L1 Finding fossil man trace the problem

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near i follow your trace＝i follow where you go
East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts polynesia 波利尼西亚
of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way poly-多
that they can preserve their history is to recount it as polyandric: a wife with more than one husband
sagas----legends handed polygeny : a husband with more than one wife
down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted
are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石
people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they read of 读到
did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the 谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of
Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric
The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from far east
Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. 非限定性从句，表原因
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.
even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词
have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the counterpart: two things or two people have the same position
first'modern men' came from. oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially preserve: 保留，保存（腌制）
flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may 如果句中有 only，那后面的表语结构就要用 to do sth,而不是
also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone doing sth.
does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when storyteller: 讲故事的人
even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生
without trace. migration ：移民 １）migrant ２）immigrant
New words and expressions v. migrate:迁移，迁徙
recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次 migratory bird:候鸟
record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 none: no body
叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 people＋s 民族
describe if they had any: 即便是有
depict： a little emotional his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was
narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。 hospitalized.
portray：描述 find out 千方百计，费尽周折＝explore
saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事 描述的内容 mostly real 北欧海盗活动 modern men :the men who were like ourselves
的故事 however－anywhere you want ,加逗号
legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence
anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家 therefore－自由
anthrop：人 so－自由
philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 tool:小工具
philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） instrument:实验器械
anthropology :人类学 equipment:设备
带-gy 结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 shape:成型；教育，改造
ecology 生态学 may also have:表推测
remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远 peel:果皮
ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先 leather:皮革
an- 在前面 hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮
forefather,forebear ，predecessor 祖先 without (any) trace:无影无踪
rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉
leave me rot.＝leave me along L 2 Spare that spider
rot to death. Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because
soon ripe,soon rotten. they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the
decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it
关系逐渐恶化 impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our
trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection
we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什
beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a 么)
fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike Notes on the text
some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to why, you may wonder－you may wonder why 插入语 先不管插
us or our 入语，弄清句子结构
belongings. you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly 不固定
related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a why 以疑问句 开头
spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human bein
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One gs.
authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.
the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than destroy 程度比 damage 要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光
2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of tear into pieces
different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemy
the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the dear enemy
wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词
not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that impossible 和 possible 永远不要以人开头
the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one It is impossible for somebody to do something.
year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings likely 可以以人做主语。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主
in the country. 语
T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener they would 表示假设
New words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the food
／flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚， make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book
人以群分 it 虚拟语气 前面是主句，下面是条件句
you are the same flock.也可指人 前面一般的加动词 devour,后面用一般过去时
herd 多指牛群 cowherd cowboy If it were not for:如果这不是因为
throng and crowd swarm I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.
owe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 but for 一定是虚拟语气 ＝if it were not for
issue owe 感激，欠 i owe you.
oblige indebt appreciate----常用口语词 正式：grateful 引出主题
thankful all of them put together:把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是 kill
beast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用 animal 形容 destroyed 后置定语，重心转到 spider
creature 可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．
Fraction 小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will suffice L 3 Mattonhorn
on one＇s behalf 代表．
．．利益 Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give
I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你 them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is r
好 on behalf of somebody /something egarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at
e.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of ＝represent all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top
authority /C:＇WCriti/ n.权威 authorize 批准 authoritative 权威 because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had
性的 authoritarian 独裁的 never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations t
－tarian 带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator 独裁者 dictatorial hey often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,
独裁的 equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudd
authorities １．权威（可单数可复数） ２．当局（复数） er at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such
census /sens[s/ n.统计数 excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
据 the fifth national population census. censor 审查 It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pi
censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的 oneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamoni
acre /＇eik[/ n.英亩 １acre＝４０４７square meters x, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be
football pitch 足球场 football yard football court football field impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mou
be content with 满足于 满足作表语，不能出现定语结构 ntains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridde
He is content with status quo. n; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelv
contented heart :心满意足的人 e months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley bo
spare /spZ[/ v. 不伤害，宽恕 spare me He doesn't spare himself. asted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could
--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his p refined fair 细粮
arishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariabl coarse and refined
y the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomf in a coarse manner 粗暴无礼
ortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sl 11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v．自恃有
eeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps 用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有
must have been very hard indeed. He boasted that of his knowledge.
New words and expressions The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.)
1、 alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n．登山运动员 12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n．教区居民
climber mountaineer parish 教区
词根：alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n．阿尔卑斯山脉 13、shepherd(1.14)/'Mep+d/n．牧羊人 sheepshep 羊 herd 兽群
Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj．阿尔卑斯山的 14、linen(1.15)/'linin/n．亚麻布床单
2、 attain(1.4)/+'tein/ v．到达 Notes on the text
to get to 1、Route 路线 Road 道路
to arrive at/in 2、good sports :stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、兴奋
to attain one's goal=realize 3、regard
to attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点 regard sb with sth(感情词 love \hatred\horror\respect)
attain youth 永葆青春 Dad, I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。
attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment 4、pineering days, ancient (先人时期)
3、perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj．危险的 peril （随时可能出现的） 5、not at all 根本不 case 这回事
危险 6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态）
avalanche 雪崩 7、top:顶点 summit 山顶 peak 山顶
4、shudder (1.5)/'M)d+/ v．不寒而栗 The scenery is at the peak of the mountain.无限风光在险峰。
shudder:quick and sudden I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。
tremble:long and very obvious Summit meeting 峰会
quiver:excitement ,maybe cold 8、 attain 到达 conquer 征服
shiver: cold and nervous 9、be of the most perilous nature
5、 go out of one's way 专门 by the way 顺 nature 特点、特性
路 too much for me 受不起 the most perilous difficulties and dangers
6、 court （multiple meanings 多义词） 学会 be of the + adj+noun 结构
1） 朝廷 朝臣 courtier He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man.
2） courteous 彬彬有礼的 10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。
3） 法庭 11、in a manner 以这样的方式
4） 娱乐场 足球场 soccer/football court 高尔夫球场 golf court 12、make sb do sth (省 to 结构)
5） 追求 13、at the thought 一想到 ，mention 一提到,idea 一想到
6） 招致 骄兵必败 pride courts failure 这个结构后面加介词 of 原文
7、 solitary(1.6)/'s&lrt+ri/adj．唯一的 即 at the thought of their poor equipment
sol-独 solo 独唱 独奏 14、go out of one's way 刻意 intentionally eye catching 引人注
solitude 孤独 目的
I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life. 15、the real living conditions 真实生存状况
8、 pioneer(1.2)/?pai+'n+/ v．开辟，倡导；n．先锋，开辟者 16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末
9、 impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p&v+rM/v．使贫困 poor（口语词） 17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除
罗素名言： 18、tend to be 倾向于
A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can 19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地
secure complete 20、cut off=which are cut off
ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation. 21、flea ridden 跳蚤
许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现 22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语 还有 as it were
了现在的税收水平。 This book is , as it were, his life portrait.
10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj．粗劣的 这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。
coarse throat 嗓子哑 23、local 当地的
sore throat 24、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic 酒鬼
嗓子发炎 25、boast 拥有 priest 牧师 shepherd 牧羊
coarse fare 粗粮 人 invariably=all the same
26、dirt and poverty， and very uncomfortable （结构不符合习 like. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films
惯，不可学） and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strict
27、course 一道菜 ly scientific) link with our ancestral past.
28、must have been 表推测 Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfa
29、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名词、动名词 ctory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoo
I am used to the life in Bejing. logist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under cl
I am used to living in Bejing. ose and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives.
30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack 快餐 晚餐：dinner Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the ni
31、the change to neteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved s
Education brings great change to his outlook/view on life. o well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla liv
教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。 es, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social
pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their in
L 4 Seeing Hands telligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a
In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of p mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first d
eople who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even escribed the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abo
see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-ye minable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the
ar-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who ca Himalayas is hardly
n also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through more elusive.
solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day sh New words and expressions
e came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door o （good article : five stars 该文写得不错。
）
f a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so man the + n.(s) 表示一类: the gorilla(s)
y old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way t scene 场景
hey were done up in bundles. in the African scene : Africa as the background
Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific resear gather palace 聚集地
ch institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观
April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of th 点） contradictory ideas about him
e Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these 主题句：One thinks one knows him very well.
tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen a 问题：Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas.
nd, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lott Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。
o she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; an For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）
d, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out For more than one hundred years 一百多年
with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a ca 西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas 用 him 代替。另
rpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a 外有 cat – she, dog – he .
similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, i imprisoned 关起来圈养
ndeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive thi be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆
ngs with her skin. lt was also found that although she could percei 重点句型：
ve things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands He exert a strong fascination upon(on) Sb. 施加给人们强大的魅
were wet. 力
New words and expressions exert … on … 施加（压力）
1、Perceive 察觉，瞬间感觉到的 impose … on … ,例如 impose influence on , impose pressure on
to make out 费尽心机辨出 上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb.
I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out . 或 The gorilla is always fascinating to Sb.
Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out. alike adv.相同，一样 adj.只能做表语。例如：
I perceive a fly in my teacup. The two are alike. 这两人真像。
2、elbow one's way (用肘)挤出 形容词只要以 a 开头，99.99%都做表语。不能做定语词。
elbow one's way out of the crowed.挤出人群 例如：asleep , awake ,afloat 等
L5 No Room in the Ark He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure
The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thi books.
nks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has stereotyped – old time 老样子 horror films 恐怖片
been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have film (英) movie (美)
been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has the stereotyped monster 经典模式
always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics a 省略主语 and (he is) an obvious (…) link with our ancestral past
link with … 与…相联系 究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思。
（通过侧面比较，引出结论，
our ancestral past (n.) 一种有用的写作方法）
through not perhaps strikly scientific Abominable Snowman 作比较，省略 gorilla
尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念
through 引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。 L 6 Youth
Eg: I arrived at the meeting , though (I was ) late. People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is
Yet 与 however ，表示转折，意思完全相同。但 yet 用在句首， one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who creat
however 加标点，可以用 e it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals an
在自由位置。 d agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like t
重要句型： heir elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a
No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in … young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and th
Take picture / photograph 照相 e old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is wher
of one 定语后置，satisfactory photograph of one。主要是为了句 e the rub is.
子的平衡。One 指 gorilla When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--t
in a wild state 在野生状态下 hat I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very
keep the … under … observation 把某事处于观察之下 pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. F
keep the city clean 保持城市清洁 or one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that
close and constant observation 持续不断的观察 is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
Eg: I have to keep the boy under close control. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and the
To control the boy very strikly. y have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of com
插入语：however intrepid = no matter how intrepid 无论多么英勇 fort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devoti
Eg: No man , however intelligent , is perfect. on to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, a
No palace, however peaceful and tranquil , is a paradise. nd the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic b
lies buried here among the animals he loved so well eings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All t
埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间 hat is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceit
形容词做状语：lie awake , lie crouched ed, illmannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for pro
lifespan 寿命 tection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age we
how long the gorilla lives re a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue
因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所以 live 用一般现代时。 with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. New words and expr
Organ's decay 器官衰竭 essions .
Nor 引导否定并列句，与 unable 并列 sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事
生活方式：group living , individual living get down to sth. 认真研究 get down to +名词／动名词
智力：intelligence – IQ , intelligence qoutient glorious 光辉灿烂的
CIA – the Central Intelligence Agency of America rub 难题
CID – Criminal investigation Division 重案组，罪犯调查科 teenager 青少年
All this and many other thing remain (amost as much ) a mystery ( for one thing 原因之一，有一点是… 连接词… for another
as ) they were. identity 身份
as much as 同 the same as air of freedom 无拘无束 air:神态、气势
…remain a mystery the same as they were. dreary 沉郁的
He is as much a musician as a writer.= He is both a musician and a ambition 追名逐利
writer. cosmic being 宇宙人 human being 人
civilized world 文明世界 violent 强烈的，暴力的
savaged world 野生世界 suburban 见识不广的，有偏见的
civilized : to get away from wild life conceited 自高自大的
中文中的"文明单位"不能用 civilized , 应该用 model 或 presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的
pace setting unit fatuous 愚蠢的
I'm a pace soldiery。我是排头兵。 cliché 陈词滥调
The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climber I take leave to say…
s in the Himalayas is hardly 我冒昧地说…
more elusive. I take leave to be frank
那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪 恕我直言。口语：
人，看起来也不一定比我们研 maybe I'm too bold… or . I'm bold enough… or. Allow myself t
o suburb 郊区
say … urbane: 有礼貌的 short-sighted 目光短浅的
Take one's leave = take leave 离开（正式用法） narroe-minded/small-minded
Would you please take your leave? insular 绝缘，目光短浅的 provincial
我很烦的几种表示法： conceited 自高自大的
What a bore. What a nuisance. What a trial What a jerk. 骄傲的 conceit(n.)
get down to + 名词/动名词 pride 自豪
例：我开始学习了。 I get down to my studies. big-headed 头发胀的 cocky 自负的
I get down to learning my book. chicken 胆小鬼 sweller 膨胀的 over-confident
to- 介词 people are always talking about ' the problem of youth'.
同义词： be engaged in Are talking _ 到目前为止一直讨论
glorious 'the problem of youth ' 加引号，引用。
glory n. 光荣 -which I take leave to doubt 插入语 "我冒昧的说"，表示怀疑
（rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous） -If there is any,同样表示怀疑
in one's glory: 在某人的鼎盛时期 straight forward 开门见山
in one's day it is older people who creat it.—强调句
in one's golden days let us (speaker exclusive) – Let's (speaker inclusive)
in one's prime time get down to fundamentals
in the pride of one's life fundamental = basic 基本的
rub 摩擦 fundamentalist 信奉正统基督教的人
at odds 有矛盾 after all – 退一步
have words with sb. 和…拌嘴 like – (介词) 省略了谓语 are
Do you get the rub? people are just lije their elders
Do you get the picture? glorious future 光辉的未来
Do you catch me ? splendid future 光辉的未来（已过去的，对老年人而言）
Do you get me ? where the rub is 症结所在，问题就出在这
What's the range?问年龄 hatred : 憎恨
Teenager 14 到 18 ironical 讽刺的，用反语的 uncertain 后面省略用法
Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13 到 16 I would have been 虚拟语气
Juvenile 青少年 Something 重要的东西
Youth 20 到 30 You are somebody. 你是重要人物
Air :神态（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱 So .. as … 后置定语
Arrogant airs : 傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气 出色： outstanding
Finicky airs 娇气 stand out 站出来，鹤立鸡群
Dreary 同: drearisome a.无味，无聊 cut figure 崭露头角
Sterile : 枯燥无味 one of the things 正是其中之一
Monotonous: 乏味无聊 seeking = looking for exciting 令人激动的
Gloomy： 沉闷 air of freedom 无拘无束 = carefree , freedom from care
Lifeless: 无生气的 commitment 专注(to + 名词/动名词)
have ambition for going abroad/to gao abroad. love = seek 追求 mean 意味着，小气卑鄙 = disgusting
Fish …(wealth and fame) anxious 虎视眈眈的
Chase …(fame and gains) polish 擦，磨 apple polisher 溜须拍马 bootlicker 拍马屁者
Pursue … no devotion to 热爱（贬）material things 物质享受 to me 在我看
Cosmic 宇宙 来（插入语）
Cosmonaut 宇航员 = astronaut Astro-/aster 天体 life 生机
Disaster Cosmic place :大都市 Metropolis: 大都市 lifeless 没生机的，死气沉沉的
Violent nonviolence 非暴力 link with 把什么联系起来 origin 起源 original 原本的
狂风：violent wind as if 虚拟假设
暴死：violent death in some sence 可以这么说吧（插入语 ）
vehement 猛烈的 in contrast with 与…比较
同义词：turbulent violent 强烈= strong
tumultuous lovely 生动的，完美的
后置的同位语- suburban creatures at any rate 无论……,至少…….
前面用得是 – cosmic beings Notes on the vocabularies
mediocre 平庸的 goodwill=friendship n.友好
idol 偶像 idiot 傻瓜 goodwill games:友好运动会
conceited 自负 goodwill visit:友好访问
ill-mannered 粗暴 pay a goodwill visit to
presumptuous 自以为是的 official visit:官方正式访问
fatuous 愚蠢无比的 state visit:国事访问
turn for protection to 寻求保护 turn to 求助 cricket n.板球 as merry as a cricket(蟋蟀) 形容心情高兴，快乐无
dreary = boring cliché 沉郁的 比
cliché 陈词滥调，老生常谈 inclination n. 意愿
incline v.
L7 The Sports Spirit be inclined to do sth 表示强烈的意愿
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates g I am inclined to take toefl.
oodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples willing
of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they wo show inclination to
uld have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn' follow one's inclination 随心所欲
t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for inst contest n. 比赛
ance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, o 近义词：competition game match tournament race
ne could deduce it from general principles. contest:a group of judges
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play beauty contest 选美比赛
to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost competition:socially 抽象使用
to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeli Social competition is fierce.
ng of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for t Dog eat dog.人吃人。形容竞争激烈。
he fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, game:physically ,mentally
as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be match:quite important
disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are arou China won the 2002 World Cup match.
sed. Anyone who has played even in a school football match know tournament:淘汰赛，巡回赛。
s this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. Bu race:以速度见长
t the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the att cycle racing 自行车比赛
itude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. car racing 赛车
who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and se orgy n.恣意，放荡
riouslybelieve--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping revelry in 狂欢
and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue. I revelry in my success.
New words and expressions on a spree
goodwill n. 友好 The girl is on a shoping spree.
prestige n. 声誉 competitive
cricket n.板球 disgrace vt. 使丢脸 combative-贬义词 同 aggressive
inclination n.意愿 savage n.野性的 competitive-褒义词／中性词
contest n. 比赛 combative a.好斗的 competitor-竞争者
orgy n. 恣意，放荡 compete with sb. for sth.
frankly ad.坦率地 pick up 随意挑选
deduce vt.推断 mimic a.与….极相似 side 队
competitive a. 竞争性的 patriotism n.地方观众，爱国主义
behaveiour 行动 patriot:爱国者 patriotic:爱国的
pick up 随意挑选 spectatotor n.观众 involve vt.卷入
side n. 队 involve oneself in scandal be involved in
word….into…..引起……注意 prestige n.声誉
patriotism n. 地方观念 爱国主义 prestigious a.享有声誉的
fury n.狂热 Qinghua university is very prestigious.
involve vt. 卷入 近义词：fame renown(renowned 著名的) reputation eminence
absurd a.荒唐的 disgrace vt.使丢脸
 grace,graceful-graceless 2. 作为条件句＝as long as，后面须有主句。
disgraceful 丢脸 Your essay is very guaceful. deduce:推导
fame-defame the background of the 1936 Olympic Games :二战时在德国柏林
honor-dishonor 举行，希特勒举办的目的为
stigmaa(污点) vt.stigmatize Robbery stigmatizes him. 了宣传他的 national supremacy(民主优越性)。然而，事与愿违，
savage n.野性的 本届奥运会出现了
inhuman 残忍无比 nonhuman （非人类的） 一位独领风骚的田径大王－美国黑人运动员，杰西·欧文斯，
mercy-merciless 他共获得 4 枚金牌，
ruth-ruthless 让希特勒 disgrace(颜面尽失)，后人评论
beastly "the 1936 Olympin Games is a mistake",而
combative a.好斗的 且称为 political tragedy,影射希特勒的种族歧视，导致极端的仇
frankly ad.坦率地 恨，引发二战。
Frankly speaking(To be frank) 坦白的说 neagly all 基本肯定
candid 坦白的 green: 绿地
straightly 直率的 aroused:被激发起来
mimic a.与……相似 frankly: 真正的
mimic-只用作定语 mimic warfare:模拟战争
similar-可作定语和表 battle field-fight to win,commander,do your utmost,blood,lose l
语 Our ideas are similar. We have similar ideas. ife,machine guns
alike-只作表语 sport field—play to win,coach ,do your best ,sweat,lose life,h
Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。 and leg foot
behaviour 行动 举止 fury over 对…愤怒
Behave oneself.规矩点儿。 virtue:quality
attitude n.态度
spectator n.观众 L 8 Education
audience 听众 audial 听 Parents have to do much less for their children today than they use
visual d to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes c
spectacle: 壮丽景色；眼镜 an be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry, food can
viewer 电视观众 be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and deliver
work…into… 引起…注意… ed by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at t
into 后接表示感情的词 he restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room. It is
fury n.狂热 unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at
furious a.—强于 anger,annoyance,aggravation home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work.
rage---suddenly & quickly Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupati
absurd a.荒唐的 on, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employm
近义词 illogical irrational senseless ridiculous ent and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good mone
r 开头的形容词的反义词前面加 ir y, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textil
l 开头的形容词的反义词前面加 il e areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, b
at any rate 无论，至少＝at least ut this practice has become so widespread that the working mother
Notes on the text is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of m
amazed: surprised,astound,astonished arried women in employment having more than doubled in the last
前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构，后两个词只有表语结 twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children dra
构。 wing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that h
The news surprised me. e still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works eco
I was surprised by the news. nomic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great val
I am astonished to hear the news. ue if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet t
You should not say"The news astonished me". hem when they return from school.
hear(watch,notice,see)sb.do/doing New words and expressions
if only: laundry n.洗衣店 customary a.通常的，司空见惯的
1. 表虚拟，当"真好"讲,后面无任何主从句。 can vt.把....装罐 factor n.事实，因素
If only I had a pair of wings.我要有双翅膀就好了。 preserve vt.腌制 draw vt.挣得
If only I could fly to the moon. pursue vt. 从事，进行 substantial a.相当的
trade n.手艺 accrue vi.增长 accrue vi.增长
occupation n.工作 只能作不及物动词 interests accrue 利息增长
Notes on the vocabularies accumulate pile build up amass 都可作及物动词
laundry n.洗衣店 I go to the laundry.我去洗衣服了。 grow ：增长（不及物动词），种庄稼
can vt.把....装罐 Notes on the text
can (美国常用) tin(英国常用) do much less much far 放在比较级之前表示程度
can the fruit 水果罐头 词 I'm far better.
ready-made food to heat it used to:过去（一般习惯的动作）
preserve vt.腌制 I used to walk for a while after supper.
preserved vegetables 腌菜 nutritious and :表示结果
bean curd:豆腐 workshop:作坊 专题研讨会 同义词 symposium
保存－preserve reserveconserve much less :越来越不像 表示程度词 much more 越来越像
reserve 预定 I'd like to reserve two tickets. ready-made: 现成的 作 but 方式状语
Please reserve a table for six. The meal is ready-made.饭好了，可以吃了。
conserve 常用于深林的保护 避免造成不必要的浪费 go to: 拟人手段
preserve 保存目的是使其保有鲜活力，保鲜 cooked:熟食 fast food snack canned:罐头食品 preserved:
pursue vt. 从事，进行 腌制的
I'm pursuing English.我正在学英语。 bake:烤 baker:面包师 delivered:传送 doorstep
China pursues the opening policy.中国实施开放政策。 大型的) plant(大型工厂) mill(加工木头
works=factory (机械的，
还有'追求'的意思 He is pursuing the girl. 的工厂) company(泛指)
（幽默的说法）
A cold pursues me.感冒使我精神不振。 canteen:食堂（self-help） cafeteria(高档的，餐馆的自助
pursuit-名词 更加正式 in the pursuit of 餐) dining-room:学生食堂
trade n.手艺 if ever :即便有的话也是不多
tradesman 手艺人 craftsman 手艺人 补全句子：
….if ever,he can see him……
spokesman 发言人 paternal society:父系社会
statesman 政治家 politician 玩弄权术的人 follow their father's occupation 子承父业
Jack of all trades,master for none.各行都懂一点，但都不精。 wide choice:大量的选择机会
Two of a trade never agree.同行是冤家。 coeducation:男女同校 primary school:私塾
occupation n.工作 具有最宽泛的含义 wage-earner:赚钱的人
occupy v. I'm occupied.我正忙着。 bread-earner:养家糊口者
近义词：employment profession In your family ,who is the bread-earner?
employee employer 强调雇用和被雇佣的关 相对而言，wage 给 labours 而 salary 给白领阶层
系 unemployment 失业 good money 赚大钱
profession:宗教词 preach 布道 pray 祈祷 acquires:获得（easily get）
该词被赋予了崇高的含义，常形容 highly skilled 如 IT ,engineer Man acquires the ability to speak.强调自然获得
customary a.通常的，司空见惯的 obtain 费尽劳力
custom n. 风俗 某一个种族或部落所遵循的原则 feeling of economic independence:经济独立感
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。 sence of honor/pride/responsibility/master/humor/guilt
beijinger 哪国人哪个地区人都加个 er superiority complex:优越感 complex:情节 inferior complex:
convention(usually accepted):世界都认可的规范和习俗 自卑感
tradition:沿袭或流传下来，大到国家，小到一个家庭 textile areas:纺织业地区如英国的 Manchester
factor n.事实，因素 it has long been customary 早就习以为常
draw vt.挣得 maternal society:母系社会
draw money 赚钱 The novel draws well.小说很畅销。 working mother:职业母亲
best-seller 最畅销 Movies draws well.很卖座。 more than doubled:远远超出了以前的两倍
land money land:得到 I land very profitable work.我得到个肥 but this practice has become so widespread that the working mothe
差。 r is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life,the number of
substantial a.相当的 married women in employment having more than doubled in the la
只作程度词 st twenty-five years.
considerable 相当的 fair sizable the number of married women……years
I draw considerable money.我赚大钱。 是个省略谓语的独立主格句,主语与主句的
considerate :体谅的 He is very considerate. 主语不同。
something 后置定语 be of 结构 nd could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conj
smething valuable greatly/smething greatly valuable uring.
prevent from While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the
L9 Curiosities of Animal Life king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the comma
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have on nder of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter
ly to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats t at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that disci
o see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. pline was slack: the Danes had the selfconfidence of conquerors, a
To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to s nd their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the p
ome recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in roceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected wo
the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come men as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them so
back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will ela ft.
pse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring t The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish h
he time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the orde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for
depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the ec prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization,
ho-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid ob but depended on irregular raids.
ject will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature o So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle
f the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively si but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing th
mple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. e Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger as
With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible sailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmis
not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other we hes--and within a month the
ll-known fish, by the pattern of its echo. Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a u
A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by nique epic of royal espionage!
receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles- L12 The Language of Hollywood
-or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner em
bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. ptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such
L10 Thoughts in Wilderness impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism.
