ESTEBAN, JERYMAY D.

BSED SCI-3D
PRE-TEST
Step 1
On the line to the left of the phrase, place the letter of the term that best
matches the phrase. Each term to be used at once.
1. a 11. y 21. k
2. n 12. i 22. cc
3. e 13. bb 23. g
4. w 14. l 24. p
5. c 15. s 25. u
6. z 16. d 26. o
7. dd 17. j 27. b
8. r 18. aa 28. h
9. x 19. v 29. q
10. f 20. t 30. m
Step 2
Grade yourself using the following answer key.
1. a 6. z 11. y 16. d 21. k 26. o
2. n 7. dd 12. i 17. j 22. cc 27. b
3. e 8. r 13. bb 18. aa 23. g
28. h
4. w 9. x 14. l 19. v 24. p 29. q
5. c 10. f 15. s 20. t 25. u 30. M

Step 3
Re-read the sections of chapter 21 that cover any terms you may have
matched incorrectly and correct your answers on the answer line to the left
of such phrases.

Step 4
Copy each term onto the line to the right of the correct phrase to produce
your own glossary for further study and review

Term Definition
Alleles Alternate forms of the same gene.
Codominance In systems involving multiple alleles, the complete
expression of two different alleles in their dominant
condition (such as the AB blood type).
Dihybrid Cross A genetic cross in which the genotype and
phenotype of two different traits, each controlled by
a different gene, are studied simultaneously.
Dizygotic Twins Two zygotes produced from two eggs independently
fertilized by two sperm and developing concurrently.
Dominant The allele that when present in a heterozygous
condition is fully expressed in the phenotype.
Epistasis The expression of one gene that seems to hide or
mask the expression of some other gene.
F1 The first generation of offspring in a genetic
experiment.
F2 The generation produced by crossing two individuals
of the first filial generation.
Gene The hereditary unit or factor located at a particular
site on a chromosome.
Genetic load The relative number of harmful recessive genes
passed along to offspring of a given marriage.
Genetics The branch of biology that studies the inheritance of
characteristics
Genotype The genetic constitution of an organism, often
expressed by letters or other symbols.
Heterozygous The condition of having two different alleles for a
given gene in an individual.
Homozygous The condition of having two identical alleles for a
given gene in an individual.
Incomplete dominance Two alleles that in the homozygous form
produce distinctly different phenotypes but in the
heterozygous form produce a phenotype that is
intermediate.
Law of Independent Genetic rule stated by Mendel indicating that
gametes assortment produced by an individual contain only
one of each pair of
genetic factors carried by that individual.
Law of segregation Genetic rule stated by Mendel indicating that
gametes produced by an individual contain only one
of each pair of genetic factors carried by that
individual.
Modifier genes The effect of nonallelic genes on the phenotypic
expression of some other gene.
Monohybrid cross A genetic cross in which the genotype and
phenotype of a trait controlled by a single gene is
studied.
Monozygotic twins A single zygote that splits or otherwise yields two
genetically embryos that develop into adults.
Multiple alleles A gene with more than the usual two allelic forms
(such as with the ABO blood type system).
Pedigree A diagram or chart showing a "family tree" over
several generations.
Phenotype The observable physical expression of the genotype
of an organism.
Pleiotropy The condition in which a single gene appears to
bring about numerous phenotypic responses
Polygenic inheritance The study of the continuous array of variation
of phenotypes caused by the sum of several
genes acting on various aspects
of the same trait.
Punnet square A boxlike representation of a genetic cross that lists
possible male and female gametes on two adjacent
sides and lists potential zygote genotypes in the
center portion.
Quantitative genetics A quantitative genetic response caused by two
or more genes acting on some aspect of the same
trait.
Recessive The allele that when present in the heterozygous
form is not expressed in the phenotype
Self-fertilization Zygote in plants derived from gametes
produced from the
same individual parent plant.
Test-score A genetic cross that tests a dominant phenotype
individual for homozygosity versus heterozygosity by
crossing it with a recessive individual.
True/ False Seft-Quiz (with textbook page references)
Indicate whether each statement is true (T) or false (F)
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. F
Multiple choice Seft-Quiz (with textbook page references)
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. d

