FDIFICAC

Differential and Integral Calculus

Chapter 4
Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
Table of Contents
4.1 The Function sinu/u ................................................................................................................................. 1

4.2 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions .............................................................................................. 2

4.3 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions .................................................................................. 3

4.4 The Logarithmic and Exponential Functions ............................................................................................. 3

4.4 Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions .................................................................................................. 4

4.5 Logarithmic Differentiation ...................................................................................................................... 5

4.6 Differentiation of Exponential Functions.................................................................................................. 7

4.7 The Hyperbolic Functions......................................................................................................................... 7

4.8 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions ................................................................................................... 8

4.9 Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ....................................................................................... 9

After careful study of this chapter, students should be able to do the following:
1. Enumerate the different types of transcendental functions.
2. Find the derivatives of transcendental functions.

The transcendental functions include trigonometric functions and their inverses, together with the logarithmic
and exponential functions.

4.1 The Function sinu/u

!"# $
If the angle 𝑢 is in radians, then the ratio $
approaches unity as 𝑢 approaches zero. In symbol,

sin 𝑢
lim
$→& 𝑢

'(!"# '
Example 4.1.1. Evaluate lim '
'→&

Solution:

𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

lim = lim * + + = lim *1 + + = lim 1 + lim =1+1=2
'→& 𝑥 '→& 𝑥 𝑥 '→& 𝑥 '→& '→& 𝑥

!"#! )' *+! '

Example 4.1.2. Evaluate lim '
'→&

Solution:

sin, 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 ∙ sin 3𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 3 3 sin 3𝑥 ∙ sin 3𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 ∙ 9

lim = lim ∙ ∙ = lim
'→& 𝑥, '→& 𝑥∙𝑥 3 3 '→& 3𝑥 ∙ 3𝑥

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
 FDIFICAC
Differential and Integral Calculus
sin 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥
= lim ∙ ∙ cos 𝑥 ∙ 9 = 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 9 = 9
'→& 3𝑥 3𝑥

4.2 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating trigonometric functions. The symbol 𝑢 denotes an arbitrary
differentiable function of 𝑥.

1. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tan 𝑢) = sec , 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cot 𝑢) = − csc , 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

:;
Example 4.2.1. Find if 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥
:<

Solution:

𝑑 𝑑
(sin 4𝑥) = (cos 4𝑥) (4𝑥) = (cos 4𝑥)(4) = 4 cos 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

:;
Example 4.2.2. Find if 𝑦 = sin) 4𝑥
:<

Solution:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(sin) 4𝑥) = (sin 4𝑥)) = 3(sin 4𝑥), (sin 4𝑥) = 3(sin 4𝑥), (cos 4𝑥) (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3(sin 4𝑥), (cos 4𝑥)(4) = 12 sin, 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥

:;
Example 4.2.3. Find if 𝑦 = tan- 5𝑥
:<

Solution:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(tan- 5𝑥) = (tan 5𝑥)- = 4(tan 5𝑥)) (tan 5𝑥) = 4(tan 5𝑥)) (sec , 5𝑥) (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 4(tan 5𝑥)) (sec , 5𝑥)(5) = 20 tan) 5𝑥 sec , 5𝑥

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
 FDIFICAC
Differential and Integral Calculus

4.3 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating inverse trigonometric functions. The symbol 𝑢 denotes an
arbitrary differentiable function of 𝑥.

1. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sin./ 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
,

2. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(cos./ 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
,

3. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(tan./ 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢, 𝑑𝑥

4. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(cot ./ 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢, 𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sec ./ 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢 − 1 𝑑𝑥
,

6. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(csc ./ 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢 − 1 𝑑𝑥
,

:;
Example 4.3.1. Find if 𝑦 = sin./ 3𝑥
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 3
= (3𝑥) = (3) =
𝑑𝑥 B1 − (3𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 9𝑥 , √1 − 9𝑥 ,

' :;
Example 4.3.2. If 𝑦 = tan./ - , find
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥 1 1 1 1 16 1 4
= C D= * += * += * +=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑥, 4 16 + 𝑥 , 4 16 + 𝑥 , 4 16 + 𝑥 ,
1 + C4D 1 + 16 16

4.4 The Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The function defined by the equation 𝑦 = log 0 𝑥 where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1 is called a logarithmic function.

If 𝑦 = log 0 𝑥, then 𝑥 = 𝑏 1 . If 𝑏 = 10, then the equation can be simply written as 𝑦 = log 𝑥. Logarithms to the
base 10 are called common logarithms. If 𝑏 = 𝑒, then the equation can be written as 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 where the
symbol " ln " is customarily used in place of " log 2 ". Logarithms to the base 𝑒 are called natural logarithms.

If 𝑦 = ln 𝑥, then 𝑥 = 𝑒 1 .