In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surf
men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators f ace details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptin
ear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowi ess of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of th
ng that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a e plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; th
few original, creative men in our political life—if only to create so e people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity,
me enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are a credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censor
sked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine ship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of th
is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether ese pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the enter
the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the tainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from b
cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a eing credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In
craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum afte addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the
r another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes yo camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import
u might think the machines we worship make all the chief appoint is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of ef
ments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Bet fects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, ba
ween midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old nal, childish ?
wounds begin to ache,I often have a nightmare vision of a future L13 Thames Waters
world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and regis Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which O
tered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a xford once knew, and which a great university city should always
rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of ou have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and res
r time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever. earch endowments can make up for the change in character which
L11 Spies in Britain the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to
Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disgu the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel,
ised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcom great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber pa
e everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was thei st Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines ar
r passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, a e hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a pop
ulation which has no interest in learning and knows no studies bey The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so e
ond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camsh very so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean
afts. cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has bee
Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition n cutting through. Once we get down to the oil,it usually flows to t
with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce so he surface because great pressure, either from gas or water,is pushi
me interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture ng it. This pressure must be under control,and we control it by mea
of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the ns of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavo
workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the univer ur to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and
sity, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend to live in gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a c
an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a p ontrolled manner.
lanet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherev L17 Learning to Live
er the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is pass
and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and the ed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working co
only fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied atmosphe ncept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'mea
re of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of bein sure' it.
g lost which hangs over some of the colleges. In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to
L14 How to Grow Old solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken
L15 The Consumer Social and the Law a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the
When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations
bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, eith . This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 19
er in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Pri 44 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and gra
marily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and credi mmar schools, with the exception of a small number of independe
tor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is nt foundation schools, became available to the whole population. S
in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple c ince the number of grammar schools in the countrycould accommo
oncept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligatio date at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child populatio
ns to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to proble n of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly
ms and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be hea
goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him. vily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of
The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of an highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes.
yone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, h Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specializa
e instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques tion, by introducing problems which were not based on specificall
drawn by himself.He gives the bank specimens of his signature, an y scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an att
d there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to empt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, jud
pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's si ge, analyse and syntiesize by presenting him with situations, both
gnature has been forged.It makes no difference that the forgery ma verbal and practical, which arewithin his range of competence and
y have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its custom understanding.
er's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the Lesson 12 The Language of Hollywood
modern practice, adoptedby some banks, of printing the customer' to compensate sb. for his loss
s name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank whic to compensate for sth. 弥补 financial compensation 经济补
h will lose, not the customer. 偿
L16 The Search for the Earth’s Minerals to compensate for his loss financially 用经济手段补偿
The deepest holes of all are made for oil,and they go down to as m impressiveness n. 感染力，令人难忘 impress v. 印象
uch as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get th impression n. impressive a. impressionable a.
e oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are onl The movie is impressive. He is impressionable. 情绪化的
y borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is impressionable age 易受影响的年龄
largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep give sb. an impression/be under an impression 都带假象，turns
drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided out to be xxx leave sb. an impression 真的是
where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. grandiose a. 浮夸的；壮观的 pretentious a. 做作
It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we 的=affective
have to lower into the ground and haul out of th. ground great leng show 表演，炫耀 ostentatious 做作的，爱表现的 mask vt.
ths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fi 掩盖，伪装 gas mask 防毒面具 a mask ball 化妆舞
tted with a cutting bit at the bottom. 会
mask my real intention of going on an outing. 掩饰了我真正的郊 representation 体现 when 状语从句
游企图 of what human import=what human import is...of……be of 结构
mask pill conceal 掩盖（企图等抽象事物） hide and seek 捉迷 All this skill,all this effort,all this energy...is of what human
藏 import...？
shield 盾 veil 面纱；掩盖，隐藏 screen 屏幕；遮盖，隐藏 riot ....所有这些东西，如果故事这么平庸，那么这些努力有什么意
police 防暴警察triviality n. 琐事，细节 trivial a.琐碎的 义呢？
humanity credibility n. 可信性 import 这里是重要性的意思 human import 人类的重要性
credible 可信的 incredible 不可信的 creduious 轻信的 =How important is all this skill,all this effort,all this energy...to
believable 可信的 eatable=edible 后者是拉丁构词 human... L13 Thames Waters
motivation n. 激发力 motivate v. 激发 in character 本质上 ruthlessly 无情地 hither an thither 来
The intrest in english motivates me to learn it. Intrest is 来往往 throng 挤满 era 时代 transform 改变 make up for 弥
motivation. 补 endowments n. 才能
drive/spur 激发/stimulate 刺激 needless to say beyond resemblance 相似 verge 边缘 pathetic 可怜的 Thames 泰晤
doubt/question without doubt 士河 Oxford 牛津城 cattle n. 牛 calf n. 小牛，牛犊
past question undoubtedly disgraceful a. 不光 Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛队 cow n. 奶牛 ox n. 斗
彩的，丢人的 grace n. 优雅 graceful a. 优雅的 牛，公牛 太监牛
信达雅 graceful 雅 censorship n. 审查 census Cambridge 剑桥城 destroy v. 破坏（具体意思） ruin 毁
predetermine vt.预先规定 坏（名声，名誉，抽象意义） the scandal ruins...
prewar/postwar prelaw a. 法律预科的 entertainment n. 娱 over smoking ruins my health.
乐 I'm ruined.=I'm down and out.=I'm down fall.=I'm broke. ruth n.
The movie entertains me.=The movie is an entertainment.=The 怜悯，同情 sympathize v. 同情 ruthful a. 有同情心的 mercy n.
movie is so entertaining. 怜悯 merciless 无情的，残忍的
entertain you lavishly burden n. 负担 marble-hearted flinty-hearted 无情的 heartless benefaction n.
drag 累赘 hollow a. 空洞的 hollow-headed 没知识 为教堂的捐款 beneficiary 受益人 benefactor 施主
=hollow-hearted hallow 神圣的 banal a. 平庸的 cliche donation n. 捐款 donator 捐款者
陈词滥调，a. 平庸的 stale 陈旧的，平庸的 endowment n.为研究、学校的捐款/上天捐给你的才能，智慧
corny 陈腐的 hackney 破旧的，陈腐的 n. I'm endowed with courage. 我浑身是胆。
banality inner 内在的 emptiness 空洞 the characteristic of gift,talent 天赋，资质
特色是……(无特色句) =What charcterizes… 特色恰恰 I have a gift(talent) for... make up for 其他手段 make up for
是。
。。（强调） the test 补考 I will do a make up. 我要去补考。
critical essay compensate v. 经济手段 nature 本质 essential/in
This is compensated for... 被弥补 impressiveness 浮华 character suffer 经受 I suffer a cold.<I suffer from a cold.
usually takes the form of 经常以什么形式出现 appear in the suffer from=have\catch suffer 强调痛苦 shake to
form of: 以这种形式出现 随着...而振动 The building shakes to roaring wind.
truly 表示真的 grandiose a. 浮夸 His works usually to,with,from 表原因
take the form of poetry. I'm tired from standing. roar n.轰鸣，吼叫，怒号; vi. 吼叫，
Nothing is spared.= no effort is spared 用尽一切，不遗余力的 怒号；v.滚动，咆哮
spared 剩下 The man roared the boy into silence.
to make the setting 表目的 setting 布景 costume 戏服 The man looked the boy into silence. shift 轮班职工
costume play 古装戏 surface details 表面的细节 I'm on day/night shift.. export 出口 import 进口
essential=inner 本质的，内在的 characterization 刻画，描 lumber 隆隆地前进 loads of 大批（车辆） show of 一群
述 （鱼）
absurdity 荒谬 triviality 细节 hither an thither=here and there throng v. 挤满 distributor 配
unperson 僵化的人 humanity 人性 credibility 可信度 电盘 camshaft 凸轴轮
motivation 激情 seat 中心 Beijing is the seat of China. hub n. 中心 heart
censorship 审查制度 code=rule 规则，法规 is an n. centre trans- 越过去，穿越 transpacific a. 横渡太平洋的，
important factor 很重要的一个因素 太平洋彼岸的
infamours notorious disgraceful 臭名昭著的 translate v. 翻译 transport v. 运输transplant v. 移植，移种
nor 否定并列 change （部分）改变transform 完全改变
It isn't too heavey...to... 不是一个太重的负担，而不能够承受 Wealth transforms his character(nature). epoch 时代 epoch
at times=sometimes 有时候 breaking 划时代的
childish 幼稚的 bannal 平庸的 hollow 空洞的 era/age new era 新时代 usher in the new era 走
进新时代 usher 领进 resemble v. 相似 disaster/collapse/bankruptcy/death/despair
He takes close/strong resemblance to his dad. theatre 教坛，教 I was on the verge of despair.
室。 meter=metre and... the only fruit of...唯一的果实
verge 边缘（抽象） He is on the verge of disaster. 大难临头 the dust in the streets 街上的灰尘反语，表讽刺 and a pathetic
brim n. 边，轮缘 the brim of a cup/hat brink n. (水的）边 sense of...一种可悲的感觉 hangs over 弥漫，悬挂 L14
缘； cliff n. 悬崖，绝壁 the edge of knife 刀刃 How to Grow Old
margin n. 页面的空白/水周围的边缘 Water margins 水浒传 oppress vt. 忧郁，压抑 depressed in low/high spirits
fringe n. 边缘 extinct v. I'm a little down. feel blue justification n. 正当理由
rarefied a. 高雅的；稀薄的 rarefy v. 稀薄，稀少 reason-whyYou have the justification to beat back
rarefied fashion; rarefied style; rarefied taste 高雅的... pathetic justifiably ad. 无可非议的
可怜的 sympathetic a. 有同情心的 （想人所想） resonable/unquestionable/unmistakable/explicable cheat sb.
pity n. pitiable 可怜的 lamentable a. 可悲的 deplore v. 表 out of money 骗某人的钱 cheat in test deceive 欺骗情感
示悲痛 deplorable 可怜的 The peace which Oxford once knew... hoax=play trick 玩笑性质的欺骗 abject a. 可怜的，下贱的，卑
拟人用法拟人 personification 鄙的 pathetic 可怜
There is/are great changes in our family. ignoble a. 不体面的，可耻的，卑鄙=disgraceful=infamous
=My family experienced/witnessed/saw so many changes in the impersonal a. 超越个人感情影响的 impersonal interest
past 20 years. The peace...has been swept... 广泛的爱好 impersonal verb 无主动词:It is raining hard.
should always have... 注重加重语气 swept away 扫掉了 The ego n. 自我 egoism 个人主义 altruism 利他
harmony in my family is swept away. in character 本质上 主义 ego-trip 利己行为 egocentric a. 自我中心者的recede
academic to commercialized Industrial Revolution 工业革 vi. 退去 retreat 撤退 the economy recedes
命 bit by bit 渐渐地=little by little
courts=classrooms/teaching area increasingly ad. 日益，不断 I am increasingly
。。振动而摇摇欲坠 I woke up to a large sound
shake to...随着。 wealthy/fat/moneyed/moneyless.
noise. taking the next shift-school bus lumber 轰轰 merge vi.融合 merger n. 兼并 merge oneself into the mass 打
隆隆地穿越 loads of motor-engines 大批内燃机引擎 成一片 The beams merge into darkness.落日的余晖融入黑暗
are hurried 表状态 thronged=crowded population 一般不 passionately ad. 激昂的 dispassionate
可数 knows no studies 什么都不懂，对学业一无所知 follow fervent/ardent 炙热的，热情洋溢的 visible a. 易觉察的
the crowd 走风潮，随大众 doomsday 末日 vision n. visual a. visible to the naked eyes 可以被肉
theoretically 理论上而言 an old seat of learning and tradition 眼看到的 invisible man 隐形人
学术和传统的中心 visibility 能见度 painlessly ad. 毫无痛苦地 do sth.
old-new tradtion--wealthy might be expected to...虚拟语气 painlessly 不费吹灰之力 effortless/trouble free painstaking a.
some interesting children driving force 推动力 费力的，辛苦的
That one hundred flowers are blossomed. 百花齐放 It might waterfall n. 瀑布 She wears waterfall. 她有着披肩长发。
have been thought that... 虚拟语气，表明事实正好相反 vitality n. 精力 vigor 精力，活力 animation 活泼，又生气
It 形式主语指 that 从句 weariness n. 疲惫感 worn out a. 疲倦的
radiate out 辐射：spread；that is everyone can be one. =dog-tired/fatigued/drained 课文注释 5 星级
That is everyone possibly can be trained/educated. killed in battle/in action 在战争中阵亡 battle 前不加定冠词
transform the lives of the workers 彻底改变工人的生活 bitter 心情压抑，痛苦=painful in the thought 一想到
That...引导从句；this has not happened 作主语 =thinging at the thought/idea/mention/sight of 一...到
may be the fault of the university 或许是大学的失误 cheat of 剥夺 rob of/divest of/deprive sb. of sth.
tend to 身不由己 which the certainly not (era) of the 20th joys and sorrows/ups and downs/thick and thin 人生的酸甜苦辣
century in him to do：对他而言，在他看来 in him 插入语
and (live) upon a planet which... bear 拥有 little resemblance waters 水域
(几乎不)相似 L 17 The Consumer Society and the Law
war-torn 饱受战争折磨 poverty-hit area 贫民区 intelligence n. 智力 intelligent a. cute/smart intellectual a. 智力
的 n. 知识分子
ideal 理想状态 far from reality 脱离现实 Utopia n. 乌托邦， Man are intellectually superior to animals.
理想的完美境界 pass on 衡量 He passes on. 他去世了 =judge to pass on
get down to the roots; so far away from me the fact remains that one's intelligencepass away；die pass for:被认为,不能用被动只
it is the theatre at 能用主动
which...强调句型 which 古式用法，It is...that is... on the reliance n. 依赖，依靠 rely=depend rely on He
verge of extinction 处于灭绝的边缘 relies on his parents. parasite 寄生虫 reliant reliable
self-reliant 自力更生的=self-dependent a wide variety of goods . various variant：变化的 variantion 变
working a. 起作用的 pill 药丸 dose 剂 The pill dose/works 化 very colored/formed
有功效的 efficient 人效率高 effective 指物有效果的 mult- multifunctional multinational multilateral talks bilateral：
a wide variety of 各种各样的 variety various 样式很多的，不同 双边会谈
的 variant 变化的 variation 变化 very colored/formed 五颜六 as a result of 由于…结果
色的/各种形状的 multi- multifunctional a.多功能 As a result of his good performance, he got pay rise. Pay cut 减薪
multinational 多国的 consequence in result 后面一定不能出现 of
as a result of 由于...结果 consequence n. 结果 in result 后面 He performed well; in result he got a pay rise. in consequence
一定不用 of He performed well,in result he got a pay rise. in act 法案
consequence ad.结果 pass bill motion pay bills act：第 1 幕 ，第 1
act n. 法案pass/bill/motion an act pay bills 帐单 act 幕 场 Today we got an act of got.
Today we got an act of god.倒霉。 He always put on an act. He always put on an act.摆谱
摆谱 foundation 基金 Peking Normal University 北京师范大
foundation n. 基金 foundation school 教会学校 Peking 学 missionary
Normal university 北京师大 missionary available 可用的
available a. 可用的 Is water available? 有水喝吗？ Are you Is water available? 有水喝吗？ Are you available?
available for a chat/party? 你有空吗？ Is your bicycle available? Are you available for a chat?
avail I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy. Is your bicycle available?
avail myself of 利用...机会 make use of take an advantage of avail I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy.
accomodate vt. 容纳 This hall can accomodate 600 people. avail myself of 利用…的机会
accomodate oneself to 适应 accommodating a. 非常友善, make use of ；take advantage of
乐于助人 accommodation n. 住所，英语用单数，美语用复数 accommodate 容纳
boarding and lodging 食宿 The hall can accommodate 600 people. accommodate oneself to
at most 顶多 适应
counteract vt. 抵消 counterclockwise 逆时针转 accommodating accommodation：住所 boarding and lodging
counterintelligence n. 反情报，反间谍 counterrevolution at most 最多 at least
n.反革命 neutralize a. 中和 counteract 抵消
specialzation n. 专门化 specialize speciality major I counteractclockwise 逆时针转 counterintelligence 反情
specialize in chemistry. 报 counterrevolution neutralize
synthesize vt. 综合 syndrome 并发症，综合症 synchronize v. act against
同步 specialization 专门化
verbal a. 文字的 specialize speciality major
competence n. 能力 competent a. 胜任的 imcompetent a. 没 I specialize in chemistry. specialization 专业化
有能力的 performance 实际的行为 synthesize 综合 sympathy syndrome 并发症 synchronize 同步分
New words and expressions verbal 文字的 oral 口头 verbal expression ;oral expression
intelligence 智力 competence 能力
intelligent cute intellectual a.智力的 n.知识分子 competent incompetent 没有能力的 performance 实际的行为
pass on 衡量 Notes on the text
(1)He passes on(=pass away=die)委婉语 British education system 第 1 段只有一句话 主语-the fact 谓语
(2)衡量 judge:to pass on 如:to pass on one's intelligence -does not prevent us 同位语
(3)pass for 被认为 不能用被动,只能用主动 从句 nor：否定连接 passed on：衡量 useful ,working 两个词相
(4)pass 过了 pass grade 近 placing 和 finding 并列
reliance 信赖,依靠 place….on….放置…..在上面=put reliance 依赖
(1)rely=depend He relies on his parents.(parasite:寄生虫)(drag:负 引号里表示抽象的东西
担) superior inferior
(2)reliant reliable 值得信赖的 self-reliant 自力更生 even though we are not sure ….is，
(=self-dependent) nor what is passed on….,and placing…文中更为高级
working 起作用的 even though he stole,I find him a kind hearted man.
pill:药丸 dose:剂 Dose is working. efficient:指人效率很高,做事 The fact that he stole,does not prevent me from finding him a kind
麻利 effective 有效果的 hearted man.