Fill in Self-Quiz (Objective 21.4)

Fill in the boxes of this dihybrid cross Punnett square. Then fill in the
number of individuals (as a fraction of 16) that have the phenotypes as
listed below the Punnett square. To determine if you have completed both
parts of this fill in self-quiz correctly, compare your answers to figure 21.12
in your text.
RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY Rryy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYy RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

The fraction of offspring that are wrinkled, green - 1/16

The fraction of offspring that are wrinkled, yellow - 2/16
The fraction of offspring that are round, green - 2/16
The fraction of offspring that are round, yellow - 9/16
Open Book Self-Quiz-Part 1 (Objective 21.6)
Chapter 21 describes three conditions that involve the idea of something
occurring in multiples. These terms are frequently confused. Using your
text as a resource, briefly describe and differentiate between the following:
Term Describe and Differentiate between Each

Multiple  Refers to the existence of more than two alleles for a

alleles gene in a population.
 ABO blood group system in humans with three
alleles (IA, IB, i).
 Each individual has two alleles, but there can be
several alleles in the population.
Polygenetic  Involves multiple genes interacting to determine a
inheritance single trait.
 Human height, influenced by multiple genes with
additive effects.
 Traits show a continuous range of phenotypes due to
the cumulative effects of multiple genes.
Pleiotropy  Occurs when a single gene influences multiple,
seemingly unrelated traits.
 Sickle cell anemia affects red blood cell shape and
malaria resistance.
 One gene mutation can have diverse phenotypic
effects on multiple traits.

 Multiple Alleles- Multiple alleles refer to the existence of more than

two alleles for a single gene in a population.
 Polygenic Inheritance- inheritance involves the interaction of multiple
genes to determine a single trait, leading to a continuous range of
phenotypes.
 Pleiotropy- Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple,
seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.

Open Book Self-Quiz-Part 2 (Objective 21.5)

Chapter 21 describes three types of dominance. Using your text as a
resource, briefly describe and differentiate between each of the following:

Term Describe and Differentiate between Each

Dominance  Dominance refers to one allele of a gene exerting a
greater influence on a trait compared to another
allele.
 In Mendel's pea plant experiments, the gene for tall
height (T) dominates over the allele for short height
(t).
Codominan  Co-dominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are
ce fully expressed in the heterozygous individual, without
blending.
 In blood type inheritance, the A and B alleles are co-
dominant, resulting in the AB blood type.
Incomplete  In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype
dominance is a blend or intermediate between the two
homozygous phenotypes.
 In snapdragon flowers, red (RR) and white (WW)
alleles exhibit incomplete dominance, resulting in pink
flowers (RW).

 Dominance- One allele of a gene exerts a greater influence on a trait,

masking the expression of the other allele.
 Codominance- alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the
heterozygous individual without blending.
 Incomplete Dominance- The heterozygous phenotype is a blend or
intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Essay Questions

1. Describe what is meant by Mendel's law of segregation. (Text page

510)
 Mendel's Law of Segregation states that during the formation of
gametes, the two alleles for a gene segregate from each other so that
each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. This means that
offspring receive one allele from each parent, and the alleles are
randomly separated during gamete formation. As a result, each parent
contributes one allele to the offspring, leading to genetic diversity in
the offspring's traits. Mendel's Law of Segregation is a fundamental
 principle of genetics that explains the inheritance of traits from one
generation to the next.

2. Describe what is meant by quantitative genetics and provide an

example. (Text page 520)

 Quantitative genetics is a branch of genetics that deals with the

inheritance of traits that are influenced by multiple genes and
environmental factors, resulting in a continuous range of phenotypes.
It focuses on the study of complex traits that do not follow simple
Mendelian patterns of inheritance.

 Example: Human height is a classic example of a trait studied in

quantitative genetics. Height is influenced by multiple genes, each
contributing a small additive effect to the overall phenotype.
Additionally, environmental factors such as nutrition and health can
also impact an individual's height. The variation in human height
across populations and the continuous distribution of heights within a
population make it a trait suitable for quantitative genetics studies.