VOLCANOES Shield volcanoes got their name from their

shape which resembles a warrior’s shield lying

Volcano – is an opening on the surface of a planet that
on the ground. The shape comes from steams
allow material warmer than its surroundings to escape
of lava that flow from a summit vent or group of
from its interior. When this material escapes, it causes
vents and then cool down, forming smooth,
an eruption.
gentle slopes. Their summits are nearly flat.
Where Volcanoes are found?
Composite/Stratovolcano
The Lithosphere is the outermost layer that
surrounds the Earth. It consists of the crust and
part of the mantle. This is broken into extremely
large slabs called tectonic plates.

How volcanoes are formed?

Volcanoes are formed mostly at the boundaries

of tectonic plates. As the two plates collide
ripples of the plate arises forming a cone like
structure. The subduction of plates causes a
magma to form, which is then stored in a
magma chamber. Composite volcanoes, also known as
Types of volcanoes stratovolcanoes, are steep-sided, symmetrical
cones formed when pyroclastic eruptions
alternate with lava flows and layers build up
over time. They usually have a central vent or a
Cinder Cone Volcano
cluster of vents in a crater at their summit.

How to identify how violent the eruption will be?

Viscosity: the resistance to flow

Gas contents: the amount of dissolved gas in it.

Viscosity – viscosity is affected by the amount of silica

(SiO2 also known as Silicon Dioxide) in the magma. The
more silica the more viscous the magma is, the more
Cinder cone volcanoes are relatively small,
viscous the magma is the slower it flow.
steep, cone-shaped hills made up mostly of
partly burned ash and magma cinders. Cinder Gas Contents – As magma moves upward, the gas tries
cones tend to be explosive but they can also to escape because of the pressure is decreasing.
produce lava.
Types of eruptions
Shield Volcano
Strombolian

- This are moderately explosive

eruptions of basaltic magma with
moderate gas content. Strombolian
 eruption consist of intermittent, Elder. Plinian eruptions are marked by columns
discrete explosive bursts which of volcanic debris and hot gases ejected high
eject pyroclasts as high as hundreds into the stratostphere. The key characteristics
of feet into the air in firework-like are the ejection of a large amount of pumice
incandescent rooster-tails. and very powerful continuous gas-driven
eruptions. This is the most destructive and
Vulcanian Eruption
violent explosion among the aforementioned
This type of eruption is eruptions.
characterized by a dense
Types of Magma
cloud of ash-laden gas
exploding from the crater Andesitic Magma – this is the middle magma in
and rising high above the terms of heat; fluidity, or speed of flow; and
peak. This is usually gas content. It is probably 800 to 1,000 degrees
followed by the explosive celsius it is made up of 55 to 65 percent silica
clearing of the vent and with average amounts of iron, magnesium,
the eruption column is calcium, potassium and sodium.
dirty grey to black as
Basaltic Magma – a magma which is made up of
weathered rocks are
45 to 55 percent silica. It is high in iron,
blasted out of the vent.
magnesium, and calcium and is low in
Pelean Eruption potassium and sodium. The temperature of a
basaltic magma is around 1000 – 1200 degrees
Celsius.

Felsic Magma – Felsic-type magmas include

rylotic and dacite magmas, which are very thick
and slow-moving. Felsic magma seems to form
when Earth’s crusts melts with seawater. It is
highly explosive when erupting from volcanoes.
Flesic Magma is made up of 65-75 silica. It is low
This eruption occurs when viscous magma, in iron, magnesium and calcium and is high in
typically of rhyolitic or andesitic type, is potassium and sodium. Felsic magma is cool,
involved, and share some similarities with reaching 650 to 800 degrees Celsius.
vulcanian eruption. It releases a glowing
avalanche of hot volcanic ash, called pyroclastic
flow. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Plinian Eruption Geothermal energy is thermal energy extracted
this is an eruption from the Earth’s crust. It combines energy from
marked by their the formation of the planet and from
similarity to the radioactive decay. Geothermal energy has been
eruption of exploited as a source of heat and/or electric
Mount Vesuvius, power for millennia.
in Pompei 749
AD. The eruption
was described in
a letter by Pliny
the Younger after
the death of his
uncle Pliny the
 Geothermal power plants CLIMATE

- Draw fluids from underground Climate – is the long-term pattern of weather in

reservoirs to the surface to produce a particular area. While weather can change
steam. This steam then drives from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-
turbines that generate electricity. month, or even year-to-year. A region’s
weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30
years, are considered its climate.

Factors affecting climate

- Latitude
- Altitude
- Distance from the Ocean
- Ocean Currents

Latitude – This is the distance north or south of

the equator. It is measured in degrees.
Injection well -> hot water -> steam -> turbine &
Temperature changes with latitude
generator -> power grid -> cooling tower
- At the equator, Sun’s rays are most
LIST OF THE LARGEST GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN
direct. This is where temperature is
THE PHILIPPINES (in terms of Megawatts)
highest.
Malitbog Geothermal Power Station (Malitbog - At higher latitudes, the sun’s rays
Leyte) are less direct the farther an area is
from the equator the lower its
232.5 Megawatts temperature.
Mahanagdong Geothermal Power Station - At the poles, Sun’s rays are least
(Limao Kananga Leyte) direct. Much of the area is covered
with ice and snow.
180 Megawatts
Altitude – This is the height of an object or point
Upper Mahiao Geothermal Power Station ( in relation to sea level or ground level.
Leyte ) 125 Megawatts
- Air temperature falls at higher
Tongonan Geothermal Power Station (Leyte) altitudes. Since air is less dense at
123 Megawatts higher altitudes.
- The temperature decreases by 6.5
Bacman I Geothermal Power Station ( Bicol ) degrees celsius for every 1000m
altitude.
120 Megawatts
Distance from the Ocean
Palinpinon Geothermal Power Station (Negros
Island) - Land heats and cools faster than the
sea. Therefore coastal areas have a
112.5 Megawatts
lower temperature range than
those areas inland.
- Distance from the sea affects the
temperature of a place, as the sea
breeze blowing from the sea
towards the land which cools the
coastal regions during day. At night,
the land breeze makes the sea
 cooler this interchanges of breeze El Niño – (The Little Boy) during this
maintains the heat balance. weather phenomenon that typically
occurs every three to seven years, the
Pacific Ocean’s climate changes
dramatically. The transition zone
between warm surface water and cold
deep water deepens. Trade winds are
also weak during El Niño . The
combination of weak winds and deeper
water transition zone limits upwelling.

La Niña – (The Little Girl) this is an

irregularly occurring movement of
deep cold water to the ocean surface
along the western coast of South
Ocean currents America. Usually during La Niña may
lead to hurricanes.
- Ocean currents are the continuous,
predictable, directional movement
of seawater driven by gravity, wind
(Coriolis effect), and water density.
Ocean water moves in two
directions: horizontally and
vertically. Horizontal movements
are referred to as currents, while
vertical changes are referred to as
Upwelling.

Upwelling – is a process in which deep,

cold water rises
towards the
surface. Upwelling
brings deep water
to the surface
which is often rich
in nutrients,
coastal upwelling
supports the growth of seaweed and
plankton. These, in turn, provide food
for fish, marine mammals, and birds.