The pill does. tests 第 1 段形成文章的主题。
a wide variety 各种各样 sample：样品，受试者 subjects puzzle 拼字游戏
of various kinds- various kinds of puzzles and problems were felt…...to be heavily weighted in favour of ……
ability toability in 后面跟名词 ability to：不定式 highly-academic academically biased
photograph He has ability to take a photos. ability in photograph scholastically-acquired think,reason,judge,analyse,synthesize
y
have taken 主句是将来时 一般都用 if we take Lesson 18 The Social Foundation of Science
第一个动词：take 第二个动词：allow Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in
如果一个写作者要强调两个动词的先后顺序，就可以用完成时 industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is c
替代 arried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research
if I master English,I will go abroad. I have master…… worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits al
predict：预测 l those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their
he will reach—后置定语 fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even
occupation：职业 representative , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree
make full use of his ability 人尽其才 potential of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms
it will allow us ：我们就会，我们能够 it—test 客观性 are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamen
we can—主体在"我"，主观性强 tal nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them s
科普性文章一般用 passive ecret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are s
We can obtain the results. The results are obtained. ought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents ca
became of became：系动词 be of importance n be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but k
secondary schooling 中学教育 ept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical indust
谓语：became available except ries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do
主题一定是围绕"intelligence"开始 in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goe
secondary schooling ：12-18 岁 higher education：19-23 岁 s to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be
elementary high school：junior high school, senior high school mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtai
nine year compulsory education high tax all free ning technical or scientific books from libraries because they are u
compulsory courses ：必修课 optional/selective courses nwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and
grammar schools：文法学校 technical schools：技校 such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trac
since:由于 accommodate:容纳 approximately:about e the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
test eleven-plus:11 岁以上 selection:选拔制度 New words and expressions
Narrowly:狭隘的 academic—只侧重书面考试 weigh 起作用
quite rightly:有理由认为 heavily weighted igh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight. How much do you w
highly-academic 高度学术性的学校 test oriented 应试教育 eight?
academically biased homes biased:偏 侧重于 much.这相当重要=matters
scholal:学者 ，学术 scholastically biased homes :书香门第 in favor of load in favor of
My mom is biased toward my sister. ghed against load/be loaded against
were felt to be :被人们感觉到 plaintiff
The weather is felt to be uncomfortable.强调感受 ) efficient 高效的 effect：come into effect, take effect
intelligence testsdevised :被设计 specialization:专业化 (1) 称重：I we
intelligence tests 侧重 universal ability 应试的方向问题 What is your weight?
assess:评估的意思 general ability:综合能力 random:随意 (2)起作用：It weighs
progressive:递进 gravity 重力 (3)对谁有利： weigh in favor of be weighed
think:思想-----reason:推理-----judge:判断-----analyse:分析 be loaded in favor of
-----synthesize:综合 (4)对谁不利：be wei
更侧重于 practical The jugement weighs in favor of the defendant.(被告) 原告：
连缀，两个以上如果做名词修饰，可以置后 连缀词可以做后 effectiveness 成效
置定语 work.,effective(有效果的
complementary:互补 question:质问 in so far as 因此
西方教育强调 free talk 第 1 段做为重点 since, in that, as for as sb, is concerned
ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds 赞成：agree ,support ,stant by your side
have taken it will allow us inquiry 调查研究
This became of particular importance 系表结构+of 结构 investigation(case)
grammar school became available to examination(有症结所在作为前提)
eleven-plus check(不清楚有无毛病)
research(科研) yet—转折 processs 研究过程
inquiry into(scientific) such research---general and fundamental
inquire into sth. 对案件调查(scientific,a case) are sought for 被追求
inquire about(formal) with complete secrecy 表示状语
inquire after sb. 惦记某人 until 直到
considerably 相当地 程度词 apply to 应用于
considerate:体贴的，考虑周到的 chance discoveries:偶然的发现
=sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative part 作用
considerable+sth. highly predictable 高度可预测性
I make considerable money.(=substantial) nature 本性，特点
positive 确实的 have great difficulty in obtaining
The result is positive. His words are positively right. technical or scientific books from libraries…..
He is positive in the class.(active)(活跃、积累) positive:成阳性的 willing to do sth.
patent vt. 获得…专利权 Have taken out 借书
My invention is patented=I’ll/I’d like to patent my invention. for fear (一见这个词就是虚拟语气)唯恐，担心=in case,lest
获得专利：take out a patent 专利局 patent office 专利人： +(should) do
patentee 专利许可者：patentor Have a difficulty in 在这里=unwilling to do sth. 不愿做
(adj.)明显的，显著的=obvious It is patent that he loves the girl. I have a difficulty shopping with you.= I am unwilling to shop
seek for 寻求 with you. 第一句强调客观性，第二句强调主观性
seek for freedom/seek truth 求是/seek for true love/seek for justice trace 踪迹
寻求正义/ so as not to(口语)
seek after（指人）He is much sought after.他很抢手，红得发紫 trace=find 发现 trace the route:寻觅踪迹
The book is sought after. 畅销 undertaking(carry out) 从事 Cheshire 郡=county
分词:sought The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher.
chance 偶然性的 主语 it—resarch lim
It is my chance discovery. limit from :阻止 contact 交流 effective 有效的 fellow scientists
Chance companion 萍水相逢 同行
偶然发现的东西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there. often enough 平凡 firm 公司
extent 程度 contact with 保持联系 (v.) co
to some extent touch keep in tuch
agent 情报人员 vary 变化=is diffient
be likely to…可能 it/sb.+likely/it+possible 可能性：likelihood be of 结构 general 普遍的，基础的 fundamental 基础
weight against 不利 heavily 副词 such…..that
general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性 atmosphere:氛围，气氛 it a positive adv
—research to them 对他们而言
One …,the other the tack of freedom of the individual research wo it---not to keep them se
rker. be open to any advice and suggestion
只有并列结构可以省掉谓语 yet—转折 process 研究过程
My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse. are sought for 被追求表示状语：with complete secrecy
lack of freedom 没有自由度(个体区别) until:直到 industries:各个行业
general atmosphere(大环境) where…..---表原因 chance di
research worker:研究者 part：作用 they do---chance discoveries
In so far as 由于，因为 highly predictable 高度可预测性 go to 达
limit=prevent:阻止，限制 engaged in---后置定语 limit from 阻止 such….that 如此,以至于 nature 本性，特点
effective 有效的 fellow scientists 同行 often enough 平凡 for instance 比如说（插入语）
contact with 保持联系(v.)contact me (n.)keep contact with me have great difficulty in obtaining t
vary v.变化 It varies from one family to another. 家家情况都不同 他们有极大困难获得专业的科普书籍
be of 结构 general 普遍的 fundamental 基础的 difficulty=trouble have a difficulty=un
such…that they are unwilling to 他们不想这样做
a positive advantage 主语 to them 对他们而言 enter 进入，签名 sign 签名=have sth. d
it---not to keep them secret (形式主语) have taken out 借书 for fear(虚拟)唯恐，担
be open to any advice and suggestion 请多斧正 have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做…..
I have a difficulty shopping with you.(强调客观性) incurable a. 不可救药的
=I am unwilling to shop with you.(更强调主观性) neotism n. 裙带关系
as 作为 for fear 唯恐（一见这个词，就是虚拟 discount vt. 看轻
in case , lest+(should ) do mystic a. 神秘的
so as not to (口) entity n. 存在，本质
trace=find:发现 narrowness n. 狭隘
undertaking(=carry out) 从事 Cheshire:郡 quality n. 品质
to such an extent 达到如此的效果 estate n. 社会阶层
The student goes to such an extent that at he is rude to his teacher realm n. 王国
realism n. 现实主义
L19 English Social Differences adjust vt. 使适应
privilege n. 特权
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a pr relevant a. 有关的
ofessional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricit difference n. 差异
ies, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride an 1.professional n. 职业的 通常略写为 prof [反]amateur
d shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in connection in th [辨异]profession, occupation, job
e diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentl profession "专业"，强调
eman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of politic highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer,
al economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He architect
does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for s occupation: normal and general,everybody can have an occupation
ociety is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its job 不仅指工作，还可以表示干活，例如家务活。
function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider s You did a good job.
ufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing [注意]technical/vocational school 职业学校 vocation 职业
he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He att 2.cultivate vt. 培养 [同]nurture, develop, foster
ends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in t cultivate a hobby/habit
he necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is p He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教养。
assionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and meth 3.hobby n. 业余爱好
od of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in [辨异]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion
appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity c mania 颠狂，狂热，癖好 hobby n. 业余爱好
alled 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualitie pastime 消遣
s he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and th diversion 消遣，指转移注意力，换换脑筋。
e narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of 4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd
the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imagi eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
native realism which admits that this is a new world to which he m concentric 同轴的，同心的
ust adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he form [辨异]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque
ely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
is directly relevant to social welfare. the army and navy and at leas outlandish 异国风味的,奇异的,古怪的
t one. outlandish clothes 奇装异服 You are oddball.你太怪异不合群了
New words and expressions grotesque 怪诞的，艺术、美术、文学中的怪诞派、怪异的作品
professional n. 职业的 5.cast a fly 垂钓[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠闲垂钓)
cultivate vt. 培养 cast a net 撒网，为了生存捕鱼 lure 诱饵 v. 引诱
hobby n. 业余爱好 6.diplomatic service 外交部门
eccentricity n. 怪癖 airline service 航空公司
cast a fly 垂钓 travel service/agency 旅行社
diplomatic service 外交部门 diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
govern vt. 治理 He is a diplomat. 他是一个左右逢源的人。
adequacy n. 适当 He is a philosopher.
grave a. 严重的 他是一个夸夸其谈的人。
sufficiently ad. 充分地 7.govern vt. 治理
inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信 government/governing body 政府
devoted a. 热心的 governor 州长
excessive a. 过分的 governess 女家教
benevolent government 仁政 benevolent a. 慈善的 It means giving of favors to his relatives/relations by a person/man
8.adequacy n. 适当 [同]sufficient [反]inadequate in the high position or promoting the people closest to
He often doubts his adequacy as a father. him
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father. backdoor "后门"
他常常怀疑他是不是够格做父亲。 15.discount vt. 看轻
[辨异]deficient, sparse, meager count 数
deficient 没有足够的，缺乏的 I count on him. 我看重/器重他。
sparse 稀少 discount 打折 以物做宾语
meager 贫乏的,不充分的,不足的 suffice vi 足够 vt.使满足 I discount what he sales.
The food is meager for winter. contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做宾语
9.grave a. 严重的 n. 坟墓 16.mystic a. 神秘的,带有宗教色彩
[同]solemn, serious, severe mysterious 则不带宗教色彩
have one foot in the grave 来日不多了 occult 神秘的，玄妙的
grave situation 严峻的形势 gravity 地球引力，严重 supernatural 超自然的
10.disbelieve vt. 不相信 metaphysical 形而上学的
dis- 多做动词的反义词 Garden of Eden 伊甸园
disappear 消失 nether world 阴间
disbelieve 不相信 heavenly world 天堂
11.devoted a. 热心的 17.narrowness n. 狭隘
[同]committed, dedicated He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狭窄。
devote v. He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted. 他目光短浅。
devote oneself to sth narrow escape 九死一生
be devoted to sth 18.quality n. 品质
[注意]to 后面一定要用名词或动名词 He is a man of quality. 他是一个高尚的人。
He devoted himself to researches. a lady of quality 贵妇
He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。 19.estate n. 社会阶层，房地产
She is devoted to her children. class, hierarchy, stratification 都有阶层的意思。
她太溺爱孩子了。 real estate 不动产
这里，devoted 相当于 spoil, pamper personal estate 动产
12.excessive a. 过分的 estate agent 房地产商
[同]immoderate [反]moderate 20.realm n. 王国(抽象概念)
Excessive studying bores/tires me. kingdom 具体概念
过多的学习使我厌倦/疲惫不堪。 mental realm 思想境界
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the health. literature realm 文学界
过度吸烟有害健康。 flim/movie realm 电影界
Excessive smoking is dangerous. [辨异]estate, domaln, sphere
extreme 极端的 estate 社会阶层
13.incurable a. 不可救药的 domain n. 领域
cure 治疗 domain name 域名
cure sb 为某人治病 sphere 球，球形，球体，球面，范围，领域
cure sb of 治某人的……病 realism n. 现实主义
curable 可治疗的 realistic 现实主义的性格
to breathe one's last 奄奄一息 realist 现实主义者[反]idealist 理想主义者
He is beyond cure/remedy. 21.adjust vt. 使适应
他不行了/不可救了。 adjust oneself to new environment
引申为他不可救药了。=He is rotten to the core. be adjust to
People heat him to death. He is well adjusted. 他好相处。
人们都恨死他了。 22.privilege n. 特权，英国英语常用
I'm hungry to death. 有特权的人，例如
我都快饿死了。 mp(member of parliament)议员
[注意]不能说成 I starve to death. privileged class 特权阶层
14.nepotism n. 裙带关系 underprivileged class 弱势阶层
privileged car/cab 专车 11.in finance and method of production:金融和生产方法
23.relevant a. 有关的 12.widespread: 普遍的
be relevant to 和… discounting ability:轻视才能 entity 特质
24.difference n. 差异 character= nature
make no difference 没关系 in a gentleman's mouth:在绅士的嘴里
It makes no difference wheather you come or not. the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己传统上所拥
make difference 关系重大 有的品质
different from（英式英语）=different than (美式英语) 13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社会职责
Notes on the text be loyal to 对……忠诚 narrowness 狭隘
1.A gentleman is, rather than does. have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the real
绅士不是通过行为做到的。这里的意思是绅士是与生俱来的， m:已把自己放到这个王国中
是骨子里的东西。 的基本社会阶层的对立面上去。
2.in a professional way=professional range: 排列 range against: 作对
3.be allowed：绅士这一阶层受社会的约束，不是随便什么都可 incapable of that imaginative realism:无法接受充满想像力的现
以做的。 实
practise:从事 14.admit= demand 要求
practise law= to be a lawyer institution= custom 社会习俗
practise medicine= to be a doctor he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作为……的权力
vocation: 职业 took as= regard as 看待
=to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse took as of 是古英语用法，相当于今天的 took as
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must no he is taken as a black sheep.
t practise a vocation. 他被看作是害群之马。
这句话的意思是：绅士是绝对不能脱离他的阶层，不允许 right:权利
mix with the masses(与大众为伍),否则就会很庸俗。 he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant
4.ride:骑马 navy:海军 army:陆军 5.rule:治国 to social welfare: 只能通过提供证据说明此项权力与社会福利
6.political economy:政治经济学 直接有关才能得到
less about:更不要提=not to mention/not to speak of 15.Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochi
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂数学，就 n with the Star of India in 1903
更别提英语了。 1903:派往印度的总督 Curzon 勋爵授予印度本土国王 Cochin"
7.learning:学术 sport:指前面说的" ride and shoot and cast a fly" 印度之星"。
8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much invest in:投资 invest with:授予 Lord:爵士，勋爵
as its adequacy for its function:
社会要回答的问题并不是这类人物不无美德，而是他们是否胜 L20 Man, the Unknown
任其职务。
set for society:做后置定语 virtue:品德 In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory up
the type= the kind= the class 阶层 on the physiological and mental state of the workers has been com
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but pletely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of t
His success is not by talent so much as by energy. he maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual
他的成功不是来自天赋而是来自勤奋。 or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It h
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them. as expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human bein
重要的不是时间而是如何利用它。 gs who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to
It is the man that behind the gun tells. the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by
胜败在人而不在武器。 the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great
adequate:能力 cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensi
function:功能 ons of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtainin
9.arise= appear,常搭配副词 here, there g the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering
want：需求 to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused
pursue: 追求 the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of hu
10.attend to= be concerned with 关注 man beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way o
attend to 后面只能跟名词、动名词 f living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dw
While I am out/away, please attend to my house. elling,they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities o
当我不在时，请帮我照看一下家。 f life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark,
narrow streets full of petrol fumes,coal dust, and toxic gases, torn consideration n. 考虑
by the noise of the taxi-cabs, lorries and buses, and thronged cease take all into consideration 把一切都考虑在内
lessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the My father/dad doesn't give the consideration to me.
good of its inhabitants. 我父亲根本就考虑不到我。
New words and expressions 5.effect n. 影响
physiological a. 生理的 [辨异]effect, influence, impact
mental a. 精神的 effect (直观的，可以目睹的)影响
neglect vt. 忽视 influence （潜移默化的，看不见的）影响
expand vi. 扩张 impact （突然的，瞬时的）影响
consideration n. 考虑 6.descendent n. 子孙，后代
effect n. 影响 descend v. 下去 ascend v. 上升
descendent n. 子孙，后代 ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗
mode n. 方式 I'm a Chinese descendent.
existence n. 生存 我是炎黄子孙。
impose vt. 强加 offspring n. 儿女，子孙，后代 没有复数
with no regard for 不关心 posterity n. 子孙，后裔 没有复数
deprive vt. 剥夺 successor n. 继承人，继任者
skyscraper n. 摩天大楼 7.mode n. 方式
tenant n. 租户 mode of existence 生存方式
gigantic a. 巨大的 live a mouth-to-hand existence 生活过得不富裕
civilize vi. 使文明 make ends meet 勉强维持生活
luxury n. 豪华 dwelling n. 住所 8.impose vt. 强加
monstrous a. 畸形的 impose on （注意介词是 on）
edifice n. 大厦 wield(挥舞) on
petrol fumes 汽油味 My dad is imposing. 我爸爸威严无比。
monstrous a. 畸形的 9.with no regard for 不关心
edifice n. 大厦 petrol fumes 汽油味 The boss ran his business with no regard for the welfare of the wor
ceaselessly ad. 不停地 kers. 老板开工厂从不关心工人的利益。
1.physiological a. 生理的 10.skyscraper n. 摩天大楼
physics/physical+ biology/biological towering building 高耸入云的，象塔一样
motel 汽车旅馆 motor+ hotel highrise 高层的，高层建筑的
smog 烟雾 smoke+ fog The is no scarcity of skyscraper in New York.
biochemisty 生化 biology+ chemistr 纽约到处都是高楼大厦。
anthrax 炭疽热 11.gigantic a. 巨大的 （体积）
2.mental a. 精神的 giant adj. 巨大的，庞大的
mental work 脑力劳动 Yaoming is a gaint.
mental worker 脑力劳动者 giant panda 大熊猫
physical/manual work 体力劳动 huge adj. （体积）庞大
mental ground 思想境界 vast adj. （面积）巨大
mental outlook 精神面貌 volume n. 体积 titanic=colossal
mental/natural age 心理/真实年龄 12.civilize vi. 使文明
mental patient 精神病人 civilization n. 文明
mental hospital 精神病院 civil adj. 全民的，市民的
mentality n. 智力 savage adj. 野蛮的，野性的
3.neglect vt. 忽视 13.luxury n. 豪华
[辨异]neglect, ignore luxuriant adj. 丰产的，丰富的，肥沃的，奢华的
She is neglected at the party. 宴会上人们都没有注意到她。
（客 The lady bought so many luxuries. 这个女人买了很多奢侈品。
观） 14.dwelling n. 住所 抽象概念 only used in formal
She is ignored at the party. 宴会上人们都不理她。（主观，人们 city dweller 城市人
明明看见她了可是都故意不理她。
） residence n. 居住，住宅 inhabitant 居民
4.expand vi. 扩张 resident adj. 居住的; n. 居民 reside+at 比较正式
expansion n. 扩充，开展，膨胀，扩张物，辽阔，浩瀚 inhabit v. 居住，栖息 n. 民族部落 torrid area 热带
We inhabit the earth. 我们居住在地球。 artificial intelligence 人工智能
注意 inhabit 后面没有介词。 with no regard for/without any idea/without giving any
15.deprive vt. 剥夺 consideration
invest/devest sb. Of sth. 4. have been built with 修建起来，完善起来
deprive sb of sth 剥夺某人的…… 5.shape 形状
I'm deprived. 我一无所有 entirely= completely
deprived class 贫民阶层 proletariat 无产阶级 income 收入
bourgeois 资产阶级 possess 拥有 dispossess 抢夺 per square foot of ground 每一平方公尺，名词短语做状语，省
invest 投资 devest 剥夺 略 by necessity of 需求
16.monstrous a. 畸形的 offer sb sth/ offer sth to sb 向某人提供东西
monster n. 魔鬼，怪物 that……后置定语
He is a monster. 他奇丑无比。 6.this caused ……引发
gorilla n. 大猩猩 （最丑） masses 百姓
17.edifice n. 大厦 7.civilized man 文明人
The whole edifice of his hope collapsed. 反语:文明人对此还是颇为津津乐道的
mansion n. 大厦 8.enjoy 欣赏，享用
a dream of red mansions 红楼梦 west chamber 西厢记 banal 平庸，庸俗
18.petrol fumes 汽油味 the necessities of life: 生活的自然，相互交际
petrol 汽油[英]=gasoline 汽油[美] 9.modern city 现代都市
petroleum 石油 consist of 组成
19.ceaselessly ad. 不停地 monstrous edifices 奇形怪状的高楼大厦
cease 的用法与 stop 一样 dark, narrow streets 狭窄黑暗的街道
cease doing /cease to do full of petrol fumes 充满了汽油味
cease fire 停火 coal dust 煤灰
Notes on the text [辨异]toxic, poisonous
1. The article is about: 工业带来的巨大影响 toxic adj. 有毒的（含毒）
In the organization of industrial life……在工业生活的组织方面 Smoking is toxic.
the influence of the factory ……has been completely neglected poisonous adj. 有毒的（全部含毒）
工厂对工人的……影响完全被忽视。 torn by the noise of the taxi-cabs, lorries and buses 夹杂着出租汽
upon 常用于书面语=on 常用于口语 车、大卡车和公共汽车的喧闹声
the physiological and mental state of the workers torn tear 的过去分词
工人的身心状态 I was torn by the choice of going aboard or staying home.
in the organization of social life→in social life→society taxi 来自法语，"费"的意思
in organization family life→family life→in a family cab: carriage
in the organization of Industrial life=in Industrial life throng 拥挤
academic 学术的 10.it 指城市
in academic life→at school for the good of= for one's benefits= for one's behalf= for one's inte
2.Modern industry is based on the conception of 现代工业是建筑 rests= in the interest of sb 为……着想
在以……的概念的基础上
concept: very basic, very concrete idea L21 Science Makes Sense
conception= notion 理念 In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settler
the maximum production 最大的规模生产 s unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natu
at lowest cost 最低的成本 ral enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promis
in order that……表目的，以使得 cuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole contine
individual 这里指 manager, owner, CEO nt. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herba
3.It has expanded it 指 industry ge which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scie
without any idea= without giving any consideration 没有考虑 ntists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparent
the true nature of the human beings 人的本性 ly no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxom
the effects produced on …… the factory atosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows,
produced 作后置定语 local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found
without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the ind that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this
ividuals and on their descendants 这是个歧义句 disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the wor
ld was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging t 物 / human --> man woman
his one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and shark n. 鲨鱼 / he is a shark 他是个大骗子
drastically reduced the rabbit population. lt later became apparent t Marine Studio 海洋摄影室 marine 海洋 submarine 潜水
hat rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, s 艇 marine product 海产品
o that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely extermi fresh marine product 海鲜 mariner/sailor/seaman 水手
nated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit w studio: 工作室
ould become manageable. unconscious a. 不省人事 <辨> conscientious 有良知的
Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Au narcose 昏迷的
stralia acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French p insensible
hysician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate an beaver n. 海狸
d introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the ashore ad. 上岸 / 只要具有 a+动词/形容词，都是表语
confines of his estate. It spread through France where wild rabbits 词 asleep, awake, acrawl, afloat, adrift 都具有表语特点 ，只能说
are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food he is 不能用定语结构，不能说 asleep man.
supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as scent n. 香味 scent 身体发出味道 fragrance—flower, tree, grass,
a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the di 香山 fragrant hills. / aroma 强烈的味道 / perfume : 香水（aroma）
sease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question beca ensue vt. 接着发生 ensue year: 来年（following year）
me one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented. preceding year : 前一年
L22 Window in the Sea intrigue vt. 引起兴趣 正式新闻体 journalism
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises 常用 / 普通 arrest, capture, seize, grab+attention
will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect The event is intriguing (interesting)
them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Ma turtle n. 海龟 turtle-neck : 高领毛衣
rine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent th indignity n.侮辱 dignity 尊严
ey may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any mot It is beneath his dignity for a gentleman to lie.
ive of life-saving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shor stand on one's dignity 保持尊严
e an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it He stood on his dignity by rejecting the money his boss gived him.
out of curiosity or for sport,as in riding the bow waves of a ship. I It is an indignity to say sorry in public.
n 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to lose face , humiliation , insult 侮辱
push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they shove vt. 硬推
have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curi There was much shoving on getting on the bus. / He shoved me to
osity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attrac the ground.
ted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possi aquaplane n. 驾浪滑水板 aqua 水+plane 木板
ble that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks bei oceanarium n. 水族馆 ocean + arium / rium:地点 stadium 工
ng driven away or killed. Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porp 体 gymnasium :体育馆
oise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly aft stick vt. 把------插入 I got the wrong end of the stick.我听不懂。
er the turtles, the Ferdinands of marine life, who peacefully submit I stick at home. / I stick to my word. 我说话算数。
to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raisin I'm stuck on the movie.这部影片让我着迷。
g a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across stick on: 迷恋
the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may The bad habit sticks to me . 这个坏习惯我就是改不了。
be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his s shell n. 动物身上的甲 bone and shell script 甲骨文
nout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This i for dear life 拼命地 dear 宝贵的
s not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In ano chase sb. for dear life ./ dear enemy 天敌
ther game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porp swoop vi 猛扑 pounce 狮子老虎扑 海洋动物用 swoop
oise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. Th butt vt. 碰撞 I butt him in the stomach. / Can I butting (interrupt)?
is knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his e belly n. 腹部 under chest; beer belly, belly laugh / stomach 胃
quilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him anothe abdomen 医学用语, paunch 大腹便便
r crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to t crack n. 重击 crack case 破案 crack bottle 开瓶 crack smile: 绽
he floor of the tank. He is now satis- fied merely to try to stand up, 放笑容
but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at crack book : 读书 / crack English : speak quickly , clearly, loudly
last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is ove Notes on the text 3stars
r. 1. There has long been…
New words and expressions long 表完成时 = for a long time, for long, 一般在助动词后
porpoise n. 海豚 总称词(general) : dolphin n. 海豚科动 2. superstition : 迷信
3. 同位语从句 …mariners that …. ality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected. Th
4. formation : 阵形 defensive : 防御型的 offensive : 进攻型的 e implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sle
5. however = no matter how ep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
credit:给……颁发奖赏 credit with New words and expressions
7. on the occasions (场合),接后置定语时只能用 when, 不能用 speculation n. 推
where 测 speculate , predict; speculation: without a complete knowledge
8. out of curiosity:出于好奇 out of instinct 出于本 predict: based on solid foundation
能 out of conscience 出于良心 I can predict in the near future there will be new type of mobilepho
9. bow waves of a ship 船头滑过的波浪 ，乘风破浪前进 ne that is visible
10. waterlogged : 浸透的 mattress 木排，柴排 mobilephone.
