100 Most Probable Questions

(Explanations)
8. Combination Reaction:
1. Chemical Reactions and Equations
(iv) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) (½ M)
1. (c) This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. A complete (vi) 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) (½ M)
balanced equation is:
Decomposition Reaction:
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
x = 4; y = 2; z = 1 (1 M) (i) ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g) (½ M)
(vii) CaCO3(s) Heat
→ CaO(s) + CO2(g) (½ M)
2. (c) In the given reaction, MnO2 loses oxygen and forms
MnCl2. Therefore, it is said that MnO2 is reduced to Displacement Reaction
MnCl2. Whereas, HCl loses hydrogen and forms Cl2. (ii) Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s) (½ M)
Therefore, it is said that HCl is oxidized to Cl2. (1 M) (v) Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe (½ M)
3. (a) This is a thermal decomposition reaction. When lead Double Displacement Reaction
nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition, brown
(iii) NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgBr(s) + NaNO3(aq)
fumes of nitrogen dioxide are produced. (1 M)
4. (a) Heat is released during an exothermic reaction along 2. Acids, Bases and Salts
with the formation of products. (1 M)
9. (b) Milk of magnesia is basic in nature having pH around
5. (i) 
On mixing the two solutions, white precipitate of 10. (1 M)
barium sulfate will form. 10. (b) Calcium hydroxide turns milky due to the formation
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s)+ 2NaCl(aq) of calcium carbonate which on passing excess of CO2
 (1 M) forms calcium hydrogen carbonate which makes the
(ii) After 10 minutes, white precipitate will settle down at solution clear again. (1 M)
the bottom of the tube and solution above it becomes 11. (a) (i) Since, compound X gets hardened when mixed
colorless. (1 M) with water, therefore, X is Plaster of Paris and its
6. (i) To make water more conductive before electrolysis, chemical formula is CaSO4.1/2H2O. (1 M)
acid is added to the solution. This makes it simple (ii) 
Baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate
for the current to move through the solution. At the (NaHCO3) and it is added to make cooking faster.
 (½ M)
cathode, hydrogen gas is released, whereas at the
Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a
anode, oxygen gas is released. (1 M)
mild edible acid such as tartaric acid. (½ M)
The cathode gas collection volume is twice as large as
12. (i) The ‘G’ and ‘C’ formulas are:
the anode gas collection volume.
G = Cl2 (½ M)
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) (1 M)
C = CaOCl2 (½ M)
(ii) Silver metal and chlorine gas are produced during the
(ii) The chemical equation involved is
decomposition of silver chloride when it is exposed to
light. The reaction is known as photolytic reaction. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O (1 M)
 (1 M) (iii) Bleaching Powder is the common name for chemical C.
7. The chemical equations for the various decomposition Calcium Oxychloride is its chemical name. (1 M)
reactions are: 13. (i) Dilution must take place by adding conc. acid into
(i) 2H2O + electricity → 2H2(g) + O2 (1 M) water by constant stirring. As dilution is an exothermic
process, so it may be possible that acid may spill out
(ii) CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2 (1 M) if water is added to a bottle containing concentrated
(iii) 2AgBr + sunlight → 2Ag + Br2 (1 M) acid. (1 M)

100 Most Probable Questions 1

 (ii) When H2SO4 is added to NaOH, formation of salt
(Na2SO4) takes place. As it is a neutral salt. Hence pH 3. Metals and Non-Metals
of the salt is 7. 17. (b) Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide which can react with
HCl (an acid) as well as KOH (a base) to give
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
corresponding salt and water. (1 M)
 (1 M)
(iii) HCl can produces H+ in aqueous solution. It can act 18. (b) This is based on the concept of reactivity series in which
as acid in aq. solution. Hence, it changes the colour of more reactive metal will displace the less one from their
litmus paper only in aqueous solution. (1 M) respective salt solutions. (1 M)

14. Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. 19. (c) Metal- Mercury
 (1 M) Non-Metal- Bromine
Its chemical equation is: The above mentioned elements exists in the liquid
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O (1 M) state at the room temperature. (1 M)
It is a basic salt. (½ M) 20. When silver is exposed to air, it combines with the sulphur
It is used for removing permanent hardness of water. in the air to generate a coating of silver sulphide.
 (½ M) 2Ag + H2S → Ag2S + H2
Silver sulphide  (1 M)
15. Tooth enamel is made up of calcium hydroxyapatite
Copper vessels lose their shiny brown surface as copper
(a crystalline form of calcium phosphate). (½ M)
reacts with moist CO2 in the air, forming a green layer of
Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body. It does copper carbonate and copper hydroxide.
not dissolve in water and starts to corrode when pH of the 2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 → Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3
mouth becomes below 5.5. (1 M) Copper Copper
hydroxide carbonate  (1 M)
Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by causing
degradation of sugar and food particles remain in the 21. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium,
and aluminum because their reactivity exceeds that of
mouth after eating. (1 M)
carbon and also they have more affinity for oxygen.(1 M)
The best method to prevent this is to clean your mouth In the reactivity series, these metals are placed at the top
after eating food. Toothpastes which are basic in nature above carbon. (1 M)
can neutralize the excess acid and help in prevention of Electrolytic reduction (Electrolysis) is a process used to
tooth decay. (½ M) extract metals with high reactivity from their ores, such as
16. (a) Sodium chloride is NaCl and is formed by the reaction sodium, magnesium, and aluminum. (1 M)
of acid, HCl and the base, NaOH. (½ × 2 = 1 M) For example, sodium is obtained by the electrolysis of
(b) The cation and the anion present in calcium sulphate its molten chloride. The metal is deposited at the cathode
(the negatively charged electrode), whereas, chlorine is
are Ca2+ and SO42– respectively. (½ × 2 = 1 M)
liberated at the anode (the positively charged electrode).
(c) Salts containing the same positive or negative radicals  (1 M)
are known to belong to a family. (1 M) The reactions are –
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) and washing soda At cathode: Na+ + e– → Na (½ M)
(Na2CO3⋅10H2O) both belong to the family of sodium At anode: 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– (½ M)
salts, since both contain the same positive radical i.e.,
22. (i) In the electrolytic refining process, the impure metal
sodium ions. (1 M) is made the anode and a thin strip of pure metal is
OR made the cathode. (1 M)
A pH scale is a scale used for measuring hydrogen ion (ii) A solution of the metal salt is used as an electrolyte.
concentration in a solution. (½ M) In this case, the metal salt is acidified copper sulphate
solution.  (1 M)
The salt obtained by the reaction of potassium hydroxide
and sulphuric acid is potassium sulphate. (iii) (A) When electric current is passed through the cell,
copper from the impure anode dissolves into the
KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + H2O  (1 M) electrolyte as copper ions. (1 M)
Potassium
Sulphate  These ions then migrate towards the cathode,
Since, this salt is formed by the reaction of strong base and where they gain electrons and deposit as pure
strong acid, therefore, its pH would be 7(neutral). (½ M) copper. (1 M)

