 60% ribosomal RNA and 40% protein
◦ consist of two subunits: large and small
◦ procaryotic differ from eucaryotic ribosomes in
size and number of proteins
◦ site of protein synthesis
◦ present in all cells
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Inclusions (thể vùi) and granules (hạt)
◦ intracellular storage bodies
◦ vary in size, number and content
◦ Bacterial cell can use them when environmental sources
are depleted
◦ Single membrane containing glycogen, poly-b-
hydroxybutyrate, gas vesicles for floating…
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Magnetosome containing iron oxide poly-b-hydroxybutyrate IB
Orient the cells in the earth’s magnetic field
➔ into locations with favorable oxygen
levels or nutrient-rich sediments
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Endospores
◦ inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera:
Clostridium, Bacillus and Sporosarcina
have a 2-phase life cycle:
vegetative cell – metabolically active and growing
endospore – when exposed to adverse environmental conditions;
capable of high resistance and very long-term survival
◦ sporulation - formation of endospores
hardiest of all life forms
withstands extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation and
chemicals
not a means of reproduction
◦ Germination - return to vegetative growth
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Dehydrated, metabolically inactive thick coat
dipicolinic acid
destroy
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Variety in shape, size, and arrangement but
typically described by one of three basic shapes:
◦ coccus – spherical (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus)
◦ bacillus – rod (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, E. coli)
coccobacillus – very short and plump (Haemophilus influenzae,
Gardnerella vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis)
vibrio – gently curved, comma (1 turn)
◦ spirillum (xoắn thể) - helical, twisted rod
➢ Campylobacter, Helicobacter (~2 turns)
Spirochete/spirochaete (xoắn khuẩn) - spring–like
➢ Leptospira, Borrelia
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Arrangement of cells is dependent on pattern of
division and how cells remain attached after
division:
◦ cocci:
singles
diplococci – in pairs
tetrads – groups of four
irregular clusters
chains
cubical packets
◦ bacilli:
chains
palisades
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Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Neisseria
Streptococcus
gonorrhoeae
pyogenes
Sarcina
Micrococcus ventriculi
sp.
Staphylococcus 60
Coxiella burnetii, Moraxella bovis,
Bacillus cereus
Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis…
Haemophilus influenzae
Gardnerella vaginalis
Chlamydia trachomatis
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1. Microscopic morphology
2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance
3. Physiological / biochemical characteristics
4. Chemical analysis
5. Serological analysis
6. Genetic and molecular analysis
• G + C base composition
• DNA analysis using genetic probes
• Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis
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Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology –
five volume resource covering all known procaryotes
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Domain Archaea – primitive, adapted to extreme
habitats and modes of nutrition
Domain Bacteria -
◦ Phylum Proteobacteria – Gram-negative cell walls
◦ Phylum Firmicutes – mainly Gram-positive with low G + C
content
◦ Phylum Actinobacteria – Gram-positive with high G + C
content
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Species –a collection of bacterial cells which
share an overall similar pattern of traits in
contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs
significantly
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Spirulina platensis/Arthrospira platensis
Unusual forms of medically significant obligate
intracellular parasites
◦ Rickettsias
Very tiny, Gram-negative bacteria
Most are pathogens that alternate between mammals and
fleas, lice or ticks.
Obligate intracellular pathogens
Cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell
Cannot carry out metabolism on their own
Rickettsia rickettisii – Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia prowazekii – epidemic typhus
Coxiella burnetti – Q fever
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◦ Chlamydias
Tiny
Obligate intracellular parasites
Not transmitted by arthropods
Chlamydia trachomatis – severe eye infection and one
of the most common sexually transmitted diseases
Chlamydia pneumoniae – lung infections
Chlamydia psittaci – ornithosis, parrot fever
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Constitute third Domain Archaea
Seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya
than to bacteria
Live in the most extreme habitats in nature,
extremophiles
Adapted to heat, salt, acid pH, pressure and
atmosphere
Includes: CH4 producers, hyperthermophiles,
extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers
➔ Compare Bacteria – Archaea - Eukaryotes
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