11. Whether it be… = Whether it(may/might) be… 表让步 ，无论 speculate about/on sth. in stocks/ speculator 投机者
是 literally ad. 确实
12. constantly 不停地 be after 追逐 literal / literature / literate / illiterate / illiteracy / antiilliteracy
13. Ferdinands : bull 西班牙的斗牛 ，引申为容易受欺负的人 literal translation 直译法
14. calf : 不到一岁的小动物 free translation /paraphrase , I am here today and gone tomorrow.
15. snout : 嘴 tank : 水池 word to word 逐字翻译法 strict
16. equilibrium : 平衡 equal 是词头 The children are literally hungry. 孩子们真的饿了。
17. no sooner than : as soon as , scarcely / hardly… when 当…就 (ambiguous sentence)
18. eventually : 最终（故事描叙一般用）
， 普通口语可用 finally odd a. 奇特的
19. 第二段篇幅过大 ，用 superstition 不严密，应该换成 legend。 eccentricity / eccentric,oddity / eccentricity , odd month 大月/
20. 写文章一点要写清目的性：where, when , what time …. leap month 闰月 /even month 小
月， bizarre/ weird / outlandish 怪
L23 The Stuff of Dreams in terms of … 就…而言
It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, In terms of our family, we would like to go on an outing .
and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be i As for … with regard to
mportant. Speculations about its nature have been going on for lite Regarding/in respect of / as for
rally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the probl tissue n. 组织（纤维，神经，肌肉…组织） face tissue 面巾纸
em puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply plausible n. 似乎有理的；
a matter of giving the body a rest.' Rest ', in terms of muscle relaxa 区别 reasonable;actually plausible : seemingly to
tion and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitt What you said is reasonable. I will accept it.
ing down. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring t What you said is plausible, but it is not very practical nowadays.
o a degree, and function best when more or less continuously activ convincing / persuasive
e. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which i hypothesis n. 假说 thesis / theory + hypo/ under
s specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity. hypotension 低血压 ，hypocritical 伪善的， hypocrite 伪君子
If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brai hyper hypertension 高血压 ，hypercritical/picky/finicky 太挑
n that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it n 剔 hypersensitive 过敏 I am hypersensitive to beef / alcohol.
ot for two factors. First the electroencephalograph (which is simpl electroencephalograph n. 脑电图仪
y a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attac electro / encephalo / graph , encephalitis 脑膜炎
hing electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in t electrode n. 电极 lightning rod 避雷针
he pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the tot scalp n. 头皮 skull 头颅 ， have the scalp of sb. 取胜某人
al amount of activity is any less. The second factor is more interest psychiatrist n. 精神病学家 psychology 心理学
ing and more fundamental. In l960 an American psychiatrist name punctuate vt. 不时介入 punctuate the passage 给段落加注标点 ，
d William Dement published experiments dealing with the recordi punctuation 标点符号
ng of eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the average in He punctuates in our talk.
dividual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-mo butt in 插句话
vements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid. People w punctual / on the dot / in good time / puncture/ acupuncture 针灸
oken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported th 术
at they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they report jerky a. 急动的 jerk 烦/bore / trial / nuisance
ed no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye snore / How he snores!
-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group wer What a jerk / bore / trial / nuisance
e disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exh on end 连续不断
ibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some person 地 I have been learning English for a month on end.
It has been raining for three days on end. L24 Going out for a Walk
disorder n. 失调 order , mental disorder 精神紊乱 Walking for walking's sake may be as highly laudable and exempl
nervous / nerve war 心理战 ary a thing as it is held to be by those who practise it. My objectio
disorderly , disorderly house / casino / gambling house 赌场 n to it is that it stops the brain. Many a man has professed to me th
legal / handcuffs 手铐 at his brain never works so well as when he is swinging along the
Las Vegas / in rags / as poor as a church mouse high road or over hill and dale This boast is not confirmed by my
implication n. 表明 memory of anybody who on a Sunday morning has forced me to p
imply v. 暗示 What does the second speaker imply ? artake of his adventure. Experience teaches me that whatever a fell
You said it. / You can say it again. ow-guest may have of power to instruct or to amuse when he is sitt
explicate v. 说明 阐明 ing in a chair, or standing on a hearth-rug, quickly leaves him whe
Notes on the text n he takes one out for a walk. The ideas that come so thick and fast
1. sweet dream / nightmare / nightmarish experience / dream a dre to him in any room, where are they now ? where that encyclopaed
am ic knowledge which he bore so lightly ? where the kindling fancy t
die a glorious death 英勇就义 hat played like summer lightning over any topic that was started ?
live a comfortable life 过着舒服的生活 The man's face that was so mobile is set now; gone is the light fro
tie a tie 打个领带 m his fine eyes. He says that A (our host) is a thoroughly good fell
2. fairly 相当 ow. Fifty yards further on, he adds that A is one of the best fellows
I am rather sad. rather clouding he has ever met. We tramp another furlong or so and he says that
It is fairly sunny. He is fairly handsome. He is rather mean. 龌龊 Mrs A is a charming woman. Presently he adds that she is one of t
some : certain he most charming women he has ever known. We pass an inn. He r
4. nature : 本质 eads vapidly aloud to me:'The King's Arms. Licensed to sell Ales a
5. literally: actually nd Spirits.' I foresee that during the rest of the walk he will read al
6. dream telling / dream teller / fortune teller / palm reader oud any inscription that occurs. We pass a milestone. He points at i
7. looks as if 看起来像 t with his stick, and says' Uxminster. II Miles.' We turn a sharp cor
8. overthrow our former hypothesis 推翻了我们以前的论点 ner at the foot of the hill. He points at the wall, and says' Drive Slo
9. a brief period of… of 可有可无 wly.' .I see far ahead, on the other side of the hedge bordering the h
10. to a degree : to some extent / in a sense igh road, a small notice-board. He sees it too. He keeps his eye on
Everybody is self-repairing. it. And in due course.'Trespassers,' he says, 'will be Prosecuted.' Po
muscle stretch / flexibility / spring / elastic self-correcting / self- or man !—mentally a wreck.
adjusting New words and expressions
11. when more or less continuously active. 省略了主语 tissues 和 For…sake 为……缘故
谓语 are 如果出现 when / if / though 句型做状语从句，而主句 =for the sake of
的主，谓语与从句主，谓语相同，则从句的主，谓语可以省略。 Art for art's sake 艺术至上 Learn for learning's sake 学就是学
I got to the school though (I was) late. Play for playing's sake 玩就是玩
12. be concerned with : be about I will send you home for safety's sake /安全起见
be concerned about 关心 for god's sake 务必
13. might be 表示虚拟语气 eg.. please come to my birthday party for god's sake
were it not = if it were not for : because but for 若不是 for old's sake 看在老交情的份上
If it were not for his timely help, I would not survive. Liming,would you give me five hundred dollar for old sake's sake.
But for his timely help, I would not survive. I 'm in poverty. Please spare me for old sake's sake
14. attaching 连接 attaching to Objection to 反对
15. pattern : type lie flat / lie on one's side / lie on stomach He odjects to this suggestion
16. Brain is the center / headquarter Mom objects to the match.(match 婚事)
17. fundamental 基本 Be oppsee to; take exception to 反对
significant / important The brain does not rest. Laudable adj. 值得称赞的
18. dealing with : be concerned with Laud 赞颂，赞扬 Praise
19. average : common sleep cycle 睡眠周期 Laud sb to skies 把某人捧上天
burst 爆发 drifting 飘 Exalt;eulogize;hail
20. ogle v. 抛媚眼 I ogle her. Bush hailed the sound relationship between China and U.S
21. exhibiting : showing Ode 赋 // If winter comes,can spring be far behind?
Exemplary adj. 值得效法的
Exemplar 典范
Praiseworthy 值得称赞的 观点。>(西方与中文思维的差异)
Admirable 值得仰慕的 2．many a
Profess vt.声称 many a time 许多次
Announce, claim, declare many an occasion 许多场合
He professed himself to be a Christian. many a thing 许多事情 后面的动词用单数形式
Announce :make public highway 高速路 high road means high moutian
Declare 通过法规来宣称 road 山路 over hill and dale 翻山越岭
declare the war on Japan I declare the opening of the Game. boast 自吹自擂 confirm 证实
Swing vi.溜达，轻快地走 介词 of 后的句子是介词宾语
Swing 秋千 Stroll 溜达 I strolled on the street. adventure 在这儿有两层意思：1）
Ramble go to mountains 2)mental adventure
Jog 慢跑 hearth:fireplace hearth-rug 用来装饰的地毯
promenade 漫步 //I take my dog to promedade. 3．whatever 是主语(后边可以用 of 结构)
dale n.山谷 power:ability
boast n.自夸的话 to instruct:to teach
partake of 参与 take part in a fellow guest（共同赴宴的人）may have 做谓语
encyclop(a)edic adj.广博的 fellow worker/actor 同事/演员搭挡
He is very encyclopaedic./comprehensive/all-inclusive/embracive/ 4．So thick(丰富的) and fast（迅捷的）
all ranging 特殊格式：无谓语
kindling n.引火线 名词+名词短语==>感叹句
tramp vi. 步行 eg.Women,who can live with/without them? (表感叹)
furlong n.1/8 英里 The man,who I respect and love so much,where is he now?
Vapidily adv.乏味地 fancy 奇思妙想 bore--bear 负载
同义词：banal/colorless/toneless/dull/lifeless/monotonous play 在这儿是发挥作用的意思 play over 对……发挥作用
名词：vapidity 5． mobile 丰富 set 僵化（没有思维了）
License vt.准许 （书面的） gone is the light ……倒装句
Permit 准许 普通词 fine art 工笔艺术 fine eyes 睿智的眼神
License plate 车上的牌照 thoroughly=completely
Driving license 驾照 inn 小旅馆（tavern 最小的……-）客栈）I foresee 我预想
He permits me to go presently ad. 不久
Ale n.啤酒 milestone 里程碑
Spirits n.烈酒 sharp corner 急转弯
Inscriptio n.题词 Hedge n.树篱 Trespasser n.侵犯者 notice board 提示牌
Invader 侵略者 Infringer 侵权者（ copyright） Offender (法律) in due course:at the very moment
Wreck n.健康极度受损的人
I'm only a wreck of my former self.。 L25 The Snake
My health goes from bad to worse.。我的身体一天不如一天 How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.
prosecut vt.起诉 Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own,
plaintiff 原告（刑事）defender 辩护者 material evidence 物证 was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today. It was
verbal evidence 证词 witness 目击者 jury 陪审团（12 人） not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could have
Notes on the text 5 stars caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousan
1. walking for walking's sake may be as highly laudable and exem ds of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is merely a l
plary a thing as it is held to be by those who practice it.Gone is the uxury; it enables it to get its food with very little effort, no more ef
light from his fine eyes. fort than one bite. And why only snakes ? Cats, for instance, woul
walking for walking's sake 是主语 d be greatly helped; no running rights with large, fierce rats or tuss
as…as 同级比较句 les with grown rabbits just a bite and no more effort needed. In fac
it is held to be (by) 被……以为 t it would be an assistance to all the carnivorae--though it would b
maintain;view;argue;decide;hold ->认为(formal) e a two-edged weapon -When they fought each other. But, of the v
Sec->Walking for walking's sake is laudable and exemplary thing ertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one liza
whick is held to be…… rd). One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes concocted p
<表达自己观点的句子不要超过 15 个单词，并要尽快在文章中 oison of such extreme potency.
出现。西方写作习惯是先提论点，第二步给支持，第三步强调 In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fi
xed process took place. It did not; some snakes manufactured a poi male supremacist 大男子主义者
son different in every respect from that of others, as different as ar grey mare 胜过丈夫的妻子 second to none 最高的
senic is from strychnine, and having different effects. One poison a India is second to China in population.
cts on the nerves, the other on the blood. second to 仅次于
The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobra protagonist n.主角、正面角色---antagonist 反面角色
s and their venom is called neurotoxic. Vipers (adders) and rattlesn leading role 主角 supporting role 配角 extra 跑龙套 starring 领街
akes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic. outlaw n.亡命徒
Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the outlaws in the green wood 绿林好汉
blood poison. It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive brigand 地匪，流窜犯
of the two, that the blood poison is , so to speak, a newer product f highway man 打劫的
rom an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does fake 假的
its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison. Thi deliver 给 （打劫的时候用）fake 假的
s,however,means nothing. Snakes did not acquire their poison for framed a.遭到陷害的
use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice, and sheriff n.司法长官
the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate. vicious a.恶毒的 vice n. 恶毒 wicked 恶毒的 venom 蛇毒
venomous 恶毒的 heinous 恶毒的 malicious 邪恶的
L26 Virtue and a Fast Gun gossipn. 流言蜚语（personal） rumor 谣言，传闻
William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for It is rumored that he robbed the bank.
unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but W gossip monger 传谣言的人
esterns. From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged. It in short 总之 in brief /in a word 总之
was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and d environment n 环境 无复数 natural 自然环境 circumstance 人
evised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-b 文环境 surrounding 环境 setting
ad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest but framed cow under the environment 在……情况下
boy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the ind environment makes man.环境造就人
ividual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment. vanished a.消失了的
Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually 'kn absurdlyad 荒诞的
ew something of the old West. He had lived in it as a child when it arena n.竞技场 amphitheater 圆形剧场 political arena 政治舞台
was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his me bullflighting 斗牛
mories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology encroaching a.渐渐渗入的
of the vanished frontier. And although no period or place in Ameri encroach 侵犯
can history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality American culture is encroaching globally.
did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the indivi penetratin 渗入
dual and encroaching civilization. His speeh is penetrating. 他的演讲有穿透力。
Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements an India n.印第安人
d Indian were bewildered by politicians, bankers and business-men, bewilder vt.使手足无措
and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos. Hart's good-bad m wilder 迷茫 baffle/muddle 迷乱的
an was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if h dizzy 昏的 disorient 使……失去方向
e found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, alien a. 外来的 n. 外国人
his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especi alien product 洋货
ally when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indi alien word 外来词 eg.sofa,jeep,café,coolie,kotow；
ans. Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century foun alienate v.远离、挑拨离间
d it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relativ taboo n.戒律 forbidden words damn it
ely simple. We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggr disinherit vt.剥求……的继承权
ession, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolat inherit 继承
ion are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by. inheritance 继承权
New words and expressions undeclareda.未经宣布的
supreme a. 首屈一指 hypocrisy n.伪善 hypocrite 伪君子 hypocritical 过于挑剔
super 超级 chicanery n.诈骗
supreme court 最高法院 chicane v.骗（以-ry 结尾的名词没有复数 ）
supreme people's court 最高人民法院 如 machinery,pottery,jewelery
intermediate 中级 cheat,deceive,hoax
supremacy n.首屈一指 male supremacy 大男子主义 cheat 骗钱财
deceive one's feelings Louisiana 路易斯安那
hoax:play trick(哄小孩) Mississippi 密西西比河
anarchy n.混乱、无政府 ambassador 大使
monarchy 君主制 chaos n. 混乱 chaotic adj.混乱 hire 租用
lawless adj.非法的 turbulence n.骚乱 at a cross 难以定夺（将在外，君命有所不受）2.6 million square
impending a.迫近的 mile 16 million dollars double of american’s GDP
approaching 靠近 gold rush 淘金热
imminent 迫近的 hero 英雄 mythology 神话
immolation n.杀戮 immolate vt. 杀 sacrifice n. 祭祀品 although 让步状语从句
code n.准则 no……more……构成最高级
Notes on the text romanticized 此处指作成电影（浪漫化）
William S. Hart indelible effect 不可磨灭的印象
William:first/given/Christian name join hands=coexist 并存
S.:middle name Hart :last name solid basis
Western stars 西部片影星 同位句 conflict 是 arena 的同位语
for 因为 unlike 与……不同 accustomed to 做后置定语 意思是 used to 习惯于
appear in nothing but 仅仅出现于 elements 希腊 5 个自然元素 这里指自然
nothing but 仅仅 unhorsed 放弃戎马生涯
He is nothing but liar.他是骗子。 overcame 击退
He is anything but liar 他不是骗子 comment 评论
he is nothing but angry.他很生气 relatively 相对的
he is anyghing but angry.他不生气 do=find it pleasant
Gary Cooper 《日正当空》Puritan 清教徒 comedy 喜剧
unchallenged=matchless L27 The Personality of Man
It was ……强调句式 Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world
1． vast west Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking
2． Indians place around us and is becoming more and more manifest.
3． hero. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in
devise=design intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress the
upright 正直 accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon
film maker 制片人 as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to
good-bad man 本质好，偶尔做坏事的人 tramp 流浪者 another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great
Chinese Amercian 美籍华人（根在前） advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only
noble:1.rich 2.noble minded communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible,
out of impulse 一时冲动 and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of
framed 受人诬陷的 knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was
cowherd/cowman 牧童 greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was
suspect 嫌疑犯 comparatively slow until, with the coming science, the tempo was
He was made Chairman.他被选为主席 suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated
abuse power 滥用权力 according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the
rangy 落魄的人 stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new
minor figure 小人物 knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What
in short is called 'modern civilization' is not the result of a balanced
in conflict with 与……有冲突 development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge
frontier 此处意思是广阔的西部 applied to practical life. The problem now facing humanity is:
unwillingly What is going to be done with all this knowledge ? As is so often
outsider 局外人 pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used
contemporary 同时代的人，当代的 equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both.
modern 现代的 Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than
know sth. of 略有了解 关于"西部在消失"的背景常识 that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close
Jefferson at hand, surgeons use it to restore them ? We have to ask ourselves
the Declaration of Indepedence 独立宣言 very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge,
with its ever-increasing power, continues. in the modern world 在现代社会
New words and expressions surely because 引导原因，恰恰因为
loom vi. 阴森的逼近（带贬义） progress of a particular kind 一种特别的进步，介词短语作后置
Eg: The shadow of the impending war looms ahead/large/big. 定语
(即将来临的战争的阴影正在迫近。) particular 特殊的，特别的
Eg: It was approaching the Spring Festival(vocation), the more and more 越来越
examinations were loomed up. manifest 明显
(春节快到了，考试也正在迫近。) Eg: You were walking on the way, he loomed out of mist.
Eg: A high mountain looms ahead. Although…此句：
(一座大山横在面前。) in intelligence/morality 在智力/道德方面
manifest adj. 明显的 undergone: experienced 经历
S: visible adj. 明显的，显著的 no general improvement （注意 no 的位置）
patent n. 专利； adj. 显著的，明显的 no 用 not any 替换，则…has undergone no general
另有：obvious/clear/parent… improvement… 等同于：
…has not undergone any general
mankind n. 人类 improvement…
morality n. 道德 "…, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of
moral adj. 道德；moral code 道德准则；moral standard 道 knowledge."中 it 指代人类，（人类的总称,普遍所指时用 it）
德标准 accumulation 堆积，堆砌 extraordinary progress 显著进步
to enhance people's consciousness of morality 提高人们的道德 Although…主题句提出，做原因解释
意识 Knowledge began to…此句：
communicate vt. 交流，交际 communication n. 交流 be communicated 可以交流，传递 another = another individual
enhance communication between(among) people 加强交流 speech 口语
enhance communication among nations 增进国际交流 oral adj. 口头的
Eg: Language is a tool for communication. (语言是交流的工具。) Eg: … people go hunting.
communicative adj. I found the place where the bears are inhabited.
communicative means 交流方式 With…此句：
Eg: Language is a communicative tool. (语言是交流的工具。) with… 随着……
enhance vt. 增进 writing = written language
enhance friendship 增进友谊 a great advance 巨大的进步
enhance cohesion 增强凝聚力 not only … but also …
enhance consciousness/awareness 增强意识 communicated 交流；stored 储存
S: boost v. 推进，促进 Libraries made education possible…此句：
rein in force 促进 libraries: a place where books of various kinds are stored
另有：heighten… and education in its turn added to libraries…
tempo n. 速率 trickle n. 涓涓细流 add to 增加 in its turn 反过来
torrent n. 滔滔洪流 in its turn added to = enrich 丰富
evil n. 恶行 Eg: His humor added to the ball. (他的幽默使晚会增色不少。)
evil thought 邪念 Fireworks added to the ball. （焰火使晚会增色不少。
）
evil sigh 邪恶的迹象,凶兆（dog bark at midnight） Eg: Harmony among peoples makes world peace possible, and
Eg: Your cough is an evil sign, probably I will lie in bed. world peace in its turn enhances harmony. (民族间的和睦有助
S: vice n. v. 恶 于世界和平，而世界和平反过来促进和睦。)
vice president 副总统；坏总统 "："后的句子解释作用
wicked adj. 邪恶的； wickedness n. 邪恶 the growth of knowledge 知识的增长
indifferently ad. 不在乎地 compound interest law [银行业术语：复利法规则]
grimly ad. 可怖地 whimsical a. 怪诞的 which 指代 the growth of knowledge
shatter v. 毁坏 printing 印刷术
close at hand 附近 printing 对于知识的发展 is a great impetus
twofold a. 双重的 fold 翻倍的；fivefold 五倍；time 倍 impetus 推动力
数 All this…此句：all this… 这一切…
Notes on the text comparatively slow 相对较慢 with the coming of science 科
主题：Social advancement 社会的进步 3 stars 学的到来
loom so large with 引导插入语
 Eg: 4 years ago, in American telecommunication is not so with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The
popular. albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness
If a person can predict what happens in 30 years, he is… the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the
It's really hard mobile phone really so big at first as… contrary school the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the
Then knowledge began to… 此句： engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck,
systematic 系统化 and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles,
Aristotle 亚里士多德 把知识分类为： Physics 物理学； that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the
Psychics 心理学；Poetics 诗学；Math 数学 short wings with irresistible power that they can bore for long
The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. distances through an opposite gale before exhaustion follows.