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
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Differential and Integral Calculus
The function defined by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎 ' where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 is called an exponential function. If 𝑎 = 𝑒,
then 𝑦 = 𝑒 ' .

Laws of Exponents:

𝑎3 𝑎4 = 𝑎3(4

𝑎3
= 𝑎3.4 if m > n , a ≠ 0
𝑎4

(𝑎3 )4 = 𝑎34

(𝑎𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 𝑏4

𝑎 4 𝑎4
C D = 4 ,𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏

Laws of Radicals:

"
√𝑎4 = 𝑎

" 3 3
"
√𝑎3 = P √𝑎 Q = 𝑎 4

" " "

√𝑎 √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏

"𝑎 "√𝑎
R ="
𝑏 √𝑏

# "
R √𝑎 = #"
√𝑎

Laws of Logarithms:

log 0 𝑀𝑁 = log 0 𝑀 + log 0 𝑁

𝑀
log 0 = log 0 𝑀 − log 0 𝑁
𝑁

log 0 𝑁 5 = 𝑝 log 0 𝑁

log 0 𝑏 = 1

𝑏6+7$ 8 = 𝑁

4.4 Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

The following formulas provide the rules for finding the derivatives of logarithmic functions. In these formulas,
𝑢 is a function of 𝑥.

1. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(log 0 𝑢) = (log 0 𝑒)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
 FDIFICAC
Differential and Integral Calculus

:;
Example 4.4.1. Find if 𝑦 = log 9 (4𝑥 + 3)
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 4 log 9 𝑒
= (log 9 𝑒) (4𝑥 + 3) = (log 9 𝑒)(4) =
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 3 4𝑥 + 3
:1
Example 4.4.2. Find if 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 + 1)-
:'

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 8
= [4 ln(2𝑥 + 1)] = 4 * + (2𝑥 + 1) = 4 * + (2) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1

'(- :;
Example 4.4.3. If 𝑦 = ln R'.- , find
:<

Solution:

/
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥+4 , 𝑑 1 𝑥+4 1 𝑑
= Yln * + Z= [ ln * +\ = [(ln(𝑥 + 4) − ln(𝑥 − 4))]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥−4 2 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 1 1 1 1 1
= [ (𝑥 + 4) − (𝑥 − 4)\ = [ (1) − (1)\ = * − +
2 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥+4 𝑥−4 2 𝑥+4 𝑥−4

1 𝑥 − 4 − (𝑥 + 4) 1 𝑥−4−𝑥−4 1 −4 − 4 1 −8 4
= ] ^= * += * , += * , +=− ,
2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) 2 𝑥 , − 16 2 𝑥 − 16 2 𝑥 − 16 𝑥 − 16

4.5 Logarithmic Differentiation

Logarithmic Differentiation is the procedure how to find the derivative of a function which is expressed as a
product, quotient, power or root of two or more differentiable functions of 𝑥. This procedure consists of the
following steps:

1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation which defines the function.

2. Simplify the right member of the resulting equation by making use of the properties or laws of
logarithms.

:1
3. Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 and solve for :' .

:;
Example 4.5.1. If 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)√3𝑥 + 5, find by logarithmic differentiation.
:<

Solution:

/ 1
ln 𝑦 = ln_(2𝑥 + 1)√3𝑥 + 5` = ln(2𝑥 + 1) + ln(3𝑥 + 5), = ln(2𝑥 + 1) + ln(3𝑥 + 5)
2

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
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Differential and Integral Calculus
𝑑 𝑑 1
(ln 𝑦) = [ln(2𝑥 + 1) + ln(3𝑥 + 5)\
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 1 𝑑
= (2𝑥 + 1) + * + (3𝑥 + 5)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 2 3𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= (2) + * + (3)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2 3𝑥 + 5

1 𝑑𝑦 2 3
= +
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2(3𝑥 + 5)

𝑑𝑦 2 3 / 2 3
= 𝑦* + + = (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5), * + +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2(3𝑥 + 5) 2𝑥 + 1 2(3𝑥 + 5)

/ 2(2)(3𝑥 + 5) + 3(2𝑥 + 1) / 12𝑥 + 20 + 6𝑥 + 3

= (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5), ] ^ = (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5), [ \
2(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5) 2(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5)

/ 18𝑥 + 23 / 18𝑥 + 23 18𝑥 + 23 18𝑥 + 23

= (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5), [ \ = (3𝑥 + 5)., * += / =
2(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 5) 2 (3𝑥 + 5), (2) 2√3𝑥 + 5

:;
Example 4.5.2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 ' , find by logarithmic differentiation.
:<

Solution:

ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 ' = 𝑥 ln 𝑥

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

𝑑 𝑑
(ln 𝑦) = (𝑥 ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 (ln 𝑥) + ln 𝑥 (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= 𝑥 * + (𝑥) + ln 𝑥 (1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥 * + (1) + ln 𝑥 (1) = 1 + ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦(1 + ln 𝑥) = 𝑥 ' (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
!"
Example 4.5.3. If 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)' , find .
!#