2 SCIENCE
 OR (iii) (A) By losing one electron, Na attains noble gas
(iii) (B) In beaker ‘A’, the strip of zinc is dipped, and since configuration and it forms ionic compound
zinc being more reactive than copper, therefore, NaCl. Cl gains one electron by Na to achieve
will displace Cu from its salt solution. The noble gas configuration.
reaction that occurs is Na → Na+ + e–
Cl + e– → Cl–
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu (1 M)
On adding both equation:
In beaker ‘B’, since, the strip of silver is dipped, and silver Na+ + Cl– → NaCl (2 M)
being less reactive than copper, therefore, will not displace
Or
Ag from its salt solution and no reaction will occur. (1 M)
(iii) (B) (i) 
Ionic compounds have rigid structure
23. (a) When copper is heated in air, it combines with oxygen and movement of ions is not possible in
to form copper(II) oxide, a black oxide. (½ M) rigid structure. Hence, ionic solids do not
2Cu + O2→ 2CuO conduct electricity. (1 M)
(Copper) Copper(II) oxide (½ M) (ii) H2 is produced at the cathode and O2 is
(b) Some metal oxides, such as aluminum oxide and zinc produced at the anode during the electrolysis
oxide, show both acidic as well as basic behaviour. of a aqueous solution of NaOH. (1 M)
Such metal oxides that react with both acids, as well
as bases to produce salts and water are known as 4. Carbon and its Compounds
amphoteric oxides. (½ M) 25. (a) 
The presence of sulphates, carbonates, and
Aluminum oxide reacts in the following manner with bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in water
acids and bases – causes water hardness and in such water, no lather is
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O formed. Since, in test tube P and Q, none of the above
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O (½ M) mentioned salts are present, therefore, a good amount
(Sodium of lather will be obtained in these test tubes. (1 M)
alumnate) 26. When acetic acid is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate
(c) (i) Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH (aq) (1 M) powder in a test tube, then CO2 is released with the brisk
(ii) Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O (1 M) effervescence. The reaction is:
(Sodium NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
alumnate)  (1 M)
Or The presence of gas can be detected by passing gas through
(i) SO2 gas is formed on burning sulphur in oxygen. lime water which turns milky. The chemical reaction that
S + O2 → SO2 (½ M) takes place is: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O (1 M)
(ii) SO2 (Sulphur dioxide) is formed. (½ M) 27. (a) The free electrons are responsible for the conduction
(iii) SO2 formed is acidic in nature.  (½ M) of electricity as they move to conduct electricity.
(iv) SO2 turns moist blue litmus paper red but it does  (½ M)
not have any action on dry litmus paper. (½ M)  However, since carbon forms covalent bonds by
– sharing electrons, thus it has no free electrons.
× ×× ×  (1 M)
× ×× × × Cl ×
Cl× 2+ × ×
××
Mg (b) An example of saturated compound in which carbon
24. (a) (i) Mg + –
×× × ×× ×
atoms are arranged in the ring is cyclohexane. (½ M)
×Cl ×× × Cl ×
×× ×× Its structure is
(2,8,2) Two (2,8) Two H H
 (1 M) H H
H H
(ii) • Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution
H H
or in molten state. (½ M) H H
• Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water H H
 (½ M)
and insoluble in solvents. such as kerosene, In this compound, the number of single bonds present
petrol, etc. (½ M) are 18. (½ M)

100 Most Probable Questions 3

28. (a) Electron dot structure of ethyne is, 31. (a) (i) Carbon cannot form C4+ cation because it would
require a large amount of energy to remove four
×× electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with
H •× C ××
××
C •× H
six protons in its nucleus holding on to just two
electrons. (1 M)
H — C C —H  (1 M) Carbon cannot also form C4– anion because it
(b) Difference between covalent and ionic compounds, would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons
(i) Physical nature: Ionic compounds are solids to hold on to ten electrons, that is, four extra
and are somewhat hard as compared to covalent electrons. (1 M)
compounds because of the strong force of (ii) A homologous series is a series of compounds
attraction between the positive and negative ions. in which the same functional group substitutes
 (1 M) for hydrogen in a carbon chain and successive
(ii) Melting and boiling points: Ionic compounds members differs by the –CH2 unit or by 14u
have high melting and boiling points as compared molecular mass. (1 M)
to covalent compounds. (1 M)  Example: The molecular formula for the two
29. Esterification reaction: In this reaction, ethanoic acid consecutive members of a homologous series of
reacts with absolute ethanol in the presence of an acid aldehydes are HCHO, CH3CHO. (½ × 2 = 1 M)
catalyst to give an ester. The chemical equation is: (iii) The structure of the molecule of cyclohexane is
Acid H H
CH3 – COOH + CH3 – CH2OH
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol) H H
C
O
H C C H
CH3 – C – O – CH2 – CH3 + H2O
 (Ester) H C C H
 (1 M) C
H H
Saponification reaction: In this reaction, esters on treating H H  (1 M)
with sodium hydroxide, which is an alkali, the ester is
converted back to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic 32. (i) Structure of butanoic acid is shown as: (½ M)
acid. The reaction is: H H H O
CH3COOCH2CH3 + NaOH → CH3CH2OH + CH3COONa H C C C C OH
 (1 M)
Use of ester: H H H
Esters are used in making perfumes and as flavouring Structure of Chloropentane is shown as: (½ M)
agents. (½ M) H H H H H
Use of saponification process:
H C C C C C H
It is used in the preparation of soap. (½ M)
30. (a) (i) Compound A is CH3CH2OH (Ethyl Alcohol), Cl H H H H
B is C2H4 (Ethene), and C is CH3–CH3 (Ethane).
 (1 M) (ii) CH3 CH3 CH3
Conc. H2SO4 CH3
(ii) CH3CH2OH → CH2 CH2  (1 M) CH – CH C – CH2 CH3
443 K
Ethyl alcohol Ethene CH3 CH3 CH3
(A) (B)
Structure (i) Structure (ii)
(iii) The equation for the combustion of ethane is:
 (1 M)
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + heat +
light (1 M)  Structure (i) is 2,3-dimethylbutane and structure (ii) is
(iv) 
This reaction is commonly used in the 2,2-dimethylbutane
hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel Both structures are isomers to each other due to same
catalyst. (1 M) molecular formula (C6H14) but different in arrangement
(v) 
The following reaction takes place when of atoms.
compound A(ethanol) reacts with sodium: One more possible isomer of the compound is:
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O– Na+ + H2↑ H3C — CH2 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2 — CH3
n-hexane  (1 M)
(Sodium ethoxide) (1 M)

