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Lecture 1
Networking Overview

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What is Network?
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• A network is a set of communication elements connected

by communication links.
• In order to transfer a data from one node to another node,
network should be established.
Communication elements:
• Computers, printers, mobile phones, Routers,
switches, and so on.
• An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is
called a computer network
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Cont’
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Communication links:

 Wired: optic fiber, coaxial cable, twisted pair

 Wireless: radio, microwave, satellite

 Topologies: Ring, Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh

Example of Networks:
Internet, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet and Wireless
LANs
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 Components of Communication
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Network Categories
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Others
 Bluetooth
 Wireless LANs(802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g)
 Wireless WANs (802.16, Cellular telephones, Satellites)
 WSN, MANET and VANET

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 Internetworks
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 A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork

or internet.

 The internet is a vast collection of different networks that use

certain common protocols and provide certain common services.

Internet applications: E-mail, News, Remote login and File

transfer

 Internet Service Providers (ISP) offer individual users at home, the

ability to call up one of their machines and connect to the

Internet to access all kinds of services.
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How data transfer?
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 When data is transferred over the local network, it

occurs using layer 2 protocols.

MAC addresses

 When data is transferred outside the local network, it

occurs using Layer-3 protocols for routing.

IP addresses

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Data transfer over the network: HTTP
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Cont’
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D
B
(IP, Port, Data)

(IP, Port, Data)

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Reference Models-OSI
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 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model

was developed by the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO).

 It is a framework for developing protocol standards.

 It has seven layers

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OSI Reference Model: The Seven Layers
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Data flow on OSI model
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Seven Layers and Their Functionality
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End System A End System B

Application layer Application-specific protocols

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Presentation layer Data representation formats
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Dialog control
Session layer 5
End-to-end data transport
Transport layer 4
Routing
Network layer 3
Next-neighbor error and flow
Data Link layer control 2
Physical layer Physical data transfer 1

Physical link
Lake F. Advanced Computer Networks
The physical layer
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 Responsible for movements of individual bits one hop

(node) to the next, Data rate, synchronization of bits,
transmission mode, physical topology from.

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Data Link Layer
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 Responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next,
Framing, physical addressing, flow control, error control and access
control.

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Hop-to-hop delivery
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 Network layer
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 Responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source

host to the destination host, Logical addressing and Routing

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Source-to-destination delivery
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Transport Layer
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 Responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to

another, Service-point addressing, segmentation and reassembly,
connection control . Network layer oversees source-to-destination
delivery of individual packets, it does not recognize any
relationship between those packets.

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Reliable process-to-process delivery of a
message 20

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Session Layer
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 Responsible for dialog control and synchronization. It establishes,

maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among
communicating systems.

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Presentation Layer
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 Responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

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Application Layer
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 Responsible for providing services to the user.

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 Summary of OSI layers
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
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 The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model.
 The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport,
and application.
 However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can
say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers:
 Physical, data link, network, transport and application
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 ADDRESSING
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• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet

employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.
TCP/IP Addresses:

48 bit address 32 bit address 16 bit address

(0-65535)
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Relationship of layers & addresses in TCP/IP
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 Cont’
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 The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the
logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

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 Network devices with Layer
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Layers Network Devices

Application Layer Application gateway

Transport Layer Transport gateway

Network Layer Router and gateway

Data link layer Bridge and Switch

Physical Layer Repeater, Hub and Modem.

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 Cont’
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Network requirements
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 Consistency: Predictable response time, accurate (no data loss).

 Performance: Response time, number of users, transmission

speed, media type and others.

 Reliability: Average time between failures and recovery after

failure.

 Security: Unauthorized access to hardware and software.

 Applications: Should support easy application (email,

teleconferencing, etc.).

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Computer Networks: Applications
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 Business Applications

 Home Applications

 Mobile Users

 Social Issues

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