Solution:

ln 𝑦 = ln[(sin 𝑥)' ] = 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

𝑑 𝑑
(ln 𝑦) = [𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
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Differential and Integral Calculus
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 [ln(sin 𝑥)] + ln(sin 𝑥) (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= 𝑥* + (sin 𝑥) + [ln(sin 𝑥)](1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= 𝑥* + (cos 𝑥) (𝑥) + ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥* + (cos 𝑥)(1) + ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 𝑦 [𝑥 * + (cos 𝑥)(1) + ln(sin 𝑥)\ = (sin 𝑥)' [𝑥 * + (cos 𝑥) + ln(sin 𝑥)\
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

= (sin 𝑥)' [𝑥(cot 𝑥) + ln(sin 𝑥)] = (sin 𝑥)' (𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥)

4.6 Differentiation of Exponential Functions

The following formulas are used to find the derivatives of exponential functions.

1. 𝑑 $ 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎$ (ln 𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑑 $ 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 $
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

:;
Example 4.6.1. If 𝑦 = 4,' , find .
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 4,' (ln 4) (2𝑥) = 4,' (ln 4)(2) = 4,' (2ln 4) = 4,' (ln 4, ) = 4,' (ln 16)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

:;
Example 4.6.2. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 !"# ' , find .
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 !"# ' (sin 𝑥) = 𝑒 !"# ' (cos 𝑥) (𝑥) = 𝑒 !"# ' (cos 𝑥)(1) = 𝑒 !"# ' (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4.7 The Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic functions are combinations of the exponential function 𝑒 ' and 𝑒 .' . They are defined as follows:

𝑒 ' − 𝑒 .'
sinh 𝑥 =
2

𝑒 ' + 𝑒 .'
cosh 𝑥 =
2

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
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Differential and Integral Calculus
sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥

cosh 𝑥
coth 𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥

1
sech 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥

1
csch 𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥

The following identities can be deduced directly from the definitions of the hyperbolic functions.

cosh, 𝑥 − sinh, 𝑥 = 1

tanh, 𝑥 + sech, 𝑥 = 1

coth, 𝑥 − csch, 𝑥 = 1

sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

cosh 2𝑥 = cosh, 𝑥 + sinh, 𝑥 = 1 + 2 sinh, 𝑥 = 2 cosh, 𝑥 − 1

4.8 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

The differentiation rules for the hyperbolic functions are given by the following formulas where 𝑢 is a function
𝑥.

1. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = sech, 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(coth 𝑢) = − csch, 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

:;
Example 4.8.1. If 𝑦 = sinh(4𝑥 + 3), find .
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cosh(4𝑥 + 3) (4𝑥 + 3) = cosh(4𝑥 + 3) (4) = 4 cosh(4𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
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Differential and Integral Calculus
:;
Example 4.8.2. If 𝑦 = 3 cosh, 4𝑥, find .
:<

Solution:

𝑦 = 3 cosh, 4𝑥 = 3(cosh 4𝑥),

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 2(3) cosh 4𝑥 (cosh 4𝑥) = 6 cosh 4𝑥 (sinh 4𝑥) (4𝑥) = 6 cosh 4𝑥 (sinh 4𝑥)(4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 24 cosh 4𝑥 sinh 4𝑥 = 12(2 cosh 4𝑥 sinh 4𝑥)

Note: sinh 2(4𝑥) = 2 cosh 4𝑥 sinh 4𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 12[sinh 2(4𝑥)] = 12 sinh 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥

4.9 Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

The differentiation formulas for inverse hyperbolic functions are as follows:

1. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sinh./ 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑥
,

2. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(cosh./ 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑢, − 1 𝑑𝑥

3. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(tanh./ 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢, 𝑑𝑥

4. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(coth./ 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢, 𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sech./ 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
,

6. 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(csch./ 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1 + 𝑢, 𝑑𝑥

:;
Example 4.9.1. If 𝑦 = sinh./ 4𝑥, find .
:<

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 4
= (4𝑥) = (4) =
𝑑𝑥 B(4𝑥), + 1 𝑑𝑥 √16𝑥 + 1
, √16𝑥 , + 1

:;
Example 4.9.2. If 𝑦 = cosh./ (2𝑥 − 1), find .
:<

Solution:

9 Chapter 4 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Differentiation of Transcendental Functions
 FDIFICAC
Differential and Integral Calculus
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 1 2 2
= (2𝑥 − 1) = (2) = = =
𝑑𝑥 B(2𝑥 − 1), − 1 𝑑𝑥 √4𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 − 1
, √4𝑥 − 4𝑥 B4(𝑥 , − 1) 2√𝑥 , − 1
,

1
=
√𝑥 , −1

10 Chapter 4 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Differentiation of Transcendental Functions