4 SCIENCE
 (iii) When all of the carbon atoms are connected by a
single covalent bond and each carbon atom is directly 5. Life Processes
connected to four other atoms, the hydrocarbon is said
to be saturated. For example: alkanes. (½ M) 34. (b) Stomatal opening and closing are regulated by the
osmotic flow of water into and out of the guard cells.
 General formula of the saturated hydrocarbon is:
CnH2n+2. • Water entry swells guard cells, opens stomatal
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are those that have at least pore for gas exchange. (½ M)
one double or triple carbon-carbon bond in their • Water exit shrinks guard cells, closes stomatal
carbon chain or ring. (½ M) pore, reducing transpiration. (½ M)
If carbon atoms are connected by double bonds, then it 35. (a) (i) Enzyme trypsin: Breaks down proteins into
is referred to as alkene. (½ M) smaller peptides. (1 M)
General formula of the alkene is: CnH2n. (ii) Enzyme lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids
If carbon atoms are connected by triple bonds, then it and glycerol. (1 M)
is referred to as alkyne. (½ M) (b) The two functions of finger-like projections present in
General formula of the alkyne is: CnH2n-2. the small intestine:
33. Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids or (i) Increase the surface area of the small intestine for
ammonium salts with chlorides or bromides ions whereas better absorption of nutrients. (½ M)
soaps are sodium and potassium salts of long chain (ii) Contain blood and lymph vessels, which absorb
carboxylic acids. (1 M) nutrients from the digested food and transport
Most dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in them to the bloodstream.  (½ M)
water. The ionic-end of soap interacts with water while 36. (i) Respiratory pigment is needed in multicellular
the carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap molecules, organisms with large body size to facilitate the transport
thus form structures called micelles where one end of the of oxygen to all parts of the body, as diffusion alone is
molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic-end inadequate for this purpose. (1 M)
faces outside. This forms an emulsion in water. The soap (ii) Reasons:
micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in water and we (a) Rings of Cartilage prevent the collapse of the air-
can wash our clothes clean. (2 M) passage (i.e., trachea) in the throat. (½ M)
Na+ (b) During breathing, the lungs retain residual air,
ensuring efficient oxygen absorption and carbon
dioxide release. (½ M)
(c) When we inhale, our ribs rise and our diaphragm
flattens, causing the chest cavity to expand. This
expansion draws air into the lungs, filling the
Na+
expanded alveoli. (½ M)
Oil droplet (d) Walls of alveoli contain an extensive network of
blood vessels to facilitate efficient oxygen uptake
and carbon dioxide removal. (½ M)
Na+ 37. Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urethra. (1 M)
Na+ Glucose, amino acids, salts and major amount of water
Formation of micelles are re-absorbed from the initial filtrate as it flows in the
tubular part of the nephron. (2 M)
Soap does not form lather with hard water because hard
water contains calcium and magnesium salts and soap 38. (i) Double circulation refers to the process where blood
reacts with them to form the precipitate of calcium and passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle
magnesium salts of soap. As a result, no lather is formed. of the body. (½ M)
 (1 M) It consists of two pathways:
Two problems that arise due to the use of detergents are: Systemic circulation: Between the heart and the body
1. Due to long unbranched chains, detergents are non tissues. (½ M)
biodegradable. (½ M) Pulmonary circulation: Between the heart and the
2. Detergents also causes water or soil pollution. (½ M) lungs. (½ M)

100 Most Probable Questions 5

 (ii) The separation of the right side and the left side of the 41. (a) The correct sequence of steps followed during the
heart useful as journey of oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to
• It prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated various organs of the human body:
blood. (½ M) 1. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the lungs and enters the
• Ensures efficient oxygen supply to meet high left atrium of the heart. (½ M)
energy demands. (½ M) 2. The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood into
It is useful in animals that have high energy needs, the left ventricle. (½ M)
such as birds and mammals, which constantly use 3. The left ventricle contracts, pumping the blood
energy to maintain their body temperature. (½ M) into the aorta. (½ M)
39. (a) Excretion is the process of eliminating metabolic 4. The aorta carries the oxygen-rich blood to various
wastes from the body. It helps maintain the body’s body organs through its branches and capillaries.
homeostasis by removing harmful substances like  (½ M)
nitrogenous wastes, excess water, and ions that are 5. The organs utilize the oxygen and the carbon
produced during cellular metabolism. (1 M) dioxide rich blood returns through veins to the
(b) The basic filtration unit present in the kidney is called right atrium of the heart. (½ M)
a nephron. It is a microscopic structure that plays a (b) When the system of blood vessels develops a leak,
crucial role in removing waste products from the blood loss occurs, reducing blood pressure and
blood. (1 M) efficiency of the circulatory system. Platelets help
(c) clot the blood, plugging leaks to minimize blood loss
(i) Kidneys and maintain pressure. (2½ M)
42. (a) Two components of blood are:
Plasma: It is the liquid part of blood that contains
water, proteins, and other molecules. Plasma helps in
the transportation of nutrients, hormones, and other
important substances throughout the body and to
remove waste products by transporting them to the
(ii) Ureter (iii) Urinary bladder
liver, lungs, kidneys, or skin. (1 M)
Blood cells: They are the solid components of blood
that include red blood cells, white blood cells, and
(3 M) platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood
40. (a) 
The rate of breathing varies between aquatic and cells help fight infections, and platelets play a role in
terrestrial organisms due to the following reasons: blood clotting. (1 M)
 Aquatic organisms, such as fishes, extract oxygen (b) The oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left
from water through their gills since it is present in a atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins and
dissolved state. (1 M) then to left ventricle. From left ventricle, it is pumped
Since the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is out through the aorta to all parts of the body. After
lower compared to the oxygen in the gaseous form in giving up its oxygen, the deoxygenated blood returns
air, aquatic organisms need higher breathing rates to
to the heart’s right atrium through vena cava, and
fulfill their oxygen requirements. (1 M)
then move to the right ventricle. From right ventricle,
They breathe at a faster rate than humans to meet their
body’s demand for oxygen. (½ M) deoxygenated blood move to the lungs through the
pulmonary artery for oxygenation. (1 M)
(c) The valves present between the atria and ventricles
(b)  (2½ M) prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles
Trachea to the atria. They ensure the one-way flow of blood
Pharynx
from the atria to the ventricles and help regulate
blood flow in the heart. (1 M)
(d) Arteries have thicker walls and narrower lumens than
Lung
veins. Veins, on the other hand, have thinner walls,
a wider lumen and have valves that ensure one-way
flow of blood. (1 M)
Alveolar sac Diaphragm