涓涓细流汇成小溪；小溪又变成了奔腾的江河。 Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of
Moreover…此句： strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter
as soon as 既然 exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.
acquired 获得 The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure.
account 账户：you can easily and freely get money from it It tires not nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air,
What is called…此句： travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern
What is called 所谓的 nesting home feeding its flown young as it flies and slipping
all man's nature 人类本质 through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the
a balanced development 平衡的发展 wind is adverse. Such birds do us good, though we no longer take
but 而 omens from their flight on this side and that, and even the most
accumulated knowledge 积累的知识 superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie
to practical life 作后置定语，实际生活 and wish it good-morning.
Eg: Probably he has many abilities… New words and expressions
Eg: medical people 医学人才；English people 英语人才； infinite a. 无穷的，无限的
doctor 博士；post doctor 博士后 infinitive n. 不定式 A: finite a. 有限的；measurable a.
The problem now facing humanity is: 总结 可测量的 S: fathomless a. 深不可测的; fathom n. 长度单
The problem now facing humanity is: 人类所面临的问题是： 位，旬；v. 测量深度
As…此句： as 正如；指代从句 knowledge is… immeasurable a. 可测量的 另有：endless / boundless…
Eg: As is often the case that he helps others. 他经常帮助他人。 infinite power /energy
two-edged 双刃的 albatross n. 信天翁 white seabird
for good or evil 可好可坏 direct vt. 指向
indifferently 毫不在乎，引申为毫不辨析的 Eg: He directed me the way to success. （他给我指明了成功之
discriminate 辨析，区别 路。
） Can you direct me to NOS? director 导演
Could…此句： sustenance n. 支撑力 sustain v.
Could…引导虚拟语气的问句 Eg: The tree can't sustain its branches. （这棵树支撑不了它的枝
spectacle 壮丽的场面 干了。
）He has a big family to sustain. (他要养活一大家子人。)
be more grimly whimsical 更加荒诞无奇 sustainable a.
than that "that" 修饰 spectacle sustainable development strategy 可持续发展战略
gunner 枪手 glider n. 滑翔者
shatter 击碎，粉碎 harness vt. 利用(formal)
field hospital 野战医院 S: use / make use of / utilize / exploit
We have to ask…此句： harness solar energy 利用太阳能
with its ever-increasing power 状语后置 to yield to 顺着，屈服于
ever-increasing 逐渐增强 Eg: He yields to persuasion / despair / temptation.
S: submit to / give in to / surrender to
Countryman’’s Creed
L28 Countryman Eg: Turtle submit to all kind of indignities.
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the school n. 类，群，队 多指 sea animal / fish / shoal
varieties are infinite, but two classes may be roughly seen. Any school 流派；schools of thought 思想流派
ship that crosses the pacific is accompanied for many days by the one hundred flowers blossom and one hundred schools contend.
smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an 百花齐放，百家争鸣
hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. boast vi. 自夸
The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as endow vt. 赋有
well as in the line of its course are enough to give the great bird be endowed with
Eg: He is endowed with gift/talent/power/strength/courage. The currents…此句： The currents … of its course
ply v. 不断地供给 整个句子做主语
bore vi. 穿越 to bore through the air. 穿越大气层 currents 气流
gale n. 大风 walls of the ship 船舷
exhaustion n. 精疲力竭 direct 导向
Eg: I am exhausted. / I am dead tired. / I am dog tired. as well as 与 upwards 并列
S: worn out / spend / waste / drained in the line 沿着某条线走
humbler a. 较低级的 its course
原型：humble its 指代 currents of air； course 航程
Eg: I am a humble person. He is humble before his boss. are enough to give great bird ：albatross with its immense wings…
源于 umble(French): the meat of deer 做后置定语，修饰 bird
eat umble pie = eat humble pie (狩猎后供仆人吃的)内脏做的 The albatross…此句：
煎馅饼 Eg: Lion is the king of beast.
S: lick the dust 卑躬屈膝 同位语从句：the class of fliers…
Eg: He eat humble pie. 他忍辱负重。 yield to 屈服
S: inferior a. 下等的 Inferior to sb. opposition 逆风
partridge n. 鹧鸪 In the…此句：
utter a. 完全的 Eg: He is an utter liar. 他纯粹是个骗子。 supreme 首屈一指
utterance 口头语；sentence 书面语 roast duck 烤鸭
S: completely / sheer It comes…此句：comes nearer to ：similar to
share vt. 有 plane / gravity
flown a. 刚出巢的 fly / flew / flown Ducks…此句：
Eg: I am flown. 我还是新手。 good part ：bid / important part
S: fledging irresistible power 无尽的力量
slip vi. 滑行 bore…through 穿越 opposite gale 逆风
adverse adj. 逆的，相反的 before exhaustion follows 直到最后精疲力竭
adverse wind 逆风；A: favorable wind 顺风 S: Eg: I work before darkness comes / follows.
unfavorable wind until its dark… 直到……为止
Eg: I went home with adverse wind. Their humbler…此句：
adverse environment = adversity n. 逆境 Eg: Adversity 前两类鸟飞别为：albatross，Ducks；第三类鸟为：their humbler
makes a man. 逆境出人才。 followers：partridges
adversary n. 对手 creed n. 信仰 like power
like 的词性可以为 prep. / v. / adj. 此处位 adj.古英语中常用
Notes on the text 2 star S: similar / alike (可做表语)
No two…此句： Eg: They have alike appearance. (错)
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight；= There They have similar apperance.
are no two sorts of birds propulsion / propel ：to push / propeller / rocket
practise quite the same sort of flight You may…此句：
practise flight = fly practise 从事 in utter exhaustion 在完全疲惫的状态 (介词短语)
practise flight 飞行；practise law 当律师；practise medicine When they are utterly exhausted （时间状语）
当医生 Eg: We have to undertake a hard journey in seeking truth.
Eg: No two birds fly in the same way. We have to undertake a hard journey when we try to seek truth.
No two man are the same. The swallow…此句：
varieties：kinds swallow 燕子
two classes may be roughly seen (passive) = we can see roughly virtues ：good points / merits / advantages
two kinds in highest measure / to the highest degree 最大程度的
Any ship…此句： in a measure / in some measure / to some degree 在某种程度上
accompanied ：followed Eg: He resembles his mother in a / some / highest measure.
keep company 与……为伴 It tires not…此句：
Eg: I keep company with him. tires not (古英语用法) = does not tire
vessel ：big ship 原意：sth. to hold water Eg: I work not. = I don't work.
without more than occasional = occasional boast 夸耀
travelling…伴随状态 \love 爱
travel…to / travel…from / travel to and from 同义词 arouse 激发,flame\inflame 火焰,stir 搅拌
it may be 做插入语，"也许" This film is really rousing.这片子真是让人激动。
feeding 喂养 ▲intense a 强烈的 love/passion 热情/hatred/heat 酷暑/coldness
slipping 严寒/light/rays 强光
travelling / feeding / slipping 并列结构，表示伴随状态 intensive reading 精读/extensive reading 范读
medium ：layer of air 大气层 intensive farming 精耕细作/intensified training 强化训练
passage 通过 同义词：violent/ferment/fierce/vehement
the passage of time 时光流逝 aesthetic a 审美的 aesthetics 审美学（a＋s－名词，如 logic—
do us good 对我们有好处 logics）esthete 爱美者，唯美主义者
insect killer / locust 蝗虫 / cicada 蝉 / grasshopper 蚂蚱 realm n 世界 见 19 课
omens 征兆 gleam n 光芒 见 10 课
predication dazzle vt 使眼花缭乱，头晕目眩
superstitious 迷信的 The fireworks dazzle me.那绽放的烟花使我头晕目眩
magpie 喜鹊 dazzling achivemeng 令人瞩目的成就
Eg: He is a magpie. 他什么都舍不得扔。 convey vt 传达，表达 information/meaning/knowledge
P.S.crow 乌鸦 Teacher conveys knowledge to students.
Eg: He is a crow. 他特罗嗦。 同义词：transfer/transplant 移植/transmit/transpacific 横跨大
wild geese 大雁 西洋/pass over pass!传
swan 天鹅 / swan lake 天鹅湖 serenity n 静谧 adj serene
goose 雌鹅 / gander 雄鹅 同义词：poetic/quice/peaceful（O）/placid/tranquil（w）/serene
life
L29 Pieces of Mind serene lake/face（安祥的脸）
A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express readily ad 轻易地
the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the The work is readily done.
gateway to a world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in The problem is readily solved.这个难题迎刃而解
moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion 同义词：smoothly/ painless
that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us undeniable a 不可否认的
from a different realm of existence, different and, because the 词源：否认 deny/可否认的 deniable
experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though ①deny sb.……sth.
the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty He denies me admission.他不准我进去。
and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too ②deny oneself in sth.
than we can describe, for language, which was invented to convey I deny myself in drinking.我戒酒了
the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of deny oneself 毫无疑问/question－questionable－
another. unqusetionable
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is mistakable- unmistakble
undeniable. In some moods Nature shares it. There is no sky in ▲indefinable a 不可名状的，无法下定义的（表程度高）
June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so define 下定义
beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a His kindness/hospitality is indefinable.他的热情真是难以表述。
vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing 难以描述的 undesctibable/express
leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not expressible-inexpressible/biyond words
merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the ▲longing n 渴望,热望
stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; long for a villa/long to have a ville 渴望一栋别墅
if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil 同义词：yearn－yearning for……/thirst/thirsty/hunger
humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock ※名词或动词类似，则其同义词用法类似
and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we my hunger for books
must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the vulgar a 平庸的（来源于宗教，与 God 所住之 heaven 相
unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to 对应）
invest with significance that whichwe cannot grasp. Beauty in vulgar place/vulgar world/vugar language(nasty)言语粗俗
terms of our human meanings is meaningless. 同义词：earthly 反义词：heavenly/godly/celestial 星空的，高
New words and expressions 雅的
rouse vt.激起(情感词） \emotion\excitement 激动\anger 仇恨 radiance n 发光
 来源于 radio adj－radiant smile 灿烂的笑容/radioactive 表辐射 passing（in passing 在流逝的过程中） leaves an indefinable
wear a radiant face 红光满面 longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke⑦,
※：wear 可用于表穿、戴、涂抹、留(胡子、头发等）如 wear life（省略了 is not ）a vulgar flare ⑧amid the cool（冷，冷漠）
lipstick/whitening lotion 增白蜜/beard radiance of the stars（宇宙间，意为上天）, and existence（＝
mysteries n 神秘的事物 /mystic 见 19 课 （省略了 is not） an empty laugh braying（donkey） across
life）
intimation n 暗示 the mysteries（意为上天）; if these intimations（暗示，联想） of
intimate v.告知，暗示 同义词：hint/suggestion/imlication a something（a something 指前边所联想的东西，日落、蓝天）
whimsy n 怪念头 whimsical adj.怪诞的见 27 课 behind（inside/inside my heart,见文章第二句'to express the
▲in a word 总而言之 emotion that it rouses in him'） and beyond（higher universe） are
同义词：in short/in brief（见）26 课/in a nutshell not evil humour born of indigestion（born of indigestion:come
▲interpret vt 阐明 from misunderstangding，误解）, or whimsies sent by the devil（与
I am an interpreter.(oral)/translator(written) hell 相对，意指邪恶） to mock（joke，嘲笑） and madden us,
inter:between if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to（try
如：international/interschool/interclass/interpersonal to） interpret the meaning⑨. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is
trans- 表示"横过，贯穿"之义 unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with
interpret a role/play a role 扮演角色 significance that which we cannot grasp⑩. Beauty in terms of（in
▲unutterable a 不可言传的 同义词：indefinable terms of 就……而言） our human meanings is meaningless.
Utter vt 说出，表达 adj 完全的 ①What's your emotion when you see the sun is rising radianly
in utter exhaustion 完全疲劳状态（见 28 课） from the Mount Tai? it is great!/beautifu!/it is really glamorous! it
/utterance(oral)/sentence(written) is really beyond my words! a glorious future behind him/ a
invest vt 赋予 m.investment 同义词 endow v. glorious future in front of him（见 6 课）
invest in 投资: He invested in china. ②gateway to 通往……的门 To master English is a gateway to a
invest with 给予/invest sb. with courage rosy future.（非常灿烂的未来）
invest sb. with loving heart ③in moments of intense aesthetic experience 插入语＝when we
The novel is invested with mystery.这部小说极具神秘色彩！ have the moments of intense aesthetic experience
grasp vt 理解 ④shines down to/above/high above
beyong/within my grasp 无法/能理解 ⑤Greater too than we can describe.无谓语句(exclamation)，表达
Grasp all and lose all. 贪多必失 一种惊叹.即美得语言难以描述。
He is very grasping. 他太贪婪了。 如：How nice!
Notes on the text 5 star ⑥此句暗示更好的未来。结构上双重否定等于肯定 There is sky
A young man sees（与 concludes 并列） a sunset and, unable（做 in June so blur than it does point forward to a bluer .六月总有一
原因状语） to understand or to express the emotion that it(sunset) 种蓝天能使你联想到更湛蓝的天空。
rouses in him①, concludes that it must be the gateway to ②（通 如：There is no man in the world so nice that he does not deserve
往……的门） a world that lies beyond（省略了 this world）.（下 any praise.
一句从特殊引至一般,from a individual to the general） It is There is no man in the worle so vicious that he dose not
difficult for any of us( 后边跟 to do sth. )in moments of intense deserve any abuse.
aesthetic experience ③to resist the suggestion（暗示） that（同 He is rotten to the core,so I hate him to death.他坏到心肠了，
位语从句） we are catching a glimpse（一瞥） of a light that 我恨死他了。to death 表一种状态。
shines down to④ us from a different realm of existence（=world), I love him to death.我爱死他了
different（different 修饰 existence） and, because the experience I am hungry to death./I am angry to death.
is intensely moving（双关语，touching/quickly), in some way ⑦a bad joke 一个拙劣的玩笑，此句意为人生充满不幸
higher( 更加壮丽). And, though the gleams blind(v.使……一片 （misfortune/happiness/laughter）
，西方宗教中上帝认为人是罪
茫然), and dazzle, yet do(do 起强调作用) they convey a hint of 恶的，所以要惩罚人类，即理解为文中 bad joke。
beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. ⑧vulgar flare 平庸的一闪，flare:short in passing；vulgar:fruitless
Greater too than we can describe⑤, for language, which was ⑨前面 4 句分句引出文中主题句－yet we must not seek to
invented to convey the meanings of this world（this world:our interpret the meaning.
worle）, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another. ⑩invest sth.(that which we cannot grasp) with significance，倒装
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is 句，宾语较长放在后， 此文章为哲学家所写，比较难，而科
undeniable. In some moods Nature shares it. There is no sky in 学类文章相对简单。
（philosopher/scientist）
June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer⑥, no sunset 作者：C.E.M.JOAD(1891-1953) Britisher/Meaning of Life/God
so beautiful that it does not waken the vision（幻觉） of a greater and Evil sculpture
beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in 文中图片为著名雕塑家 Hogarth 的自画像。The Line of Beauty
线条的美，在当时其作品被评为粗暴、低俗（vulgar and ▲inherent adj 固有的
。其最擅长于勾画眼睛。
inferior） the sloth that inherent in him 天生的懒惰
文章要求背诵，至少读 10 次，领悟其内涵。 inbred 天生的 inbuilt 嵌入的 ingrain 根深蒂固的 deep－
rooted 根深蒂固的
L30 Adventures of Ideas faintly adv 不明显的
Each civilization is born, it culminates, and it decays. There is a faint 微弱的
widespread estimony that this ominous fact is due to inherent The light is so faint.光线太暗。
biological defects in the crowded life of cities. Now, slowly and at I fainted.我晕了过去。
first faintly, an opposite tendency is showing itself. Better roads tendency n 倾向
and better vehicles at first induced the wealthier classes to live on I have the tendency to shop.我是个购物狂。
the outskirts of the cities. The urgent need for defence had also I have the tendency to smoke/read.我是个烟鬼/书迷
vanished. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards. But trend 潮流/inclination（自己的）倾向 /current 潮流（更常用）
a new set of conditions is just showing itself. Up to the present vanish vi 消失见 26 课
time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new ▲a set of 一批后只跟 sth 不跟 sb
tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but a set of rules 一系列规则/a set of equipmeng 一套设备/a set of
concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, furniture 一套家具/a set of short stories 短篇小说集
government, and pleasure in the centres of the cities. Apart from ▲sheer adj 纯粹的
the care of children and periods of sheer rest, the active lives were sheer brandy 纯白兰地/sheer liar 大骗子/sheer rubbish 一派胡言
spent in the cities. In some ways the concentration of such emphasize vt 强调 n.emphasis
activities was even more emphasized, and the homes were pushed place/lay/put emphsis……on
outwards even at the cost of the discomfort of commuting. But, if We have to place emphasis on construction of civilization.我们要
we examine the trend of technology during the past generation, the 加强文明建设。
reasons for this concentration are largely disappearing. Still more, 同义词：underline/spotlight
the reasons for the choice of sites for cities are also altering. at the cost of 以……位代价＝at the ptice of =sactifice v.牺牲，
Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles, men n牲
can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone, the chiefs I learn English at the cost of my holidays.
of great organizations can be transported by airplanes, the cinemas ▲commute vi. 乘车上下班 n.commuter 通勤者/commuter
can produce plays in every village, music, speeches, and sermons time/rush hour 上下班时间
can be broadcast. Almost every reason for the growth of the There is a New York of commuters devoured by locusts in the day
cities,concurrently with the growth of civilization has been and spit out at night.
profoundly modified. It's commuter time,I will go.要下班了，我要走了。
New words and expressions instantaneously adv.即刻地 instant noodles 方便面，快餐面
本课与 20 课相类似 in no time 快，很快 I will come in no time.我马上回来。
鼓起精神 take heart 振作起来 beef up sermonn 布道
Ⅰ、words preach a sermon by a priest 牧师布道
▲culminate vi.鼎盛，达到顶点 ▲profoundly adv 深刻地
n.culmination n.（顶点,多用做抽象意义）/summit n.顶峰/peak/top profound theory 深奥的理论
He reaches/attains the culmination in his thirties.他三十岁达到了 bid for Olympics 申奥
顶峰。 profound sleep 死睡/sleep like a log 睡得像猪/eat like a pig
His efforts culminate in his success.他的努力终于使他成功了。 Notes on the text
（culmite＝lead to This is about civilization and industry.That is the association
His efforts culminate in the prosperity of his family. between industry and civilization.
His efforts culminate in failure.他的努力付诸东流。 Each civilization is born( 产生), it culminates, and it decays①.
His excessive drinking culminates in his moral degeneration/decay. There is a widespread testimony that this ominous（ominous 不吉
他的过度饮酒导致他道德败坏 祥地） fact is due to② inherent biological defects（biological
mend one's morals 改过自新 defect 生物地缺陷，指前文中的产生、发展、灭亡的过程） in
decay vt 衰亡，腐烂 同义词：rot 见第二课 the crowded life of cities③. Now, slowly and at first faintly, an
My health decays.我的身体江河日下。 opposite tendency④ is showing itself⑤. Better roads and better
Tooth decays.牙齿咬不动东西了。 vehicles ⑥at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the
testimony n 证据=evidence testmen n.证人 testify v. outskirts of the cities. The urgent need ⑦for defence had also
Bear/produce the testimony to his innocence.我证明他无罪。 vanished. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards⑧.
oral 证词/verbal 证词/ material 物证 But a new set of conditions is just showing itself. Up to the present
time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new concentrate 集中，若后接抽象内容则需加 on，具体事物则
tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs⑨, but 不必。
concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations（商业贸 concentrate on my studies 集中学习
易）, government, and pleasure in the centres of the cities. Apart 作者：A.N Whitehead(1861-1947)，a philosopher
from（除了） the care of children and periods of sheer rest, the 1924,he became the professor of University of Harvard.He wrote a
active lives （活动生活，主要生活）were spent in the cities. In very famous book'principia of mathematic'与人合著者
some ways（在某些方式上而言） the concentration of such （coauthors）
activities was even more emphasized, and the homes were pushed 被罗素誉为 giant in philosophy 哲学巨人
outwards even at the cost of the discomfort （：menace，威胁， 他称罗素为 the greatest logician 最伟大地逻辑学家
不舒适）of commuting. But, if we examine（探究） the trend of If you roll off my log, I will roll off yours.你捧我，我也捧你。
technology during the past generation, the reasons for this 本单元：lesson24、29、26、27、28（注重句型）需详细解读。
concentration（指前文 relations 、government, and pleasure ）
are largely disappearing. Still more, the reasons for the choice of L31 Non-auditory Effects of Noise
sites for cities are also altering.（下文解释说明） Mechanical Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical
power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles, men can experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a
communicate almost instantaneously by telephone, the chiefs of waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility
great organizations can be transported by airplanes, the cinemas that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike
can produce plays in every village, music, speeches, and sermons noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support
can be broadcast. Almost every reason for the growth of the cities, their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise
concurrently with the growth of civilization has been profoundly abatement really is a good cause. and it is likely to be discredited
modified. if it gets to be associated with bad science.
