SECTION 2: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport: The movement of chemical

substances, usually across the cell
membrane, against the concentration
gradient and require cells to use energy.

-in many cases, cells must move materials

up their concentration gradient, from an
area of Lower concentration gradient to an
area of higher concentration gradient .

The kinds of Active transport

1- Cell membrane pumps 2-Endocytosis and exocytosis

- carrier proteins not only assist in passive transport but - Some substances, such as MACROMOLECULES and
also help with some types of Active transport. FOOD PARTICLES, are too large to pass through the cell
membrane. So Cells Employe Two other transport
- The carrier proteins that serve In the active transport mechanisms:
are often called CELL MEMBRANE PUMPS. 1- Endocytosis
Because of they move substances up their concentration 2- and exocytosis
gradients.
They both require cells to expand energy.
- the Carrier proteins that involved in facilitated diffusion
and in those involved in active transport are very similar.
(They work in the same way)
Endocytosis Exocytosis

Sodium-patassuim pump

-One example of active transport in animal cells involves Exocytosis: the process which a substance is realeased
a carrier protein know as the SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP from the cell through viscles that transports the
substances to the cells surface and then fuse with the
- This protein transports (NA) ions and (K) ions up their cell membrane to let the substances out.
concentration gradients.To function normally, many
types of animals cells must have a higher concentration
of (Na) ions outside the cell , and a higher concentration
of (K)ions inside the cell. -Is essentially the reverse of endocytosis
Endocytosis: is the process by which cells ingest External
The sodium potassium pump works to maintain these
fluid, MACROMOLECULES, and large particles, including
concentration differences. -cells may use exocytosis to realise large molecules such
other cells.
as proteins. The proteins are made in ribosomes and
packaged into viscles by the GOLGI APPARATUS.

How it works

1-The cell enclose external materials by folding a portion

of its membrane to form a pouch.

2- This pouch then separates from the cell membrane to

become a member -bound organelle called VISCLE.

3- Some viscles fuse with lysosomes, where their

contents are digested by enzymes , Other viscles fuse
with other membrane bound organelles.

BIOLOGISTS DISTINGUISH TWO TYPES OF

ENDOCYTOSIS,BASED ON THE KIND OF MATERIAL THAT
IS TAKEN INTO THE CELL :

"THE CYCLE OF SODIUM -POTASSUIM

1-pinocytosis 2- phagocytosis
PUMP"

Sodium

1- 3 (Na)ions located in the cytosol bind to the carrier Involves the transport of solute or fluids Is the movement of large particles or whole cells.
protein.

2- A phosphate group is removed from the (ATP) and

bound to the carrier protein.
-Many unicellular organisms feed by PHAGOCYTOSIS, in
3- The binding of the phosphate group changes the addition certain cells in animals use phagocytosis to
shape of the carrier proteins allowing the 3(Na) ions to ingest bacteria and viruses that invade the body , These
be released into the cells environment. cells are known as phagocytes.

Potassium Phagocytes:A cell that ingest and distroys foreign matter

or microorganisms.
4- 2(K) ions located outside the cell bind to the carrier
protein. -Allow lysosomes to fuse with the viscle that contains the
injested bacteria and viruses. Lysosomal enzymes then
5- The phosphate group is released, changing the shape distroys the bacteria and viruses.
of the carrier protein,again.

6- The 2 (K) ions are realeased into the cytosol , And the
cycle is ready to repeat.