6 SCIENCE
 46. Reflex action is a sudden response to environmental
43. (a)  stimuli without conscious thought or control. (1 M)
Reflex action path of sneezing:
Detection of Irritants in the Nose → Signal Sent Through
Sensory Nerves → Signal Reaches Spinal Cord → Reflex
Arc Triggers Motor Response → Expel Irritant Through
Sneezing (2 M)
Gall bladder
47. When faced with a need to fight or escape, squirrels
(stores bile) undergo immediate physiological changes in their bodies.
Liver These changes can be summarized as follows:
Pancreas
• 
Adrenaline Secretion: The adrenal glands secrete
Small adrenaline directly into the blood, spreading the signal
intestine throughout the body.  (1 M)
 (3 M) • Increased Heart Rate: Adrenaline causes the heart to
(b) 
Two reasons for absorption of digested food in the beat faster, increasing oxygen supply to muscles.
small Intestine:  (1 M)
•  Increased Surface Area: The small intestine has • Redirected Blood Flow and Breathing Rate: Blood flow
numerous villi and microvilli, increasing the to the digestive system and skin is reduced, diverting it
surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients. to skeletal muscles. Breathing rate also increases due
 (1 M) to diaphragm and rib muscle contractions. (1 M)
• Rich Blood Supply: The villi are richly supplied 48. Chemical communication is a more effective means of cell-
with blood vessels, which transport absorbed to-cell communication in multicellular organisms compared
nutrients to the cells, aiding in their utilization. to electrical impulses due to the following reasons:
 (1 M) Chemical communication occurs through hormones,
44. (i) Process: Photosynthesis (½ M) eliminating the need for specialized tissue like nervous
Type of nutrition: Autotrophic (½ M) tissue used in electrical impulses. (1½ M)
Autotrophic nutrition is the process where plants While electric communication is limited to specific regions
prepare their own food, using inorganic materials connected by nerves, chemical communication is not region-
such as CO2 and H2O in presence of sunlight and specific and occurs throughout the body.  (1½ M)
chlorophyll. (½ M) 49.
Chlorophyll, Sunlight
6CO 2 + 12H 2 O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
Pituitary gland
(Glu cos e) Thyroid gland
 (½ M)
(ii) The following events occurs during photosynthesis:
(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. (1 M)
(b) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and
splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen. (1 M)
(c) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. Pancreas
 (1 M)
Adrenal glands
6. Control and Coordination
 (3 M)
45. Action Part of the Brain 50. Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are
chemical messengers that regulate various physiological
(i) Maintaining posture and balance Cerebellum
processes in plants, such as growth, development, and
(ii) Beating of heart Medulla oblongata response to environmental stimuli. (1 M)
(iii) Thinking Cerebral cortex The plant hormones responsible for the following are:
(iv) Blood pressure Medulla oblongata (i) Growth of stem: Gibberellins. (½ M)
 (½ × 4 = 2 M) (ii) Promotion of cell division: Cytokinin. (½ M)

100 Most Probable Questions 7

 (iii) Inhibition of growth: Abscisic acid (ABA). (½ M) 54. (a) The difference between binary fission in Amoeba and
(iv) Elongation of cells: Auxin. (½ M) Leishmania:
51. (a) Binary Fission in Binary Fission in
Cell body Amoeba Leishmania
In Amoeba, the cell can Leishmania have a whip-like
split into two during structure at one end of the
Dendrite
division in any plane. cell; binary fission occurs in a
definite orientation in relation
Axon to this structure
 (1 M)
Nucleus (b) The malarial parasite, Plasmodium, reproduces through
a process called multiple fission. During this process, the
parasite undergoes a series of nuclear divisions followed
 (3 M) by a division of cytoplasm, resulting in the formation of
(b) (i) Dendrite (ii) Axon (iii) Nerve ending. (1 M) many daughter cells. (1 M)
(c) Neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse formed 55. • Functions of testis:
by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle   (i) Produce sperms. (½ M)
fibre. (1 M)
52. (a) 
Iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for (ii) Produces male hormone/testosterone. (½ M)
the synthesis of thyroid hormones. That is why it is • Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in
advisable to use the iodised salt in our diet in order to scrotum, as formation of sperms need a lower temperature
prevent its deficiency. (1 M) than the normal body temperature. (1 M)
The deficiency of iodine in our diet can lead to a • Testosterone brings about changes in appearance seen in
disease called goiter, which is characterized by the boys at the time of puberty, such as facial and body hair
enlargement of the thyroid gland. (1 M) growth and voice deepening. (1 M)
One of the symptoms of goiter is the swelling of the 56. The process by which transfer of pollen grains occurs
neck. (1 M) from anther to stigma of the flower of the same species is
(b) • Sensory information is acquired at the dendritic tip, known as pollination. (1 M)
creating a nerve or electrical impulse. (½ M)
• This impulse moves from dendrite to the cell body Self-Pollination Cross-Pollination
and then along the axon to its end. (½ M)
• At the axon terminal, it triggers the release of When the pollen grains When the pollen grains
chemicals across the synapse, initiating an impulse transfer from anther to transfer from anther of a
in the next neuron. (½ M) the stigma of the same flower to the stigma of
• This process continues, allowing impulses to reach flower, then this type of the different flower then
muscles or glands. (½ M) pollination is known as self this type of pollination is
pollination. called cross-pollination.
7. How do Organisms Reproduce?
 (1 M)
53. The functions of the different parts of the female Significance of pollination:
reproductive system are: Pollen grains play a crucial role in fertilization by
facilitating the transfer of male gametes to female eggs,
Part Function leading to seed production and the subsequent generation
A. Placenta Provides oxygen and nutrients to the of new offspring. Hence, pollination is important to
fetus, and removes waste products. develop new offsprings. (1 M)
B. Fallopian Transports the egg from the ovary to 57. (i) Hydra can reproduce asexually through two modes:
tube the uterus.  Budding: In this mode, a small bud grows out of
the body of the parent organism, which eventually
C. Uterus Provides a site for the fertilised egg
develops into a new individual. (1 M)
to implant and develop into a foetus.
Regeneration: In this mode, the organism can

D. Ovary Produces and releases eggs (ovulation). regenerate a new individual from a small piece of its
 (½ × 4 = 2 M) body. (1 M)

8 SCIENCE
 (ii) 
Vegetative propagation is a method of plant (b) Budding Fragmentation (2 M)
propagation in which new individuals are produced
(i) An outgrowth/ (i) Organism
from vegetative parts of a parent plant, such as stems, bud at a specific simply breaks upon
roots, leaves or buds. (1 M) site develops into maturation into two
Two advantages of using vegetative propagation are: a tiny individual or more pieces/
Maintaining desirable traits: Vegetative propagation and detaches itself fragments that grow
can be used to maintain the desirable traits of a plant from the parent. e.g., into new individuals.
variety since the new plant is genetically identical to Hydra/Yeast e.g., Spirogyra
the parent plant. (1 M) (c) Vegetative propagation allows for earlier flowering
Faster growth: Plants raised by vegetative and fruiting, propagates seedless plants, and ensures
propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than genetic similarity to the parent plant.  (1 M)
those produced from seeds. (1 M) 60. (a) (i) Pollen grain  (2 M)
(iii) Stigma
58. (A) (i) Three contraceptive techniques/devices are:
 Surgical methods: Fallopian tubes in females
are blocked via surgery. Side effects include
infections if not performed properly. (1 M) (ii) Pollen tube
Hormonal contraceptives: Oral contraceptive pills
alter hormonal balance to prevent egg release.
Side effects can include nausea, mood changes,
hormonal imbalances. (1 M)
 Intrauterine devices (IUDs): Devices like the
(iv) Female germ cell
copper-T are inserted into the uterus. They can cause
side effects such as irritation of uterus. (1 M)
(ii) What will happen if:
(b) The significance of the pollen tube is that it plays a
(a) Fertilisation takes place: The fertilised egg
crucial role in the process of sexual reproduction in
(zygote) begins to divide, forming an embryo plants. Pollen tube carries the male germ cell to reach
that implants in the uterus lining, which has the ovary and fuse with the female germ cell. (1 M)
thickened to nourish the growing embryo. (c) (i) Seed: The ovules of the flower develop into seeds
 (1 M) after fertilization. (1 M)
(b) An egg is not fertilised: The unfertilised egg (ii) Fruit: The ovary of the flower develops into the
will live for about a day. If it's not fertilised, fruit after fertilization. (1 M)
the thickened uterine lining is shed through
8. Heredity
menstruation, a process lasting roughly two
to eight days. (1 M) 61. (a) The sex chromosomes, X and Y, are different in size as
the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome.
59. (a)  (2 M)  (½ M)
In humans, the mismatched pair of sex chromosomes
Spores is XY in males. (½ M)
(b) Human beings have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes,
out of which one pair is the sex chromosomes.(½ M)
In males, the pair consists of one X chromosome and
one Y chromosome (XY). In females, the perfect pair
consists of two X chromosomes (XX). (½ M)
(c) In some species of reptiles like turtles, the temperature
at which the eggs are incubated determines the sex of
the offspring.
Snails change their sex during their lifetime, which
means that their sex is not genetically determined
and depends on environmental factors. (2 M)