①例句：A man is born,he culminates/grows up,and he One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A
decays/dies. recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed
②due to=becouse of，而 due to 多指不好之意 with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable
Due to my carelessness/drinking/overspeeding distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a
③本句看试与首句不相关联，但前句中的 civilization 城市生 screaming wreck '. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that
活多半代表了文明的含义，而 the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters
countryside 多有 backward（落后）
、supersitious （迷信的），故 worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a
由前句讲到本句的城市生活。 mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course
④opposite tendency 相反的倾向，指与城市生活拥挤不堪相反 that one cannot distinguish cause and effect. Was the noise a cause
⑤showing itself 显露迹象 of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a
suggest itself symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her
As time goes on,the adwantage of my sound English is showing neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and
itself.随着时光流逝，我良好的英语功底终于派上用场了！ yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
⑥vehide(in Britain)/lorry or motocar,automobile(in America) What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of
induce 归纳 from every point to the center people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are
induced=attracted mentally ill more often than other people are. The United States
outskirts:it is only within the city but actually it is outer city Navy, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men
⑦urgent need 迫切需求,指人们开始搬到市郊居住，使得城市的 working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project
应急防护就显得不必要了 Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an
⑧downwards 向下转移 aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a
I am homeward.我朝家里走去。 ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a
I am schoolward.我上学去。 modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither
I am eastward.我向东走去 psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any
I am restaurantward.我吃饭去。 effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms
I am bridgeward.我向桥上走去。 earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise
I am bookstoreward.我买书去。 upon mental health it must be so small that present methods of
⑨ city－outskirts-suburb：expansion outward 向外扩展 psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it
immediate:近的，接近的 does not exist; but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than,
immediate goal 近期目标 say, being brought up in an orphanages--which really is a mental
long term goal 长期目标 health hazard.
immediate boss 顶头上司 New words and expressions
I doubt my adequacy as a father. on the one hand.. on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面……
Plea n. 要求 make plea for aid/money 要求资助 most 前不加定冠词相当于 very
On the plea of sth. 以…为借口 I am absent on the plea of good cause=good thing
stomachache. 我以肚痛为由不去上课。 and 在这儿表转折
Plea v. plea for sth. mental illness 精神病
Abatement n. 减少 weekly newspaper 周刊报纸
abate v. 减少(指 harm,danger)decrease v./reduce/v./wane/diminish head with 头版头条 carry the news on the front page
The danger of the poisonous gas abated. / The wind abated. considerable 极度的
Decrease,reduce 用于数量减少 wane vi. 减少，月缺 reduce（在这）＝made (reduce to tears; reduce to laughter 弄笑;
Wax vi. 月满 crescent 月牙 reduce to a skeleton 弄得皮包骨头
Diminish 可以指数量也可以指 power The illness diminishes text 文字说明；turning to 转向；on: as soon as
my strength/energy. anecdote 轶闻（大多数情况下 unreal）
Discredit vt. 怀疑 credit 相信 suspect/doubt might well 或许可以
Suspect （行为不轨）n. 嫌疑犯 symptom=sign
doubt 怀疑事物的真实性 cautious=careful
allegation n. 断言 =assertion/claim statement 这桩事
allegation:sometimes no proof,hypothesis equally 同样地
assertion:My assertion is that he is back tomorrow. 有证据 might well/may well＝have reason to do sth. or be reasonable
My allegation is that he is back tomorrow. She may well be proud of her son. 她有理由为她的儿子骄傲。
allege v. It is alleged that…=It is reported…=It is said… You may well refuse him. 你有理由拒绝他。
It is alleged that he is a shop lifter. the United States Navy 美国海军
distress n. warry<忧伤<sadness<agony aerodrome 机场 motordrome 赛车道 parking lot 停车场 aero-
agony column 只发布 death,divorce 的报纸栏目 航空 drome 场所
matches 结婚 dispatches 离别 hatches 生儿育女 share with 与……共住，与……一起
caption n.插图说明 psychiatric interviews 精神病的采访
screaming a. 发尖叫声的 screak 尖叫 squeal 长声尖叫 objective test 问卷调查，客观题
snag n. 疑难之处，障碍，树桩 hit a snag 遇到困难 run into say=for example
snags 碰钉子 hurdle race 跨栏赛跑 stumbling block 绊脚石 a hazard=danger
lion in the way 拦路虎 本文是一个 sophistry(诡辨术) critical eye; eagle eye 辨析力
anecdote n. 轶闻 curiosity n. 珍闻（动物）
slander vt. 诽谤 slander sb. 诽谤别人 pour a slander on sb. L32 The Past Life of the Earth
slanderer 诽谤者 gossip 谣言 gossipmonger 散布谣言者 It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose
rumor spreader slanderous remarks 恶语中伤的话 His words are remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary
so slanderous. scandal 丑闻 slur 搞模糊 defame 把名声搞臭 conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas
backbite 背后中伤 He backbites me. 他背后说我坏话。 and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt have been
persecute vt. 迫害-religious torture 折磨 I am persecuted. continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly
aircraft carrier 航空母舰 HIV carrier covered over and preserved.
squadron n.中队 squad 班 eleven squad 足球队 detached group But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small
别动队 platoon 排 company 连 battalion 营 battalion fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before
commander 营长 regiment 团 a regiment of geese 一群鹅 decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them.
commando 突击队 brigade 旅 division 师 Marine Corps 海军 After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else,
陆战队 corps 军 whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by
diagnosis n. 诊断 analysis 分析 hypothesis 假说 thesis 论文 chance that such a fate is avoided. The remains of plants and
orphanage n. 孤儿院 orphan 孤儿 breakage n. 破碎 leakage animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved, for
泄露 wreckage n.残骸的状态 there is seldom anything to cover them over. When you think of
survey n. 综论 a survey of American literature the innumerable birds that one sees flying about, not to mention
Notes on the text the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles
industry 工业方面，工业界 which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a
Services: in America means army; dead body, except, of course, on the roads. They decompose and
serviceman: 军人 ex-serviceman 退伍军人 ex-president 前总 are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other
统 present president 现任总统 ex-wife 前妻 My ex-job is a creature.
secretary. It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that
traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, approach: approachable/unapproachable
or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the Siberia: 西伯得亚 Siberian a. cold currents 寒流 warm currents
whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator. This is 暖流
what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was mammoth n. 猛玛 mammoth parade 盛大游行
found preserved and in good condition. In his mouth were the palaeontological a.古生物学的 pal(a)e=old palaeoanthropology
remains of fir trees--the last meal that he had before he fell into the 古人类学
crevasse and broke his back. The mammoth has now been restored ontology: 物种起源学 palaeolith 旧石器时代 neolith: 新石器
in the Palaeontological Museum in Leningrad. Other animals were 时代
trapped in tar pits, like the elephants, sabretoothed cats, and palaeography 古文书，古文书学
numerous other creatures that are found at Rancho la Brea, which Leningrad Stalingrad: Volgograd
is now just a suburb of Los Angeles. Apparently what happened pit n.坑
was that water collected on these tar pits, and the bigger animals A fall in the pit, a gain in the wit. (吃一堑，长一智)
like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to pitfall: 意外的挫折或困难 pit (casino) boss: 赌场老板
drink, and were promptly boggedin the tar. And then, when they saber: 马刀 saber-toothed
were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed cats and the giant NY(New York) LA (Los Angeles) Chicago
wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate. There venture vi. 冒险
are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well. I venture to buy some stocks.
New words and expressions Nothing Ventured, Nothing gained. (不入虎穴，焉得虎子)
remains: 更多指人；body：（人和动物）都可以 joint venture 合资企业
to pay the last respects to his remains 向遗体告别 bog vt.&vi.
preservation n.保存 I'm bogged/troubled/plunged/sunk.
preserved vegetable 腌菜 preserved bean curd Notes on the text
She is well-preserved. 她保养得非常好。poorly/badly preserved deposited=saved=piled up 堆积
set in vi. 开始 mud (from the seashore)
Winter has set in early this year. Fatigue sets in when one grows the man and the like: 就他那样的人（否定意义）
old. cover over: 全部覆盖
scavenger n.食尸动物 第一段：强调句 1. 加原因状语 2. 加地点状语
metaphorically: 1. dustman 清道夫，清洁工 2. obscene writer favourable=good=ideal
vegetarian: 吃素的 He is a vegetable. (乏味之人) carnivorous: small fraction 小部分
吃肉的 that die 已死的或将要死的
numerous a. 许多的(数量多) likely=possibly
numeric （about number）关于数字的 numbered a. 1.编号的 feed on: 靠……为生 I feed on rice./I feed rice. (False) I feed the
numbered card 2.时日无多的 baby.
mouse: n. live by: 通过 live by the hands 自力更生 live by the mountains
as poor as a church mouse 靠山吃山 live on=feed on
to play cat and mouse with sb. e.g. The policeman played cat and dead or alive 连缀形容词要做后置定语
mouse with the thief. 欲擒故纵 ecological chain: 生物链 the law of the jungle, survival of the
She is a mouse. (胆小的)/He is a chicken. fittest
rat: chance=accidental 偶尔 chance meeting 邂逅 chance company
cat n.猫科动物 feline: 猫科的 萍水相逢
They live a cat and dog life. (水火不容) on land 陆路 seldom=hardly
rain cats and dogs (北欧神话中，猫是风神，狗是雷神) innumerable=numerous
I cat a nap only 15 minutes.打个盹 cat's paw: 牺牲品，受人利 see sb doing sth.
用；cat walk fly about: 四外飞翔 go about: 转一转
vole: 野鼠，鼹鼠 not to mention: 更不用说 = let alone= not to speak of
decompose vt. 腐烂 it is very rarely…(强调句，强调状语)
decay: 逐渐哀老；decompose: 分解；rot: 腐烂 come across=run into
inaccessible a.不能到达的 accessible 带 other，一般用单数词，any(some)other: 任何一个
The book is accessible to beginners. /The goal is inaccessible. traces=remains
access n. as…as…并列比较
Students should have access to a wide range of readings. attain: when: 时间状语（接 by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an
attainable/unattainable ice crevasse…）
refrigerator: refrige confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine
preserved: 做主语的宾语补足语 remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicines is
in good condition: 完好状态 roved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is
tar pits: 焦油坑 collected=assembled 汇集 the carnivores: 肉食 mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of
动物 ceasing to rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical
out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not
Vasa’’
L33 The Raising of the ‘Vasa received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home
From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of
galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor
one of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with
centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of
discovery in 1956. This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great patients than by giving them what they are asking for, and since
imperial fleet. most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have
King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated
height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for
her measurements and armament. Triple gun-decks mounted abandoning bad habits, etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are
sixty-four bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role almost always granted them.
in the growing might of Sweden. Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such
As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, faith in the bottle of medicine, especially if it be wrapped in white
Stockholm was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and paper and sealed with a dab of red sealing-wax by a clever chemist.
surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness
to spread her sails and catch the wind. They had laboured for three of his friend, Henry Taylor, he went off immediately to visit him,
years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of
carved and ornamented than any previous ship. The high stern medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs Carlyle's.
castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket
warriors,mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was
with red and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife,
cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness
sailors of the day. would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the
Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to
which the Vasa fired in reply. As she emerged from her drifting Henry Taylor's house. History does not relate whether his friend
cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. The great
bow, her flags flying, pennants waving, sails filling in the breeze, advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the
and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting
presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors-- to
seen before. All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped becured at no inconvenience to themselves.
wickedly from them. New words and expressions
As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship skeptical adj.怀疑的 /'skeptikal/ 注意-cal 中 c 读作[k]的很
made a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer 少 creedal [宗教]信条 skeptic 怀疑论者，无神论者，怀疑宗教
ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract 的人 be skeptical about 对……产生怀疑 I'm skeptical
the list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the about his words.
sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as distrustful 怀疑的，不相信的 doubtful 怀疑的； juberous
cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and 怀疑的
crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. The forefathers n..祖先
lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the fervently adv.热情地 intense adj.热情的
ship's fate. In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was full-blooded adj. 热血澎湃的； cold-blooded adj.对……无
intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying—in the 动于衷 enthusiastic adj.积极的 passion n.[宗教]狂热
harbour of her birth. passionate n.[宗教]狂热的 He has a fervent love for books.
curative adj.治病的
L34 The Patients and Doctors curative effect 疗效 How about the curative effect?
This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things cure n.v.治疗，治愈
in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our cure sb. cure of cancer
beyond cure 不可救药 cure-all 治百病的万灵药，百宝丹 magic Notes on the text
bullet 魔药 第一句：This is a sceptical age, but although (尽管) our faith（信
astronomical adj.天文学的 任） in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently
disaster 灾难 astrology 占星术 astronaut 宇航员 believed has weakened, our confidence（信任） in the curative
catastrophe n.大灾难 astronomy n.天文学 astronomical properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs.
figures 天文数字 完整句型：but although….. 结构（整个句子的突破点）
sign n.迹象 两个连词并列，要求至少出现三个谓语动词如：is, has
tangible adj.实实在在的 tangible assets 有形资产 intangible weakened, remains
assets 无形资产 but 连接第一句和第三句 although 连接第二句和第三句
remedy n.药物 believe in sth.
remedy 治疗方法 therapy 治疗方法 beyond remedy = beyond faith in sth. confidence in sth. 并列词：信任，相信
cure curative properties 治疗特点
jar n..瓶 bottle 瓶子 jar 罐子 theirs 指代 confidence
ointment n..药膏 Eg.：She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though
a fly in the ointment 美中不足 it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long
only too 非常 only too hot 太热了 only too + adj. after her husband's death.（第三册 49 课）
dispose vi.处理 dispose of garbage 处理垃圾 Man propose, for 因为：even though 尽管
god disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。 背景介绍 4 levers
deal with sth. 处理 National Service Local Family Service Community Service
little-appreciated adj.不受欢迎的 Student Service
much-appreciated; well-appreciated 很受欢迎的 prescribe ---take medicine 拿药，取药(free)
received 接受 ; little-received 不受欢迎的 appointment 预约
unsought 没人理睬的 students almost free except dentistry 牙科：dentist 牙医
grant vt .给予 at least six month daytime education---Free Medical Service
grant = give grant sb. freedom 给某人自由; grant sb. permission except infectious 传染性的
允许 grant sb. financial guaranty 给某人经济保证 brood v. 孵化；
（人）酝酿，冥思苦想
ignorant adj.无知的/'ignarant/ignorance n. 无知，不知 feint 改句型：our faith has weakened in many of the things in which our
假装 He always feints ignorance. 他老装蒜。daffodil 水仙花 forefathers fervently believed our confidence in the curative
seal vt .封口 n .海豹；印章 have the seal of death on one's face properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs
行将就木 sealed with a kiss.以吻封缄 properties = effects
dab n.温而软的小块 medicines 各种药品
it is recounted 据说 it is said 据说 annual drug bill annual meeting 年会 annual ring 年轮 drug
prescribe vt.开药方 inscribe 刻字 subscribe to 订阅（报纸） bill 药单 bill 帐单
description 描述; inscription 题字 prescribe for a patient write Health Services 卫生部
out 开处方 WHO = World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
indisposition n.小病 minor illness 小病 minor operation 小手术 Air Services 航空公司 travel service 旅行社
I'm indisposed. mounting = climb mountain
hasten vi.急忙，赶忙 haste n.匆 More haste and less speed. 欲 astronomical figures 天文数字
速则不达 quicken 加快 show no signs = show not any sign 没有表现出迹象 show no
relatevt.叙述 recount （lesson 1） signs of
in all probability 很可能 (文雅的说法，一般可用 probably) at present 目前；时间状语提前 show no signs at present of
He is in all probably coming. (他有可能来) He probably comes. ceasing n.停止，终止 ceasing to rise = stopping rising
(他有可能来) majority 大多数 minority 少数 minority nationalities 少数民族
takern.吃药人 take medicine 吃药 I'm attending the hospital.看病
put up with 忍受 I can put up with your ill temper. 忍受 stand, out-patients departments 门诊
bear, endure emergency 急诊
disgusting adj.令人讨厌的 nauseate 恶心，令人作呕 appetite 胃 adequate treatment 足够的护理
口 appetizing 有胃口的，美味的 eyesore 眼中钉，丑的东西 unless 引导条件句
inconvenience n..不便 unless = if not
convenience 便利 convenient adj. 方便的 if it is convenient to tangible 实实在在的
you …… take convenience of sb. 对某人加以利用 take in the shape of ….. 以这种形式
advantage of sb. 利用某人 My works appear in the shape of poesy.
My works appear in the form of poesy. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our
pills 药丸 tablet 药片 dose 药剂，一剂药 ointment 药膏 century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. In
the doctor in charge of the department 主任医生 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher
only too 非常（注意不是否定的意义） Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads,
no + 比较级 = 最高级 suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years
disposing of patients 打发病人 to the British Government and industrial circles. It was the idea of
he could not come at better time. 他来得正是时候。 supporting a craft on a' pad ', or cushion, of low-pressure air,
since 表示原因 ringed with a curtain of higher pressure air. Ever since, people
overwork 超负荷，工作太忙 have had difficulty in deciding whether the craft should be ranged
little-appreciated 不受欢迎 among ships, planes, or land vehicles--for it is something in
time-consuming 浪费时间 energy-consuming 费力 between a boat and an aircraft. As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was
money-consuming 浪费钱 trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance
body-building 健身 which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its
right living = regular life speed. His answer was to lift the vessel out of the water by making
kick off 踢开 it ride on a cushion of air, no more than one or two feet thick. This
quit 扔掉 is done by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of
general 泛泛的，不具体的 the craft. It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot fly higher--its action
if you write in this way, it is OK, pretty good. depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.
Nor …….引出例证 The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation. The
Nor is it 倒装句 hovercraft travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach,
ill-educated 无知的，没受过教育的 climbed up the dunes, and sat down on a road. Later it crossed the
nor 强调上文，引出下文 Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no
if it be …….虚拟语气，省略 should problem.
chemist 药剂师 Since that time, various types of hovercraft have appeared and
it is recounted of sb. 据说 taken up regular service--cruises on the Thames in London, for
Thomas Carlyle 1795-1881 苏格兰历史学家，散文家 instance, have become an annual attraction. But we are only at the
heard of 听说 beginning of a development that may transport netsea and land
read of / know of / learn of 了解到 transport. Christopher Cockerell's craft can establish transport
carrying with him 带着 works in large areas with poor communications such as Africa or
what remained of 剩下的 Australia; it can become a 'flying fruit-bowl', carrying bananas
后置定语 formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs Carlyle's from the plantations to the ports, giant hovercraft liners could span
an indisposition of sb.'s 强调唯一性 the Atlantic; and the railway of the future may well be the
from which 后置定语 'hovertrain', riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it
which = illness never touches, at speeds up to 300 m.p.h.--the possibilities appear
suffer from 得病 unlimited.
a medicine that had worded so well in one form of illness L36 Exploring the Sea-floor
以一种病疗效甚好 Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to
be of 具有 be of equal benefit = be beneficial the two-dimensional shape of the sea-surface and the hazards of
comfort 安慰 navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow
hasten to 加快步伐 water close to the land. The open sea was deep and mysterious,and
进一步说明对药的依赖和盲目信从 anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom
make no demands on sb. 对某人没有要求 confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea-bed was flat.
beyond = except 除……之外 Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400
that 指代 demand fathoms in 1836 but it was not until 1800, when H.M.S. Porcupine
disgusting taste 难受的味道 was put at the disposal of the Royal Society for several cruises,
put up (for a moment) with ……..插入语 that a series of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the
put up with …..for a moment first samples were collected by dredging the bottom. Shortly after
总结 this the famous H.M.S. Challenger expedition established the
demand of 要求某人干某事 study of the sea-floor as a subject worthy of the most qualified
demand of sb. = demand sb. to do sth. physicists and geologists. A burst of activity associated with the
结构特点：观点-----》例证 laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the Challenger's
L35 The Pegasus Book of Inventors observation that many parts of the ocean were two to three miles
deep, and the existence of underwater features of considerable is surely such a thing as untruth. One is generally aware when one
magnitude. has said something, or acted in some way which has left on other
Today enough soundings are available to enable a relief map of the people an impression not strictly in accordance with the facts. One
Atlantic to be drawn and we know something of the great variety is generally aware, also. when one has thrust aside an inconvenient
of the sea-bed's topography. Since the sea covers the greater part thought and slid into its place another thought which is convenient.
of the earth's surface it is quite reasonable to regard the sea-floor One's awareness in the former case is in general more acute than in
as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with superimposed upon the latter, since we are more on the look-out for the lies we utter
it the continents, together with the islands and other features of the than for those we merely think. In fact, however, it is the
oceans. The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly untruthful thought which is the more vicious of the two. Spoken
three miles above the floor of the open ocean. From the shore-line lies are invariably tiresome and may actually be dishonest. But
out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a continuous lying in the mind, a disease to which the Anglo-Saxon
few hundred miles runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, is peculiarly exposed, spells the destruction of human thought and
geologically part of the continents. The real dividing-line between character.
continents and oceans occurs at the foot of a steeper slope. This 5 star
continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the New words and expressions
ice-fathom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches （改正）Victoria (1837-1901)
the true ocean-floor at 2,500-3,000 fathoms. The slope averages 前期是 unrest, alarm.后期 growing prosperity
about 1 in 30, but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and industrialism 工业革命 free trade 自由贸易
gentle sediment-covered terraces, and near its lower reaches there Britain was named workshop of the world.
is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material cession of Hongkong to U.K.
transported out to deep water after being eroded from the cession 割让
continental masses. opium war 鸦片战争
critical realism 批判现实主义
L37 On Telling the Truth made big fortune = made good money
The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to Charles Dickens---hard times 艰难时事
man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavoured to pretend middle class 中产阶级
that all their marriages were happy. We, for our part, admitting the The Tale of Two Cities 双城记 Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 Vanity
fact that no feat of intelligence and character is so exacting as that Fair 名利场 status 地位 rank 头衔
required of two people who desire to live permanently together on 乔治。艾里奥特
a basis of amity, are obsessed by the problem of how to render the Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte 姐妹 分别写了 Jane Eyre 简
basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable, in order 爱 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄
that unhappy marriages may less frequently result. The Victorians Michelle---Gone with the wind 飘
would have considered it 'painful' or 'unpleasant' were one to point submit to 屈服于 destined fate 注定的命运 turn against her fate
out that only four marriages out of every ten are anything but 与她的命运对抗 self-portrait 自画像 tuberculosis 肺结核 sorrow
forced servitudes. We ourselves start from this very assumption 悲痛
and try to build from it a theory of more sensible relations between simplified version 简写版---original 原著
the sexes. Of all forms of arrant untruthfulness Victorian optimism accord vt.给予 grant 同意，给予 grant sb. sth.
appears to me to have been the most cowardly and the most He was accorded the permission to enter thelibrary.
damaging. to accord the guest a warm welcome.
