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Lab 1

Uploaded by

11700118
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© © All Rights Reserved
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To: Mr.

Hayder Alsadah

Mr. Abdulmajid Alaliw

From: Mohammad Ali Balhareth

Date: October4, 2024

Subject: Lab#1 lmpact Test

:Objectives

The goal of this experiment is to be familiar with methods for


toughness measurements and measuring the fracture energy with the
impact test. Also, to determine the type of fracture at the surface of
the specimen. Finally, to observe the effect of temperature on the
.energy absorption of the steel

:Introduction

The impact test aims to study the ability of a material to absorb energy
during a collision. This energy can be used to calculate many
mechanical properties such as toughness, impact strength, and fracture
resistance. The impact itself is defined as a very high rate of loading.
Toughness is the ability of a metal to deform plastically and absorb
energy in the process before fracture. The key to having a larger
toughness is to combine both higher strength and ductility. A material
with high strength and high ductility will be tougher than a material
with lower strength and ductility. In general, the area under the
tensile-strain diagram is considered to be proportional to the energy
required to rapture a specimen which is called impact strength. The
Charpy test employs a swinging pendulum which is allowed to fall and
strike the specimen as shown in figure 1. The heavy pendulum is
released from a high fixed height (h) to strike the V-notched or U-
notched specimen and fracture it at the notch. The impact energy is
calculated using the difference in the potential energy before and after
: the fracture of the specimens using the following equation
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ−ℎ′)

Where m is the mass of the pendulum and g is the acceleration due to


gravity. The impact energy is expressed in joules. The machine is
provided with a scale and pendulumactuated pointers for the direct
.energy absorption readings

Figure 1: A schematic of Charpy impact testing set-up


Two types of fractures occur at failure. First is ductile fracture which
consumes a lot of energy. The advantage of this type of fracture is that
the ductile crack growth can often be detected before the final fracture
which means catastrophic consequences can be avoided. FCC metals
such as copper, stainless steel, aluminum, and lead are an example of
materials that are ductile at all temperatures. The surface of ductile
.material after fracture is extremely rough as shown in figure 2

.Figure 2: The surface of ductile material after a fracture

The second type is Brittle fracture, where cracks grow fast and
suddenly which is considered dangerous. The surface of the brittle
fracture is flat and shows no sign of plastic deformation. This type of
fracture occurs in ceramics, glass, graphite, and other materials.

.Figure 3: The surface of brittle material after a fracture


The fracture behavior of materials can vary at different temperatures.
At high relatively high temperatures, the materials become softer and
more ductile with high toughness. On the other hand, the material
becomes harder, brittle, and with low toughness at relatively low
temperatures. This phenomenon is called Ductile to Brittle Transition
Temperature (DBTT) as shown in figure 4. Since the material is
becoming more ductile with higher toughness as the temperature
increase, the energy absorbed on impact increases as well. Finally, this
behavior varies from one material to another with different types of
structure as shown in figure 5. For example, FCC metals' impact energy
.does not change as much as BCC metals

.Figure 4: Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT)


Figure 5: DBTT for different materials with different types of structures

:Results/Discussion
The material used was examined, which was steel and aluminum, and the
temperature of steel and aluminum was measured. It is clear that there is a
difference between each of them in temperature and weight. A metal temperature
measuring device was used, and the temperature may differ due to surrounding
factors such as room temperature. After knowing the temperature of steel, which
was 23.2, it was placed on the shearing device, and the absorbed energy was 6J.
The total shearing of the metal was rough in texture. As for aluminum, its
temperature was 22.1, and it was placed on the shearing device, and the absorbed
energy was 66J. There is a clear difference between steel and aluminum in the
absorption power. The shearing was semi-smooth, and the texture was smooth. An
experiment was conducted on aluminum while it was cold at a temperature of 16.
A higher absorption degree was created, which is 82J

Material Temperature (C) Absorbed Energy (k J)


Steel 23,2 6J
Aluminum 22,1 66J
Aluminum 16 82J
:Conclusions
The absorption rate may change depending on the temperature of the metal, and
the device indicator must be adjusted to avoid a problem. It is possible that the
metal may not break completely, and there is a difference from metal to metal
.depending on the strength of the metal

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