100 Most Probable Questions 9

 Or RRYY rryy
Parent Round yellow Wrinkled green
A flowchart to show that sex is determined
genetically in human beings:
Father Mother Gametes RY ry
Parents: XY XX

Reproductive F1 generation RrYy

X Y X X
cells Round yellow
RY rY Ry ry
Zygote
RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy
formed
after fusion XX XX XY XY RY Round Round Round Round
of gametes Female Female Male Male yellow yellow yellow yellow
50% probability 50% probability RrYY rrYY RrYy rrYy
Offspring of a female child of a male child
rY Round Wrinkled Round Wrinkled
 (2 M) yellow yellow yellow yellow
62. (i) An offspring of human being is not a true copy of his
parents as RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
• it receives 50% of genetic material from each Ry Round Round Round Round
parent. (½ M) yellow yellow green green
• Combination of genetic material from both RrYy rrYy Rryy rryy
parents leads to variations in traits and Round Wrinkled Round Wrinkled
ry
characteristics. (½ M) yellow yellow green green
(ii) 
The following table summarizes the difference
between F1 and F2 generations:
The new combinations out of these are:
F1 Generation F2 Generation Round Green and Wrinkled Yellow. (1 M)
New features emerge in the F2 generation of a
Obtained by crossing Obtained by self-crossing
dihybrid cross as two characters are involved and
two distinct parents the F1 generation
their genes are independently inherited irrespective
The phenotypic ratio In a monohybrid cross, of the combination present in parents. (1 M)
is typically uniform, exhibits a phenotypic ratio of 63. (a) Contrasting traits studied by Mendel:
exhibiting the 3:1 (dominant to recessive)
(i) Tall and Dwarf stem height, (½ M)
dominant trait. according to Mendel's laws.
(ii) Inflated and Constricted pod shape. (½ M)
 (½ × 2 = 1 M)
(iii) (A) Variations, or differences in traits among individuals (b)
of a species, are useful for survival because they
increase the chances that some individuals can Dominant Recessive
adapt to changing environments, resist diseases, and
Expressed in the Expressed in the phenotype
face new challenges, helping the species to survive
phenotype even if only only when both alleles of
and evolve over time. (2 M)
one allele of the pair is the pair are recessive.
Or dominant.
(iii) (B) Mendel’s cross between two plants with a pair of
contrasting characters, Round Yellow (RRYY) Visible in both Visible only in homozygous
and Wrinkled Green (rryy), resulted in 4 types of homozygous and recessive genotypes.
combinations in the F2 generation:
heterozygous genotypes.
1. Round Yellow
2. Round Green (½ × 2 = 1 M)
3. Wrinkled Yellow (c) Plants produced in the F2 generation yellow-round
4. Wrinkled Green seeded plants, yellow-wrinkled seeded plants, green-
Here’s the cross between the two homozygous round seeded plants and green-wrinkled seeded
parents, Round Yellow (RRYY) and Wrinkled plants are produced with the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. This
Green (rryy): result/ratio suggests the independent assortment of
the genes of seed colour and seed shape. (2 M)

10 SCIENCE
 Or 67. (a) The rainbow is indeed a natural spectrum of sunlight
(c) in the sky. When sunlight enters raindrops in the
atmosphere, it undergoes dispersion and internal
Pure violet coloured Pure white coloured reflection, resulting in the separation of the white
×
flower flower light into its component colors. This phenomenon
↓
(VV) (vv) occurs when the sun is low in the sky and raindrops
Gametes (V) (v) are present, allowing for the formation of rainbows.
Therefore, the presence of sunlight and water droplets
↓ in the air are necessary conditions for the formation of
F1 generation Vv Violet coloured flower rainbows. (1 M)
68. Absolute refractive index of glass
↓ Selfing Speed of light in vacuum 4 c
= = =
Speed of light in medium ( glass ) 3 2 × 108
Vv × Vv
4 × 2 × 108 8
c= = × 108 ( m / s )  (1 M)
↓ 3 3
Now,
V v Absolute refractive index of water
8
V VV Vv × 108
Speed of light in vacuum 3 3
= = =
F2 generation Purple Purple Speed of light in medium ( water ) 2 v
v Vv vv 16
⇒v= × 108 ( m / s )  (1 M)
Purple White 9
69. (a) It is a convex mirror. So focal length should be positive
Genotypic ratio VV : Vv : vv Radius of curvature, R = +5 m
1:2:1 ∴ focal length f = 5/2 = +2.5 m
Phenotypic ratio 3:1 The customer is standing in front of a mirror, so object
 (2 M) distance is negative.
Object distance = –20m
9. Light Reflection and Refraction
According to the mirror formula,
64. (b) Angle 2 is angle of incidence 1 1 1 1 1 1
As we know, = + ⇒ = +
Angle 4 is the angle of refraction f v u 2.5 v −20
Angle 1 is the angle of emergence
1 1 1 10 1 2 1
Angle 3 is the lateral displacement (1 M) = + = + = +
v 2.5 20 25 20 5 20
65. (d) Based on the diagram, it can be concluded that device
X corresponds to a convex lens with a focal length of 1 8 +1 9 20
= = ⇒= v = 2.22
8 cm. (1 M) v 20 20 9
Image formation on a convex mirror by ray diagram
66. (c) From diagram we can see that while passing from A
to B, light bends towards normal. Hence ∠1 > ∠2.
Through B , it travels in a straight path. As interface O'
B-C and A-B are parallel, so ∠2 and ∠3 are equal and I′
alternate interior angles. When light passes from B to P C
C, light moves away from normal, so ∠4 is greater O I F
than angle ∠3. If we extend ray in medium A, it will
intersect actual ray in C which shows that ∠1 is less 
than ∠4. (1 M)  (2 M)