Truth, therefore, is an attitude of the mind. lt is important, if one endow vt.（二十八课）vt.赋予
does not wish to inconvenience and to bore one's friends, not to for one's part 就某人而言 in terms of ourselves/on the part of us
tell lies. But it is more important not to think lies, or to slide into For our part, we have no objection.
those mechanical and untruthful habits of thought which are so my objection 我的反对意见（24 课）
pleasant and so easy as descents to mental ineptitude. The amity n.友善 harmony,
victorian habit of mind (which I consider to have been a bad habit Spare me 饶了我
of mind) was unduly preoccupied by what was socially and concord national concord 民族团结
morally convenient. Convenience is, however, in all affairs of life, our family members are/ live in amity/harmony/ concord.
an execrable test of value. One should have the courage to think obsess vt.使烦恼 I'm obsessed with too much assignment.
uncomfortably, since it is only by rejecting the convenient that one vex v.使烦<annoy vt.使苦恼<irrtate vt.激怒
can come to think the truth. I'm bored. 我烦了。
Not, after all, that there is any such thing as truth. At best we can obsess vt.迷住 I'm obsessed with sth./ sb.
approach to some relative approximation. On the other hand, there I'm obsessed with the idea of becoming a millionaire.
render vt.致使，给予 toss toss up 硬币
A serious illness rendered him rather weak.(render: 致使) abandon I'm abandoned by the girl.
render thanks to sb. 答谢（render: 给予） dump 抛弃
render sb. a favor 给某人帮个忙 I'm dumped. 我被甩了。I'm rejected. I'm abandoned.
render sth. into Enghlish 翻译 The relation broke up 关系断了
render a role 扮演一个角色 he renders a role in the movie./to approximation n.近似 approximate adj.
interpret a role/to play a role he is approximately an average student.
servitude n.奴役 He is/ was in servitude. 他没自由 approximately = about
sex n.性别 male/ female acute a.敏锐的 he has acute eyes.他目光敏锐 eagle eye bat eye
female:weaker, fair, gentle / male:strong, rougher, sterner 瞎眼 observant eye/decerning eyes
half the sky 半边天 sex appeal 性感 bad egg/ hooligan/dirty dog look-out n.警戒 on the look-out for the bad habit
坏蛋 look-out n.守望员
arrant a.纯粹的(否定意义) sheer on the alert alert 警报 on the guard 小心
arrant nonsense 一派胡言， vicious a.恶毒的
out and out/downright He is out and out hooligan. thrust vt.猛然推开=cast aside thrust my English aside
cowardly a.怯懦的 coward 胆小鬼，懦夫 chicken/craven thrust one's way through the crowd 挤出人群
you two are fighting and finally you cry craven.求饶 elbow one's way
spineless adj. 没骨气的 spine n.脊骨 thrust five Yuan into my hand 塞给我五元钱
shrinking shrink 缩水 thrusting 盛气凌人
knee 膝盖 weak kneed 胆小鬼，腿软 expose vt.暴露
fainthearted 胆小的 Girls don't want to expose themselves in the sun.
slide into 不知不觉得陷入 suntanned 被太阳晒黑的
I slide into the bad habit of smoking. be expose to 暴露在 Students should be exposed to more reading。
I slide into the bad habit of rising late. 学生应该多读书。
I'm a late riser. /early riser 早起的人 Spell n. 咒语 spell vt.导致，带来 lead to/ invite
=slip into Sloth spells failure. 懒惰生恶果。Pride spells failure.骄兵必败
inconvenience vt.打扰 result in /incur 招致
trouble 打搅 bore/bother I'm spellbound. 我被迷住了
Probably I trouble you for a minute. Anglo-Saxon n.盎格鲁-撒克逊人（449-1066）
ineptitude n. 笨拙的 Roman Empire falls retreat 撤退
servitude n. 奴隶状态 Celtic 凯尔特人
-tude 是名词后缀 Notes on the text 5 star
ept 聪明灵活的 第一句：The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness
clumsy 笨拙的 accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage（后置定语）
,
competence n. 能力 competent adj. endeavoured to pretend that all their marriages were happy.（主提）
incompetent 无能的 Victorians:那个时代的人们
bungling 笨拙的 endeavour = try 尽力，尝试 make effects
unduly ad.过分地 excess extreme 极度 accorded to man = given to man
moderate 不过量的 immoderate 过量的 save fighting 拳击
modest/immodest mental enjoyment 思想的幸福
overmuch 第二句：We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat （技巧）
due 准时 of intelligence and character is so exacting as that required of two
The train is due at seven o'clock. people who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity,
My book is due. 我的书到期了。passport 护照 are obsessed by the problem of how to render the basic facts of
renew it 续借，续签 cohabitation simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy
execrable.恶劣的，令人讨厌的 marriages may less frequently result.
contemptible 令人讨厌的 coarse 粗俗的 debased 下贱的，卑 render = make
鄙的 ignoble 不光彩的 abject 卑鄙的 cohabitation 同住
at best 充其量 average student 中等生 live in sin（罪过）
at most at least 至少 abbot 方丈
reject vt.丢弃 后跟 habit or idea feat 壮举，技巧
discard 后跟 sth. concrete discard the old clothes exacting 精确无误，毫厘不差
intelligence = mental work 第四句：The victorian habit of mind (which I consider to have
shoulder the burden 肩负责任 been a bad habit of mind) was unduly preoccupied by what was
in order that （表目的）以便于 socially and morally convenient.
result 产生 the Victorian habit of mind 维多利亚时期人们的思维习惯
hand in hand beggars 手牵手的乞丐（沿街乞讨的乞丐） preoccupied 占领（满脑子都是）
改句型：we admitted that ……..so we were obsessed…… unduly = improperly 不太恰当 convenient 有利的
第三句：The Victorians would have considered it 'painful' or socially and morally 对社会建设和道德建设 robbery n.抢夺，抢
'unpleasant' were one to point out that only four marriages out of 掠 stability 稳定
every ten are anything but forced servitudes. 第五句：Convenience is, however, in all affairs of life, an
虚拟语气，因为猜测。 execrable test of value. One should have the courage to think
if one were to point out……倒装句型=were one uncomfortably, since it is only by rejecting the convenient that one
four marriages out of every ten 十分之四 can come to think the truth.
anything but 除去 in all affairs of life 在社会的各个方面
arranged marriage 包办婚姻 red veil 红纱 test of value 对价值的衡量 execrable 恶劣的
第四句：We ourselves start from this very assumption and try to 第六句：One should have the courage to think uncomfortably,
build from it a theory of more sensible relations between the sexes. since it is only by rejecting the convenient that one can come to
（开始论述） think the truth.
very 修饰名词，是强调词 rejecting 抛弃掉
on the very day, I met the girl. 就在这一天，我见了那个女孩。 Lesson 37
On the very morning 就是那天早晨 第三段：Not, after all, that there is any such thing as truth.（倒装
from = based on 句型）At best we can approach to some relative approximation. On
sensible = reasonable 合理的 the other hand, there is surely such a thing as untruth. （开始论
第五句：Of all forms of arrant untruthfulness Victorian optimism 述）One is generally aware when one has said something, or acted
appears to me to the most cowardly and the most damaging. in some way which has left on other people an impression not
optimism 乐观派，乐观主义（主语） strictly in accordance with the facts.
have been 过去完成式， （第二个论点）One is generally aware, also. when one has thrust
damaging 危害严重的 aside an inconvenient thought and slid into its place another
介词短语前置句 thought which is convenient. One's awareness in the former case is
Victorian optimism appears to me to have been the most in general more acute than in the latter, since we are more on the
cowardly and the most damaging of all forms of arrant look-out for the lies we utter than for those we merely think. In
untruthfulness. fact, however, it is the untruthful thought which is the more
truthful 真实的，说真话的 untruthful 爱说谎的，不真实的 vicious of the two. Spoken lies are invariably tiresome and may
to face reality 面对现实 actually be dishonest. But continuous lying in the mind, a disease
my family is well off/ honeyed. to which the Anglo-Saxon is peculiarly exposed, spells the
第二段第一句：Truth, therefore, is an attitude of the mind.（观点 destruction of human thought and character.
更鲜明） after all 毕竟，归根到底
truth 说真话 at best 充其量
an attitude of the mind 可替换为 a state of mind 精神状态 approach = get close to 没有绝对，只有相对而言。
mental age 心理年龄 moral decay 道德败坏 on the other hand 另一方面
第二句：lt is important, if one does not wish to inconvenience and 前面对应词组：on the one hand
to bore one's friends, not to tell lies.（进一步说明） aware = clear
第三句：But it is more important not to think lies, or to slide into in some way 以某种方式
those mechanical and untruthful habits of thought which are so leave an impression on sb.给某人留下印象
pleasant and so easy as descents to mental left on other people an impression 介词短语提前，因为 impression
ineptitude. 后有定语，避免歧义
think = imagine in accordance with 与……一致
slide into 滑进去，陷进去 mechanical 机械的 elegance n.高雅，典雅
conscious 有意识的 thrust aside = reject
unconscious 无意识的 slide into 滑到
descent 产物，后代 acute 敏锐
mental ineptitude 不动脑筋 utter = tell
bar 单杠 vicious 危害严重的 disease lying in the mind
be exposed to 暴露在……下 colour-blind a. 色盲的
spells = bring about 带来，招致 perception n. 知觉
biographer 传记作者 diplomat 外交家 perceptible a. 可感知的
Henry Moore Russell Hemingway O.Henry perceptive + to sth. 思维敏感
Jack London Faulkner Bacon Gissing Gilbert sensitive + to sth. 身体敏感 emotional a. 感情的 sentimental
Maugham 多愁善感
stream of consciousness 意识流 emotional 更加情绪化，由于当时的情况变化而产生情绪的激
loose in struture 结构松散 昂，指一时的冲动
Faulkner Girls are more or less sentimental when they saw some sad things.
a film maker comprehend vt. 理解 comprehension n.
Pulitzer prize apprehend v. 理解
Quotations of Chairman Mao apprehension n.
comprehensibly 好理解地
L38 The Sculptors Speaks comprehensive ability 理解综合能力
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the abi8lity to respond to spatial a. 空间的 temporal 时间的
form in three dimensions. That is perhaps why sculpture has been We all follow spatial and temporal order.我们写作要严循时空顺
described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more 序。
difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, spacious a.=huge and big 宽敞的
shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' spatial state 空间状态
than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes as it were （虽不可能）但似乎是…
only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances,depths. visualize vt. 设想=imagine
Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to visual 眼睛的，关于视野的
develop(partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly audit 听力的
three-dimensional distances. But having satisfied the requirements audience 观众
of practical necessity, most people go no further. Though they may visual and audit lesson 视听课 vision 视野
attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do view 观点
not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to visible 可见的 visual effect 视觉效果 visual mobility 视觉动感
comprehend form in its full spatial existence. conceive/envisage/picture v. 想象
This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to I can picture sth. in my mind.我头脑中构思…
think of , and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets centre of gravity 重心
the solid shape, as it were, inside his head--he thinks of it, reminiscence n. 回忆，联想
whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in remind 回忆
the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form The fade coloured picture reminds me of my happy childhood.
from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the 这幅发黄的照片使我回忆起了童年。
other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its reminiscent a.
mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape The picture is reminiscent of my happy childhood.
displaces in the air. And the sensitive observer of sculpture must The picture is a reminiscence of my happy childhood.
also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminder 勾起回忆的物品
reminiscence. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple literary a. 文学的 literature 文学
single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food,or from literary works 文学作品 literary field 文学界
the literary idea that it will become a bird. literary criticism 文学批评，文学评论
And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, literate 有知识的，识字的人 illiterate 不识字的，文盲
a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a anti-illiteracy movement 扫盲运动
bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone. From these he can anti-drags movement 禁毒运动
go on to appreciate more complex forms of combinations of literary translation 直译=word to word translation
several forms. New words and expressions free translation 意译=paraphrase
sculpture n. 雕刻（人体雕像，大型的雕塑像） plum n. 李子
statuary 雕像 pear n. 梨子 peach 桃子，大美人
engrave 在一些东西上刻花，刻工艺品，刻字 peachblossom 桃花
inscribe 题字 peach flower fan/ peachblossom fan 桃花扇
score 刻成一些比较可爱的小东西 tadpole n. 蝌蚪
form-blind a. 行盲的（指空间感不足） I'm a Tadpole.我是密西西比(Mississippi)人。
frog 青蛙 Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
The tadpole is the larva of the frog.蝌蚪是青蛙的幼体。 The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was,
mushroom n. 蘑菇 above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudices
to spring up like mushrooms 如雨后春笋般 and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to
Individual enterprises are springing up like mushrooms. nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions
carrot n. 胡萝卜 fearlessly. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and
the stick and the carrot policy 软硬兼施政策 he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and
parrot n. v. 鹦鹉 He always parrots.他老是鹦鹉学舌。 Ptolemy together. He was the man who climbed the Leaning
bud n. 花蕾 Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who
The flower is in bud.这朵花含苞欲放。 rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results
nip sth. in the bud 防患于未然 of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.
lark n. 云雀=skylark ladybird n. 瓢虫=ladybug litterbug 乱扔垃 But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of
圾的人 the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the
bulrush n. 芦苇 She/He is a bulrush.她/他是墙头草。 philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has
combination n. 结合体 profoundly modified this view of Galileo. Today, although the old
My article combines the simplicity and the elegance.我的文章既 Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of
简洁又美观。 science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the
sculptor n. 雕刻家 same time our sympathy for Balileo's opponents has grown
Notes on the text somewhat. His telescopic observation are justly immortal; they
This article is about how to enjoy/appreciate beauty in terms of aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical
sculpture.怎样欣赏美的雕塑 consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the
appreciation of sculpture 欣赏，理解雕塑 potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus. But can we
depend upon=depend on blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we
口语多用 depend on，书面语多用 depend upon remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for
respond to 对…有一种反映能力 long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument?
involve 与…有关=is concerned with Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's
distinguish=differ telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral
practical necessity 实际需求 nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the
strive to 追求 eighteen-forties were scratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps
solid 固定的=physical 实在的 forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by
inside his head 在他脑子中间 Galileo's spy-glass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries
whatever its size=no matter what size it is 不论其什么样的形状 before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not
enclose 包着 truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would
all round 整个周围 distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?
penetrability 穿透力 New words and expressions
identify with 与…等同 Galileo 意大利物理及天文学家 Italian
He identifies himself with masses.他和群众打成一片。 He is the founder of modern physics. Sun Center/ Earth Center
mass 质量 Copernicus polish astronomy
realize=regard 看作… Roman Catholic
volume 体积 heretic 异教徒
displace 排出，排放，放置 governing body
Archimedes 浮力定律，阿基米德 All roads lead to Rome.
principle of buoyancy 浮力定律 controversy n. 争论，争议=argument/quarrel/debate
apart from=different I had words with my wife.吵架
so with=seem as They two are controversial.因观点不同而争论
Henry Moore (1898-1986) universiade debating 大学生辩论会
clash/confrontation mental conflict
L39 Galileo Reborn Galileo If you go to America, you will find very surprising and shocking
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; clash between western and oriental cultures.
but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see controversial beyond controversy 毫无疑问=beyond question
even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its dust n. 纠纷，骚动 to raise dust 引起争论
proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Dust are you from, back to dust you will go.
rib 肋骨/steak 排骨 It is familiar to me.
He always licks the dust.卑躬屈膝 Familiarity breeds contempt.
eat dust 忍辱负重，卧薪尝胆 Distance lets enchantment to do well.
The emperor of Yue ate dust for several years. Finally he turned culpable a. 应受谴责的=condemnable
against and also he successed. culprit 罪犯
raise a dust/ kick up a dust 引起争论 allege vt. 断言
His rude remarks raise a dust. spiral a. 螺旋状的
the Inquisition n. （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭 nebula n. 星云 dust and mist
thirty days grace/confess scratch n. 擦痕 scratch a match 划火柴 scratch a meal 扒两口饭
perspective n. 观点，看法=view/stand/stance/proposition scratch back 抓挠 scratch cat 打架厉害的女人 pinch
My view/stand/stance/proposition is that...我的观点是… Jupiter n. 木星
prejudice n. 偏见 罗马神话(Roman mythology)的主神是 Jupiter
《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)全书第一句是：It is a truth 希腊神话(Greek mythology)的主神是 Zeus
well-known to the world that an unmarried man in possession of a spy-glass n. 小望远镜 telescope 大望远镜
big fortune must be in want of a wife.有钱的单身汉总想娶位太 contrivance n. 器械 instrument/appliance
太，这已成为一条举世公认的真理。 distort vt. 歪曲=falsify/misrepresent/warp
arranged marriage 包办婚姻 distort the fact 歪曲事实
be prejudiced against reborn n. 再生=rebirth
He has a prejudice against me.他对我有偏见。 Notes on the text
be discriminate against long since 早已
Blacks are discriminated against.黑人受歧视。 He has long since died. the scientific dust since then has settled for
racial discrimination 种族歧视 a long time
The mom plays favorites with her eldest son.母亲对大儿子偏心。 in its proper/wrong perspective
above all 首先 He is honest. He is kind. Above all he is very something like/proper
diligent.（强调"勤奋"） He is something like musician.
despise vt. 蔑视 dislike<belittle<contempt<despise<loathe something like its proper perspective 基本正确地来看待
I despise snakes. in its proper sense/perspective
Aristotle 古希腊哲学家 classification in contrast 相反 controversial figure
physics/rhetoric/poetry/psychology view of Galileo 人们对 Galileo 的看法 Galileo's view Galileo 的
mind of the school 看法
Ptolemy 古希腊哲学家 book learning 书本知识 blind worship 盲目崇拜
Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔 put 提出
inclined plane 斜面 draw one's conclusion 作出结论
horizontal plane 水平面 powerful influence of religion
generalize vt. 归纳 generalization/summarize/induce there: in the sky
free fall 自由落体 weights 重物
undercurrent n. 潜流 a hidden tendency behind the general generalize... into 把…总结成
opinion law/theory law: natural/theory: mental
sympathy n. 同情 I have sympathy for him. law of nature 自然法则
be sympathetic with a closer study 更仔细地研究
fellow feeling 同情 support 修饰 study
justly ad. 确实地，无疑地 no doubt sense: understanding
immortal a. 不朽的 consciousness: understanding
Humans are mortal. profoundly: deeply
mortal sins 人世间的罪 modified: changed
He dealt me a mortal blow.他给了我致命一击。 1 of the period
He is mortally ill.病重 2 new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents
the immortals 长生不老的人 old: late 已故的
intimate a. 详尽的=detailed intimate report live on 活跃在
exhaustive/minute/blow-by-blow popular writings 科普文章 picture: idea
familiarity n. 熟悉 familiar a. opponents 反对者 the majority of the commons
I am familiar with it. somewhat: a little they: telescopic observations
striking: surprising/shocking simple reason that the twentieth century is the century of planetary
demonstration: show/exhibition potentiality/potential overcrowding.
tap one's potentials 挖掘潜力 New words and expressions
possibility precarious a. 不稳定的
blame: criticize perilous 山势险恶的，危险的
powers 倍数 poverty n.贫困
calls for: needs I live in poverty. / I'm poverty-stricken. / My family is
extol him to the sky poverty-stricken.
backward society constitute vt. 构成 constitute a menace 构成威胁
ardent follower of Aristotle and Ptolemy compatible with 和……处的来 incompatible
allege （内容一般不真实） The meal is tolerable. 这饭还说的过去。
observed with The meal is intolerable 这饭真差。
Lord 勋爵 scratches 碎片 virgin work 处女作 virgin soil 处女地 virgin voyage 处女航
grinder 磨工，尤指磨刀具的工人，研磨者 Virgin Mary 圣母玛利亚
a sheer liar telling lies apt a.易于 apt to / be apt to theme song 主题歌
to tell people to tell truth Notes on the text
forgive: pardon populations 表示各地的人口
moons 卫星 in his day 在他的时代 curved glass 曲面镜 to one another 相互之间有关系
convex 凸透镜 concave 凹透镜 fatter/thinner a pair of 一对 to natural resources 和自然资源也有关系
too abrupt/radical the growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty=people
become poorer and poorer
L40 Themes and Variations e.g. The growing prosperity in the midst of growing prosperity
Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one enables men to travel worldwide.人们越来越富使得人们可以周
another, but also to natural resources. In most parts of the world, 游世界。
the relation between population and resources is already permanent=long time, enduring 长期的，永久的(lasting)
unfavourable and will probably become even more unfavourable permanent love 永久的爱 / permanent friendship 持久的友谊 /
in the future. This growing poverty in the midst of growing permanent member 永久会员
poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace. And not only to And not only to peace, but also to democratic institutions and
peace, but also to democratic institutions and personal liberty. For personal liberty. (无谓句)
overpopulation is not compatib1e with freedom. An unfavourable liberty 自由度，个人自由
relationship between numbers and resources tends to make the I love my sister, my brother…also my grandmother. (强调
earning of a living almost intolerably difficult. Labour is more grandmother)强调句
abundant than goods, and the individual is compelled to work long …, constitutes a permanent menace to peace, also to democratic
hours for little pay. No surplus of accumulated purchasing power institutions and personal liberty.(语气较弱)
stands between him and the tyrannies of unfriendly nature or of the freedom 用途很广 I enjoy freedom. 今天我休息。
equally unfriendly wielders of political and economic power. liberty 政治上的自由 Statue of Liberty 自由女神像
Democracy is, among other things, the ability to say 'no' to the numbers=population
boss. But a man cannot say 'no' to the boss, unless he is sure of dog-eat-dog 人吃人 竞争激烈的
being able to eat when the boss's favour has been withdrawn. And lucrative job 肥缺 / cut figure out 崭露头角
he cannot be certain of his next meal unless he owns the means of tend 强调无意识的 e.g. He tends to rise early. 他习惯于早起。
producing enough wealth, for his family to live on, or has been intend 强调有意识的 e.g. He intends to rise early. 他爱早起。
able to accumulate a surplus out of past wages, or has a chance of labour force 劳动力
moving to virgin territories, where he can make a fresh start. In an surplus 剩余 surplus value 剩余价值 labour surplus 剩余劳动
overcrowded country, very few people own enough to make them 力
financially independent; very few are in a position to accumulate purchasing power 购买力
purchasing power; and there is no free land. Moreover, in any accumulated 堆积的，蓄积的（open-handed）
country where population presses hard upon natural resources, the tyranny n. 残暴
general economic situation is apt to be so precarious that political and economic power=countries
government control of capital and labour, production and wielders 统治者
consumption, becomes inevitable. It is no accident that the 此句话的意思可表示为：
twentieth century should be the century of highly centralized It is impossible for him/for individual to get anything under the
governments and totalitarian dictatorships; it had to be so for the ruthless nature and the merciless government.
power: 国家 America is a superpower. 美国是超级大国。 states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the
above all 首要 = among other things 表示强调说法 form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who
democracy: are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so
to build a government of the people, by the people and for the carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable
people. (Lincoln) (民有、民治、民享) wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its
unless=if…not benefits ?
favour: 恩惠 in the boss's favour. 这是老板的大红人 He is the So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers,
boss's favourite. (很吃香) He is a diplomat. 他左右逢源，很会来 lawyers and defendants, marriages and births--but our spiritual
事。 outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and
withdraw: 取走 figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and
and: 句式连接 on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If
My mother is a doctor, and my father is a driver. our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we
My mother is a doctor. And my father is a driver. would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable.
be certain=be sure of Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge
means 手段，方法 by means of 通过……手段 inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member
live on: 依靠……而生活 I live on rice/noodle.live by one's of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is, equally equipped
hands 靠劳动 live by the mountains 靠山吃山，靠水吃水 for life.
feed on It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most
out of 从……出来 out of reason / He did out of impulse. 他出于 progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive
冲动。 cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional
virgin territories 新的国度 make a fresh start 重新开始 instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates '--if the term
financially independent 经济独立 = economically independent can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own
financially dependent on my parents 需要父母给钱 compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in
Mentally I would rather you stay. 打心眼里我是真舍不得你走。 France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in
be in a position to=be able to a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before
这位教授有资格能对这个事件发表看法。 we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could
The professor is in a position to air on this topic. share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the
press upon=press on 施加压力给…… past centuries.
be apt to=tend to government control 政府控制 capital 资本 Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All
it is no accident 决不是偶然 are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in
centralized : (I want to build a cradle for security. (Stalin)) our society, often hampers the full development of a growing
Aldous Huxley (奥尔德斯·赫胥黎) (1894-1963 英国作家，他最 personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present
著名作品 Brave New World (美丽新世界)描绘了以科学方式组 attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the savannahs
织的理想社会的恐怖情景) know of no 'juvenile delinquency.' No necessity of making a living
Aldous Huxley is No. 1 humorist in Britain. (林语堂) away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is
Arnold 阿诺德：英国著名作家（Aldous Huxley's uncle） confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
Tomas Huxley (严复《天演论》，Aldous Huxley's grandfather) New words and expressions
The Statue of Liberty: 碑铭(1886 年，法国送给美国) inherit vt.继承 disinherit v.剥夺继承权
"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to illiterate n. 文盲 literary a. 文学的 literature n.文学
breathe free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send circum=surrounding 周围的
these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside circus 马戏团，马戏场
the golden door!" circumspect a. 慎重的，周到的，小心谨慎的
"给我你那劳累，贫穷，蜷曲渴望呼吸自由的身躯，可怜被遗 environment n. (用单数) circumstance n. (用复数)
弃在你们海岸的人群们，交给我吧，那些无家可归的、颠簸流 deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人机会 rob: 抢 rob sb. of sth.