100 Most Probable Questions 11

 Linear magnification for a mirror = image distance/ 71. (a) Observation 3 indicates that the radius of curvature of
object distance = 2.22/20 = 0.11 the lens is 30 cm since the distance of the object and
Hence, linear magnification less than 1 image is the same. Using the formula f = R/2, we can
As we know that for convex mirror, all images are determine that the focal length of the lens is 15 cm.
virtual.  (1 M)
(b) Option 6 is incorrect because the object distance for
Therefore, the image will be smaller than the actual this observation is between the focus and pole of
size of the customer. The nature of the image is virtual, the lens. In such cases, the image formed is always
upright, and diminished. (1 M) virtual. However, in this case, a real image is formed
(b) The mirror fitted in the instrument held by the dentist since the image distance is positive. Therefore, we can
is a “concave mirror” which is a type of curved mirror. conclude that option 6 is not correct. (1 M)
(c) 60 cm
It is used to get a magnified and clear view of the teeth Q
in the patient’s mouth. (1 M)
The image formed by the concave mirror appears P′
O
larger and more detailed than the actual size of the P
2F1 F1 F2 2F2
teeth. The concave mirror is specifically used for
examining the teeth in the back of the mouth which 15 cm
are difficult to see with direct vision. (1 M)
20 cm
70. (i) Between optical centre and principal focus of a convex
Q′
lens.
A' From the figure, object distance u = –20 cm and image
M distance v = 60 cm. We know, magnification = v/u
60
=+ = −3. (3 M)
A F2 2F1 −20
O
72. Magnified erect image of the object, here the object is
B' 2F1 F1 B C2
C1 placed between O and F1
 A′
P
 (1 M)
 Here, the image formed is virtual, magnified and
erect. So, magnification is positive and greater than A
2F2
O F2
one. (1 M)
B′ 2F1 F1 B C2
(ii) When an object is place anywhere in front of a concave
C1
lens.

Q (1½ M)
Magnified inverted image of the object, here the object is
2F F F 2F placed between F1 and 2F1
A P
 (1 M)
Here, the image formed is diminished, virtual and C1 F2 2F2 B′
O
erect. So, magnification is positive and less than one.
2F1 B F1 C2
 (1 M)
(iii) at 2F of a convex lens Q
A′ M
A′ (1½ M)
Apply the lens formula:
1 1 1 1 1 1
O F2 2F2 = − ⇒ = +
f v u v f u
2F1 F1 C2 B′
Substitute the given value with sign conventions in the
C1
above equation:
N
A′ 1 1 1 3 20
=− − =− ⇒ v= − = − 6.6 cm  (2 M)
 (1 M) v 10 20 20 3

12 SCIENCE
73. (i) The speed of light in diamond can be calculated using (ii) To find the speed of light in water, we can use the
the formula: given refractive index of water:
Speed of light in diamond = Speed of light in vacuum/  Speed of light in water = Speed of light in
refractive index of diamond vacuum/Refractive index of water
Substituting the given values, we get: Substituting the given values, we get:
Speed of light in diamond = 3×108/2.42 = 1.24×108 m/s
Speed of light in water = (3 × 108 m/s)/(4/3)
Therefore, the speed of light in diamond is 1.24 × 108 m/s.
= 2.25 × 108 m/s
 (1 M)
 Therefore, the speed of light in water is
(ii) The increasing order of the angle of refraction in
2.25 × 108 m/s. (1 M)
glass, water, and carbon disulphide can be determined
by using 74. (i)
Snell’s law: n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2 A
where n1 and θ1 are the refractive index and angle of h
incidence of the first medium, and n2 and θ2 are the I
O C h′ F f
refractive index and angle of refraction of the second A′
medium. v
u concave mirror
For the same angle of incidence (θ), the angle of
refraction (θ2) will be minimum in the medium with I n Case (1), the object is positioned beyond the center
the highest refractive index. of curvature (C). For concave mirrors, when the object
 Therefore, the increasing order of the angle of is situated beyond C, the resulting image will form
refraction is: Carbon disulphide < Glass< Water
between C and the focal point (F), appearing inverted
 (1 M)
and diminished (smaller than the object). (1 M)
(iii) (A)
(ii)
(a) 
The optical density of a medium is directly A
proportional to its refractive index. Therefore,
the medium with the higher refractive index B
B′ C F
(glass with n = 1.5) is optically denser than the
medium with the lower refractive index (water n′
with n = 1.33). (1 M) concave mirror
(b) When a ray of light enters a thick glass container In Case (2), the object is located at the center of
filled with water, it will undergo refraction at the curvature (C), indicating that the image formed will
water-glass interface. Since the light is incident be real and of equal size to the object. (1 M)
normally (perpendicular to the interface), it will (iii) (A) We are aware that a virtual and expanded picture
not change direction. After entering the glass, the is created when an object is positioned between P
light will continue to travel in a straight line but
and F of a concave mirror. (½ M)
at a slower speed due to the higher optical density
of glass compared to water. (1 M) In case (3), the object distance (20 cm) is less than
the focal length (30 cm). Therefore, the object is
Or located between the mirror and the focal point.
(B) In such a case, the image formed will be virtual,
(i) To find the speed of light in vacuum, we can use erect, and larger than the object.  (1 M)
the given refractive index of glass: A1
Speed of light in glass = Speed of light in vacuum
/ Refractive index of glass A
Substituting the given values, we get:
2 × 108 m/s = Speed of light in vacuum/3/2 C F B P BA
Speed of light in vacuum = (2 × 108 m/s) × (3/2)
= 3 × 108 m/s
Therefore, the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s.
 (1 M)  (½ M)

100 Most Probable Questions 13

 Or White light
Refraction
Dispersion
(iii) (B) Sun A from the sun
B
C Total internal
V Rain
drop
relection
of spectrum

u = –18 cm Red D
I O Refraction
C f Violet
f = –12 cm Rainbow 
 (2 M)
f = –12 cm 78. (a) Hypermetropia as the image is formed beyond the
Given:
retina. (1 M)
Focal length of concave mirror, f = –12 cm
(b) (i) Due to greater focal length of the, lens and
Distance of object from the mirror, u = –18 cm
(ii) As eyeball becomes smaller. (1 M)
Now, put this value in mirror formula,
(c) It can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable
1 1 1
= +  (½ M) focal length as shown below.
f v u
L
1 1 1
= − O
v f u O′ N I
N
1 1 1  Virtual Nearby
= − (½ M)
v −12 −18 image object
1 1 1 formed
=
− + at N
v 12 18
 (1 M)
1 1
= 79. (a) Path of monochromatic light passing through a prism
v −36
A
v = –36 cm L
Hence, image position is the 36 cm left side from the Angle
G deviation M
pole of the concave mirror (1 M) N δ

yi e Em
10. Human Eye and Colorful World nt ra P r 1 r2 erg
ide N' M' en
t ra
Inc y
75. (a) 
∠i is the angle of incidence and ∠A is the angle of O B C R (1½ M)
prism. (1 M) (b) when a narrow beam of white light passes through a
76. (i) The defect of vision is myopia. (½ M) prism,it scatters into seven colours.
(ii) (a) The eye lens becomes too convex or curved.
(b)  Depth of the eyeball is too much i.e. eyeball
Red
lengthened from front to back. When the length Orange
Yellow
of the eyeball is too long as compared to the Green
Blue
focusing power of the lens of the eye and cornea. Indigo
Violet
 (1 M) White
Glass prism
(iii) Concave lens is used for the correction of this defect. light
 (½ M) Dispersion
 (1½ M)
77. When sunlight enters a water droplet, it is refracted and
dispersed into its component colours due to the difference in 80. (a) There can be two possible reasons for the student’s
the speed of light in air and water. The colours of the rainbow, myopia:
(1) The eyeball of the student may be too long,
in order from the outer edge to the inner edge, are red, orange,
causing the image to form in front of the retina.
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. (1 M)
(2) The curvature of the lens of the student may be
A labeled diagram of the formation of a rainbow is shown too much, causing the image to form in front of
below: the retina. (1 M)

14 SCIENCE
 (i) 
The student is unable to see distinctly the area of the conductor is increased, its resistance
objects placed beyond 5 m from his eyes decreases. (½ M)
because the image of the distant object forms 3. Temperature of the conductor: The resistance of a
in front of the retina and not on it. This happens conductor increases with an increase in temperature.
because the light rays from the distant object This is because the increase in temperature causes an
are brought to a focus in front of the retina due increase in the vibrations of the atoms in the conductor,
to the elongated eyeball or excessive curvature
which in turn increases the collisions between the free
of the lens.
electrons and the atoms. (½ M)
4. Nature of the material: The resistance of a conductor
Retina depends on the nature of the material of which it is
made. Some materials have a higher resistance than
Rays from distinct object  others. (½ M)
 (1 M)
83. (i) Effective resistance of the circuit
(ii) 
The type of corrective lens used to restore
R3 and R4 are in series and both are parallel to R2
proper vision is a concave lens, which is thinner
at the center and thicker at the edges. The R3 + R4 = 10 Ohm
concave lens causes the light rays to diverge Effective Resistance across R2(R')
before they enter the eye, which helps to move 1 1 1
the image back onto the retina. The corrective = +
lens is placed in front of the eye of the student. R' R2 R3 + R4
R' = 5 Ohm
Far Point Retina Now, R1', R' and R5 are in series

Use of
Effective resistance of the circuit = R1 + R' + R5


concave lens
(1 M) = 5 + 5 + 10
(b) The power of the lens can be calculated using the formula = 20 Ohm (1 M)
P = 1/f, where P is the power of the lens and f is the focal (ii) Current drawn from battery
length of the lens. According to the new Cartesian sign V
convention, the focal length of the corrective lens is –5 V = IR ⇒ I =
R
m, as the image formed by the lens is virtual and on the 20
same side as the object. Therefore, the power of the lens I= ⇒ I = 1A (1 M)
is –0.2 dioptres. (2 M) 20
(iii) Potential difference across 5–ohm resistor
11. Electricity V = IR ⇒ V = 1 × 5

Joule’s law of heating states that the amount of heat

81.  V = 5V (1 M)
produced when a current flows through a conductor is 84. (i) 
The relation between resistance (R) and electrical
directly proportional to the square of the current (I), the resistivity (ρ) of the material of a conductor in the
resistance (R) of the conductor, and the time (t) for which shape of a cylinder of length l and area of cross-
the current flows. The mathematical expression for Joule’s section A is given by:
law of heating is: ρl
H = I2 R t (1 M) R=  (½ M)
A
82. The resistance of a uniform cylindrical conductor of a To derive the SI unit of electrical resistivity, rearrange
given material depends on the following factors: the equation:
1. Length of the conductor: The resistance of a conductor RA
ρ=  (½ M)
is directly proportional to its length. This means that if l
the length of the conductor is increased, its resistance The SI unit of resistance (R) is ohms (Ω), the area (A)
also increases. (½ M) is in square meters (m2), and the length (l) is in meters
2. Cross-sectional area of the conductor: The resistance (m). (½ M)
of a conductor is inversely proportional to its cross- Therefore, the SI unit of electrical resistivity (ρ) is
sectional area. This means that if the cross-sectional ohm-meters (Ω⋅m). (½ M)

100 Most Probable Questions 15

 (ii)
Given: 11 units
Length of the wire (l) = 3 m
P=
5 hours
Resistance (R) = 60Ω
P = 2.2 units / hour (1 M)
Area of cross-section (A) = 4 × 10–7 m–2
(b) To find the current drawn by the oven, we can use
ρl
Using the formula R = , we can rearrange it to the formula:
solve for ρ: A

P = VI
RA Where:

ρ=  (½ M)
l

P is the power (which we calculated in part (a)),
(60Ω) × (4 × 10−7 m 2 )

ρ=
V is the voltage (given as 220 V),
3m

I is the current.
240 × 10−7

ρ= Ω⋅m (½ M) Rearranging the formula to solve for I:
3
P
ρ = 80 × 10–7 Ω⋅ I=
V
ρ = 8 × 10–6 Ω⋅m (1 M)
(iii) 
If the wire (from part 'ii') is stretched so that its Substituting the given values:
length is doubled, the new length l′ would be 2.2 units / hour
I =
2 × 3 m = 6 m. 220V
But we know that, the resistivity of a substance is
I = 0.01 A (1 M)
unaffected by changes in its length or area of cross-
(c) To find the resistance of the oven when it is red
section. It is solely determined by the material's
inherent properties and temperature, leading to no hot, we can rearrange the power formula:
alteration in its resistivity with changes in length or V2
P=
cross-sectional area. R
Hence there is no change in resistivity of the wire.
to solve for R:
 (1 M)
V2
85. (i) Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical R=  (½ M)
P
energy is transferred or converted in an electric circuit.
 (½ M) Substituting the given values:
It is expressed in terms of potential difference (V) and (220V ) 2 48400V 2
=R = R
resistance (R) using the formula: 2.2 units / hour 2.2 units / hour
V2 R = 22000 ohms (½ M)
P=  (½ M)
R So, the resistance of the oven when it is red hot is
Where: approximately 22000 ohms. (1 M)
P is the electric power,
86. (i) 
Electric current is directly related to the potential
V is the potential difference (voltage), and difference across the terminals of a conductor. This
R is the resistance. relationship is described by Ohm’s law, which states
(ii) (a) To calculate the power rating of the oven, we can that the current flowing through a conductor is directly
use the formula: proportional to the potential difference across its ends,
E provided the physical conditions such as temperature
P=
t remain constant. Mathematically, Ohm’s law can be
Where: expressed as:
P is the power, I = V/R
E is the electrical energy consumed (given as where I is the current flowing through the conductor,
11 units), V is the potential difference across its ends, and R is
t is the time taken (given as 5 hours). the resistance of the conductor. (1 M)
Substituting the given values: To verify this relationship, here is a labeled circuit
diagram:

16 SCIENCE
 +v v v v- So, the net current will be,
V V V V
= + +
R eq R1 R 2 R 3
R + – K Factoring out V, we get
A (•)
1 1 1 1
= + +
V R eq R1 R 2 R 3  (2 M)
+ –
(b) As two resistors of 12W connected in parallel.
V = 6V
2.0
Potential difference (V)

1 1 1
0.6
×
∴ = +
1.2 × R eq R1 R 2
× 1 1 1 2
0.8 ×
×
= + =  (1 M)
0.4 × R eq 12 12 12
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
According to Ohm's law,
Current (A)  (2 M) V = IR ⇒ 6 = I × 6
(ii) An ammeter is an instrument used to measure the 6
= I ⇒ I = 1 ampere (1 M)
flow of electric current in a circuit. It should have low 6
resistance to prevent its own resistance from affecting 88. (a) From the diagram we can see that the conductor and
the circuit being measured. If the ammeter has high electric lamp are connected in series combination, so
resistance, it will draw a significant amount of current resistance of the coil will be
from the circuit, leading to inaccurate measurements. RT = RL + RC = 20 + 4
Therefore, to ensure accurate measurements, an or RT = 24W (1 M)
ammeter should have low resistance. (1 M) (b) According to Ohm’ s law , V = IR
(iii) The slope of V-I graph gives the resistance. Since the I = V/R
straight line A is less steep, its resistance is less. We = 6 /24 = 0.25 A (1 M)
know that, in a parallel combination, the equivalent (c) As, V = IR
resistance is less than in series combination. So, A (i) Potential difference across lamp will be
represents the series combination and B represents the VL = 0.25 × 20 = 5V (1 M)
parallel combination. (1 M) (ii) Potential difference across conductor will be
87. (a) Using the given diagram, VC = 0.25 × 4 = 1V (1 M)
R1 (d) As, power ( P) = VI
I1 So, power of the lamp will be = 0.25 × 5 = 1.25 watt
I2 R2  (1 M)

R3 12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

I3
I I 89. (c) The correct pattern of magnetic field lines of the
field produced by a current carrying circular loop is
concentric circles around the loop. (1 M)
90. (d) Out of the page. (1 M)
V volts  (1 M)
91. (b) 
Assertion (A) is correct because when a current-
Let the current passing through resistance R1, R2, and
carrying straight conductor is placed perpendicular to
R3 will be I1, I2 and I3 and potential difference be V. the direction of magnetic field, it experiences a force
The total current in the circuit will be, known as magnetic force.
V Reason (R) is also correct because the net charge on
I=
R eq a current-carrying conductor is zero. This is because
V V the current is made up of equal and opposite charges
V
As, I1 = , I2 = , I3 = moving in opposite directions, which cancel out each
R1 R2 R3 other’s effect.

100 Most Probable Questions 17

 Hence, both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct, (ii) Two distinguishing features between the fields.
and reason (R) is not the correct explanation of S.No. Bar Magnet Solenoid
assertion (A). (1 M)
1. Magnetism always Magnetism exists until
92. (a) When a current is passed through the aluminum rod exists in a bar an electric current
from end B to end A, the rod experiences a force magnet. flows through it.
perpendicular to both the direction of the current
and the direction of the magnetic field. According to 2. Poles can’t be Poles can be
Fleming’s left-hand rule, this force is directed towards interchanged. interchanged.
end A of the rod. Therefore, the rod moves towards
 (1 M)
end A, away from the magnetic field. (1 M)
95. (a) Fleming’s left-hand rule:
(b) When the axis of the rod ‘AB’ is moved and aligned
parallel to the magnetic field and current is passed According to this rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger
and middle finger of your left hand such that they are
through the rod in the same direction, no force is
mutually perpendicular. If the first finger points in
experienced by the rod. This is because the angle
the direction of magnetic field and the second finger
between the direction of the current and the direction
in the direction of current, then the thumb will point
of the magnetic field is zero, and hence there is no
in the direction of motion or the force acting on the
force on the rod. (1 M) conductor. (1 M)
93. Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet are used to show the The direction of force experienced by a straight
direction and strength of the magnetic field around it. current carrying conductor AB placed in a uniform
The direction of the magnetic field lines arise from the magnetic field is into the page. (1 M)
North Pole of the magnet and combine to its South Pole. (b) The electron will experience a force in the out of
the page. This is due to the fact that electrons have a
The closer the magnetic field lines are to each other, the
negative charge and move opposite to the direction of
stronger the magnetic field is in that region. (1 M) conventional current flow. Therefore, the direction of
This proves that a magnetic field is a physical quantity that the current will be downwards and the force will be in
has both direction and magnitude and the direction of the the direction to out of the page.  (1 M)
magnetic field is shown by the direction of the magnetic
field lines, and the strength of the magnetic field is shown 13. Our Environment
by the density of the magnetic field lines. (1 M)
Impacts on
96. Environment if
Waste Type Difference
Not Disposed off
Properly
94. (i) (1) Biodegradable Can be broken 1. Spread of diseases,
Waste down naturally by 2. Attracts pests.
living organisms
like bacteria,
fungi, etc.
Non-Biodegrad- Cannot be broken 1. Pollution,
able Waste down naturally by 2. B
 iological magni-
– + living organisms. fication.

Solenoid  (3 M)

 (1 M) 97. The phenomenon involved is known as "biological

magnification." (1 M)
It happens because:
• Pesticides used on crops can wash into soil or water
bodies and are absorbed by plants. These non-
(2) N S  (1 M) degradable chemicals accumulate progressively at
each trophic level. (1 M)
• Human beings, at the top of the food chain, accumulate
the highest concentrations of these chemicals in their
bodies. (1 M)

18 SCIENCE
98. • Gas X: Ozone (O3) (½ M) Energy transferred from second to third trophic level
• Essential Function: Shields Earth from harmful = 10% of 20,000 J = 2000 J
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. (½ M)
Energy transferred from third to fourth trophic level
• Decrease in level of ozone is due to a chemical called = 10% of 2000 J = 200 J  (2 M)
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (1 M)
100. (a) Cereal Plant → Human beings. (1 M)
• Measures taken by the United Nations Environment (b) 
Growing cereal plants in soil rich in pesticides can
Programme (UNEP) in 1987:
have several negative consequences, including reduced
CFC Production Freeze: An agreement to halt CFC
production at 1986 levels. (½ M) crop yields and toxicity in food. Pesticides being non-
biodegradable accumulate progressively at each trophic

 CFC-free Refrigerators: Now, it's compulsory for
manufacturers worldwide to produce refrigerators level leads to Biomagnification. (1 M)
without using CFCs, promoting eco-friendly practices. (c) Human beings 
 (½ M) Hawk

99. (i)  Food chain of four trophic levels comprising the Snake
following : Hawk, snake, plants, rat.
Plant → rat → snake → hawk. (1 M)
(ii) Energy is transferred from one trophic level to next Goat
trophic level. Only 10% of available energy will Rat
transfer to next trophic level.
As per the question, energy available at second trophic Cereal plant
level = 20,000 J  (1 M)

100 Most Probable Questions 19