离的人们，我在金色之门高举明灯迎接他们" e.g. He deprived me of the opportunity of education. / He deprived
重点课文，37、39、40、31 课 me of freedom. / I'm deprived./downfallen.
possess: 拥有 dispossess sb. of sth.
L41 The Origin of Things invest: 投资 devest: 拿走
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an denude v. 使身无分文
education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse convince sb. of sth. e.g. He convinced me of his honesty.
circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century (强调结果)
opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern persuade sb. to do sth. e.g. She persuade me to go shopping
with her. （强调过程） 'invest': 投资
His speech is very convincing. (具有说服力) institutions of learning 学术机构 institutions of higher learning:
enlightened: 受到启迪 高等教育
Listen to both sides, you will be enlightened. (兼听则明) 'interest': 利息
the enlightenment 启蒙运动 We should base on understanding on in the form of / in the shape of
reason. 理性认识世界 enlightened: 有知识的 potential: 潜在=possible
1. ancient philosopher (Aristotle) elite: 精英
2. Renaissance (文艺复兴) work out=design 设计
3. scientific revolution punctuate: 加强
Religion always regarded human as vicious. (well-natured: 人性 wells: 源泉 wells of wisdom: 知识源泉
本善) What would…(虚拟语气)
Famous figures: Bacon, Locke, Rousseau《The Confessions》 benefits: 裨益
instruct: 指导 instructor 辅导员 cycle of instruction 教学周期 without (虚拟语气的成分居多)=but for: 若不是，若没有 if there
punctuate vt.加强，介入，加标点 acupuncture 针灸术 were not its benefits…
underline: 加强 fortify: 加强（工事） intensify: 强化 The ideas that come to him so thick and fast, where are they now?
preach sermon missionary: 带着任务到国外传教 名词+疑问句=感叹句
defendant n. 被告 (plaintiff: 原告 prosecutor: 原告（尤指刑事） Women, who can live with them? who can live without them?
MA=master of arts: 硕士 PHD：博士 defendant: 论文的答辩 that we would have 虚拟
者 defend my thesis spiritual outlook: 精神面貌/世界
mental outlook: 精神面貌 world outlook: 世界观 bare foot doctor: 赤脚医生
vision/view/sight lay stress on: 强调，重视
capacity n. 能力 breath capacity: 肺活量 'facts and figures': 数字和事实 （think, judge, reason）
capability/caliber: high caliber more on a good memory
in the capacity of: 以什么身份 woman's wit 没有任何的解释
e.g. In the capacity of a chairman, I extend a warm welcome to all applied psychology: 应用心理学
the delegates. 我以主席身份，热烈欢迎各位代表。 capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens (nepotism:
inherit vt. inheritor: 继承人 裙带关系) / criterion: 标准
people/folk: 民族 （highly civilized） fashioned=designed=tailored
tribe: backward Mongolian tribe 蒙古部落 bookless: 没有书本 homeless / childless / treeless (a treeless
clan: 氏族 maternal: 母系 paternal: 父系 mountain) 名词+less 构成反义词
illiterate n. 文盲 literate: 有文化的 antiilliteracy 扫盲 democratic: 民主的 / imaginable: 可以想象的
compulsory service system 义务服役制 most+imaginable/possible (后置定语)
compulsory course 必修科目 The most relax form possible is to go picnicking.
optional/selective course: 选修科目 equality: 平等 / same footing: 同起点
deem=regard/think I deem him right. inherited by tradition is shared by all (equality)
He hampers my progress. in this respect / regard / area: 在这一角度而言
block / thwart shackle: 枷锁 impede: 阻止 equip (with knowledge) for life
jungle law: 丛林法则 the survival of the fittest 适者生存 ideal 不具有比较最高级
savannah: 大草原（比较潮湿的湿地） in South America progressive: 进步的
delinquency juvenile delinquency regain: 重新获得
crime/sin/guilt Education can be spread to every man possible. (9 year
crime 非常严重 commit compulsory educational system: 九年义务制)
sin: 可以饶恕的罪行 Amitabha primitive cultures=in ancient times
guilt: (抽象)犯罪 I am guilty. cultures: 国家, different cultures: 不同的国家
confront vt. 面对 （face 的书面用语） obligation: 义务
confront difficulty / be confronted with binding: 绑, bound (As one of the social members, you had to
There's a confrontation between the two nations. take responsibility to receive education. )
convinced of: 被说服，相信=believing 'illiterate' 文盲
As an apple is not an apple in any things until it is ripe, so a man script=word: 文字
without education is not a man in any things. compulsory: 强制的，义务的 attendance: 注册或到校报到
as…so…结构 =education (compulsory / forced / binding)
states=nations=governments before we deemed it necessary
I went out before it rained. (before: (1)直译，之前 （2）之后 ) What the child cannot forgive is the parents' refusal to admit these
share in: 分享其中一份 charges if the child knows them to be true.
"happy few": (Greece, Rome, China: private school) Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating
wilderness: 荒野 behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact hey did nothi
be equal to+名词或动名词=be qualified for ng of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know
none of the hurry （拔苗助长）: to spoil a child by excessive how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but
enthusiasm on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the p
full development: 全面发展 / growing personality: 正在生长的 arent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however pai
人性（人格） nful it may be at the moment.
there 指 wilderness New words and expressions
ever-present: 无处不在 Slurn. 诋毁
Mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet their Annoy vt.使生气
children when they return from school. Spiteful 恶意的，怀恨的 Dignity n.尊严
jungle: 丛林 Resolve vt.决心
know of: 了解，听说=hear of Disillusionment n.幻灭感
'juvenile delinquency' 少年犯 Stand up to 经得起
No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect Infallibility n.一贯正确
of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' Resent vt.怨恨
an education for his child. Sincerity n.诚挚
e.g. No man will marry her. (对整句 man will marry her 的否定) Charge n.指责
be confronted with=face =confront Retreat vi.后退
本文特点：radical: 激进的 Unreasoning a.不凭理智的
Authoritarian a.专制的
L42 Journey through Adolescence Cow vt.吓唬
Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of the slur put /cast a slur on sb. 给 ….以诋毁
ir friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, slander 诽谤 （lesson31） backbite He backbites me.Smear 涂污，
or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see 诽谤 Fame 名声 Defame 诽谤 Defamation 诽谤 put/cast a slur
that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, on…给…以诋毁
or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such a los Annoy 程度 not so strong
s of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part of the a 按程度分 irritate(烦了) anger fury（大发雷霆）
dults deeply shocks the adolescents, and makes them resolve that i 程度 annoy=bother=displease=disturb
n future they will not talk to their parents about the places or peopl 男女朋友吵架,令人心烦用 that really annoys me. 如
e they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that t 用 that really angers me. 就分手了
he child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seld annoying adj. You're reading a book, a mosquito hovers. You
om realize that they have brought this on themselves. can say "it's annoying'
Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they Vicious 恶毒的 Ill-natured 心眼怀的 Bitchy 恶毒的 Venom 毒
may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevi 液 Venomous 邪恶的
table. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless Indignity 侮辱 Keep dignity 守住面子 Lose dignity 丢面子
the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it ca hardly h To lie is to lose one's dignity.
ope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly s Illusion 幻想 幻觉 （没有实际的幻想）
urprised and deeply touched if they realize how much belief their c I'm under illusion that I will be a billionaire.
hildren usually have in their character and infallibility, and how m Fantasy 幻想 Fancy 幻想 Mirage 幻想 海市蜃楼 幻景
uch this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this ad Massage 按摩
olescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was Message 信息
growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and in Stand up to (severe test /严峻考验 rumor/流言 charge/指
dependent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore wou 责 criticism/批评 )
ld not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. It's raining hard（heavily）, I brave to school. 不顾风雨 冒着雨
The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, Fallible 有问题的 Flaw 瑕疵 flawless 无暇的 Fault 错
always respects a parent who 误 faultless 无误的 Impeccable 完美无缺的
admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfai Every man is fallible. = No one is infallible. 人无完人
r or unjust. Resent 按程度分 dislike<resent<hate<loathe（very strong）
grudge 因妒嫉而恨 ~ one's success
scold<criticize 批评 (find faults with sb.) blame 指责 The present position is that the three main sources of power are co
（neglect of duty ）I'm to blame (for ……) 是我的责任 al, oil and
<Condemn denounce 谴责 water power. We sometimes refer to electricity ,gas or petrol as if t
Retreat I retreat to an armchair. 我一屁股坐到椅子上 hey were the actual source of power , forgetting that electricity mu
I ~ to bed early. 我早早睡觉 A summer retreat 避暑胜地 st be generated by the consumption of coal or oil or by the utilizati
Unreasoning 不靠理智推理>Unreasonable 不合逻辑的 on of water power, whilst coke,gas and petrol are examples of seco
Dictator 专制 Dictatorial 专制的 Tyrannical 残暴的，专横的 ndary fuels by which coal and oil may be more effectively used.
Domineering 霸道的 厉害的 Authoritative 权威的 Where alternative sources of power are available there are some m
Coward 胆小鬼 Cower 颤抖 Scare 惊吓 Scare to death arked contrasts in handling. The bulk and weight of coal required i
Bully 欺凌弱小者 Browbeat 恫吓 My boss always browbeats me. n the majority of manufacturing industries is large in comparison
Upset 使心烦（unhappy） Slip into 溜进去 with the bulk and weight of other raw materials. This is not always
Ungrateful child 不孝子孙 People/parents are often upset … true--was with the manufacture of pig iron and steel from low-gra
Dine with sb. 和 … 吃饭 Furniture 家 de iron ores-- but it did lead to the concentration of industrial deve
具 (un.)A piece /article /set of furniture lopments on the coal-fields, a phenomenon well seen in such count
Adolescent (13~16) ries as Britain where the Industrial Revolution came before the day
Spoil himself 放肆 撒野 s of oil or electricity. Coal being a solid must be distributed mainly
Accuse 指责 accuse sb. of sth. by rail or water.
Loyal 忠诚的 忠心的 ~ to sth. Disloyalty 不忠 By way of contrast oil can be transported large distances by pipeli
Make remark = say ne but overseas movement has involved building of large numbers
On the part of =on their part 就他们而言 of tankers, including now some of the largest vessels afloat. Unles
Before very long 很快 马上 Long before 很久以前 s suitable on other grounds oilfields have not become industrial re
Before very long the parents will be complaining gions; on the contrary the oil industry is marked by a certain amou
that the child is …将来进行时 表示预见性极强 nt of smell and an element of danger, hence the siting of refineries
tight lipped 沉默的 at a distance from population centres. It is not always realized that
they have brought this on themselves = as you sow,so will you the owners of pipelines can handle the oil of different customers, s
raise. = fry oneself in one's own juice 自找麻烦 ending it through at different, periods. Natural gas can also be tran
however good and adequate they may be both= they may be both g sported large distances by pipe. Early in 1959 Britain received the
ood and adequate first ship cargo of natural gas----liquefied for the purpose of transp
however 用倒装 ort.
adequate 称职的=qualified
Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the … L44 The Backward Society
…. , that it(ideal) can hardly hope to stand up to a …… If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to ho
Developing 养成 ld it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduc
Power =ability 能力 es correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could b
Opposition 对立面 e used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten h
Resisting 拒绝 resenting 怨恨，敌视 ow small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Whe
keep their dignity 保全面子 re the cost of government is high, resources for development are c
Tend to 不由自主的 orrespondingly low.
表态度 loose lax extreme lenient This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with
that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur cert
L43 Our Developing World ain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purpose
Faith in controlled nuclear fission is now being shown by the const s, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managi
ruction of atomic power stations. In Britain, Calder Hall on the coa ng and administering the business. Such administrative overhead i
st of Cumberland first made its contribution to the National Electri n a business is analogous to the cost of government in a nation. Th
city grid in 1957. Subsequently a chain of nuclear power stations e administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that ev
was planned. Of necessity they are sited near the coasts or tidal wa eryone working in the business can, be trusted to behave in a way t
ter because of the need of much water for cooling and a certain dis hat best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trust
charge of possible radioactive effluent. Atomic power is associated ed to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as fa
in the public mind with the destructive force of atom bombs and p lls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It
artly for this reason, though it is claimed that there is no danger to will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man loo
be associated with atomic power stations, they are being sited awa king after each job, without having another man to check upon wh
y from populous centres. at he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.
But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible mann Civil marriage 不在教堂举行的婚礼
er towards his job, then the business will require armies of adminis She keeps the family in line.她把家打理得井井有条。
trators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will ri State 有政治概念 State law State visit 政事访问
se correspondingly. As administrative overhead rises, so the earnin Correspondingly; therefore so
gs of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, wil He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
l fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as divide Where the cost of government is high, resources for development a
nds or invest directly in its future progress and development. re correspondingly now.Where 可当作 if 翻译
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people Where there is life, there is hope
can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, th Compare with 与….. 比较
e government does not require armies of police and civil servants t Contrast 比较，侧重异 compare 侧重 相同 Compare to 比作
o keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government c Private (business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterp
annot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests rise 私企
of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the peo Out of business 破产
ple accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly h Concern with :talk about
igh costs of government. Concern for/about 关心
New words and expressions I concern for your health.
Disunited a.分裂的 Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that
Economic resource 经济实力 Exercise initiative 发挥能动性 Initiative stage 初级阶段
Incur vt.承担 Within their sphere/ to their utmost 尽其最大力量
Backward a.落后的 Report sth 报道 Report on 汇报
Administrative a.行政管理的 Overhead a.一般费用 I'm reading carefully. I'm reading with care. I'm reading in a carefu
Analogous a.类似的 l manner.
Behave vi.行动 An army (group) of
Sphere n.范围 Meet expense 收支相抵
Keep sb. in line 使某人协调 On one's behalf For one's benefit 代表某人的利益
Checker n.检查人员 Foreman n.监工 It's in your interest to tell truth (be honest).
Dividend n.红利
Civil servant 文职人员 L45 The Process of Ageing
Notes on the text At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous.
Unite ~all the people 团结所有的人民 It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or he
Unify （思想）统一 Union Unification Reunion 团聚 r full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Ea
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunio rlier we were infants and young children, and consequently more v
n.在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间 ulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mai and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally bec
nland and Taiwan Island.中国人希望大陆两岸统一。 ome so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look aft
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在 199X 年东西德统一 er ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after
Incur 承担 后面跟抽象名词 （费用，成本） us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing.
I have a family to support/feed/bear. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make tha
招致，导致 （不好的恶果） Pride incur failure.=invite,lead to t we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents an
Backward Forward 先进的 Backward nation Forward country d diseases we shall eventually die of old age, and that this happens
Under developed 欠发达 Developing 发展中 at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there ar
Organ 机构 Administrator 管理者 e heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five
Administration and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer-- on
Bush administration bush 当局（西方用人名，中国用地名） into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and ther
Beijing administration MBA master of business and administration e is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, howe
Sphere Hemisphere 半球 Eastern hemisphere 西半球 ver lucky and robust we are.
Western hemisphere 东半球 Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are
Semi-colony 半殖民 Feudal society 封建社会 Semi-feudal 半封 reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that
建 Semifinal 半决赛 people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour wi
Domain 域 Field scope 眼界 province 领域 th time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was some
He is very provincial 他没有远见 thing self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-o
Dividend （入股的）红利 Allowance 津贴 Bonus 奖金 ut of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and
probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, 4.injection
must in the nature of things 'wear out'. Most animals we commonl cry one's eyes out 嚎啕大哭
y observe do in fact age as we do if given the chance to live long e 5.undergo 经历 up and down/ lows and highs 沉浮
nough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch or the sun, do 6.the passing of time 时光流逝
in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of ther 7.heavy odds 极大可能
modynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point a 8.virtual:physical
t present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man 9.寿命 life-span life expectancy longevity
ages A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An ol 10.tend to 倾向，不由自主
d watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it event Unless and until 连词的连用
ually is not worth mending But a watch could never repair itself it 11.spoil oneself 糟蹋自己
does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away b 12.the …the …并列比较
y friction. We could,at one time, repair ourselves well enough, at l 13.organism 有机体
east, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses an accide In the nature of things 插入语
nts. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; 14.wind 上发条
an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can kno wound 上了发条的
ck us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we ar run-down 发条不紧的
e at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and 15.but=except
another 700 for the survivors to be reduce by half again. 16.fatul=deadly 致命的
New words and expressions
infant 婴儿(会说点话) baby 婴儿(不会说话) L46 The Menace of Urban Explosion from The Listener
the infant industry 新兴产业 in its infancy 在初始阶段 After millennia of growth so slow that each generation hardly noti
vulnerable 脆弱的 be vulnerable to 受不了 ced it, the cities are suddenly racing off in every direction. The wo
fragile 脆弱 (health/body) rld population goes up by two per cent a year, city population goes
barefaced 厚颜无耻的 defenceless 脆弱的(不设防的,无保护的) up by four per cent a year, but in big cities the rate may be as muc
imperceptible 感觉不到的(大多数 p 开头的形容词，
反义词加 im) h as five and six per cent a year. To give only one example of alm
invisible 看不到的 indiscernible 观察不到的 minute 微小的 ost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three dwellings An
subtle 细微的 d 100 square metres of road every hour. There is no reason to belie
steep 急转直下的（陡峭的）steep poor health 身体状况急转直 ve that this pace will slacken. As technology gradually swallows u
下 steep demand 苛刻的要求 p all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are
ageing 老化 going to shrink, just as they have shrunk in Britain, and the vast m
aged wine 陈酿 ajority of their people will move into the city. In fact, in Britain no
odds 可能性 There are/is odds that he will turn up.=The odds are w only about four or five per cent of people live in rural areas and
that he will turn up depend upon them; all through the developing world the vanguard
likelihood 可能性 of the rural exodus has reached the urban fringes already, and ther
It's odds that… /The odds are… /There are odds… 都是 ……有 e they huddle, migrants in the favellas and barrios of Latin Americ
可能 a, in shanty towns in Africa, in those horrifying encampments one
Odd 怪异的 sees on the outskirts of Calcutta and Bombay. We are heading tow
virtual 实际的 ards an urban world.
robust 强健的 （乐百氏）muscular 强壮的 athletic 壮的 thickset This enormous increase will go ahead whatever we do, and we hav
结实的 e to remember that the new cities devour space. People now acquir
kettle 水壶 e far more goods and things. There is a greater density of househol
wearing-ou t 穿破 d goods; they demand more services such as sewage and drainage.
thermodynamics 热力学 Above all the car changes everything: rising incomes and rising po
moot point 有争议的 pulations can make urban car density increase by something like f
run-down 破旧的 our and five per cent in a decade; traffic flows rise to fill whatever
decrepit 衰老 dilapidated 破旧的 shabby 破旧的（房子） scale of highways are provided for them. The car also has a curiou
Notes on the text s ambivalence: it creates and then it destroys mobility. The car tem
1.vigorous 后省略 stage pts people further out and then gives them the appalling problem o
同义词:lively/robust/dynamic f getting back. It makes them believe they can spend Sunday in Bri
2.yet=however yet 可在句中,不用标点 ghton, but makes it impossible for them to return before, say, two i
however 用在句中要用逗号 n the morning. People go further and further away to reach open ai
3.stealthy slide out of room 溜出房间 play truant 逃学 r and countryside which continuously recedes from them, and just
as their working weeks decline and they begin to have more time f 3．Resort 度假胜地 retreat 胜地 summer resort 避暑山
or leisure, they find they cannot get to the open spaces or the recre health resort 疗养胜地 spot 胜地
ation or the beaches which they now have the time to enjoy. 4．mix 相混合 He mixes well./ He is a good mixer.他左右逢源。
Recently some studies were made in the behavior of mice when ex 5．Crave 混合 crave for fresh air 渴望新鲜空气 craving 贪婪
posed to more than a certain degree of density, frustration, and noi 6．Genuinely 真正的 genuine=pure 纯正的 real=true 真的
se, and the mice just became deranged. I think some sociologists w authentic 正宗的，真品 Sincere 真诚
onder whether it might not be the same for men. This combination 7.vulgar 粗陋的
of very high density of population, goods and services, and machin 8.ostentation 卖弄、炫耀 ostentatious adj pretentious adj showy
es, all increasing with almost bruta1 speed, does account for some adj flashy adj
really antisocial tendencies in modern urban growth. 9.alas 哎呀 10.exigency 紧迫 emergency 紧迫，急诊
11．Christian 基督教徒 Christianity 基督教 Christ 基
L47 Plato Today 督 Islam/Moslem 伊斯兰教 Buddhism 佛教 Buddha 如来佛
The modern Plato, like his ancient counterpart, has an unbounded 12.religion 宗教 religious 宗教的 enter into religion 出家
contempt for oliticians and statesmen and party leaders who are no 13.morality 道德 moral 道德
t university men. He finds politics a dirty game, and only enters th 14．Scepticism 怀疑论
em reluctantly because he knows that at the very least he and his fr 15.materialism 唯物主义 materialist 务实者，唯物主义者 idealist
iends are better than the present gang. Brought up in the traditions 理想主义者，唯心者 dialectical materialism 辩证唯物主
of the ruling classes, he has a natural pity for the common people 义 historical materialism 历史唯物主义
whom he has learnt to know as servants, and observed from a dista 16.radical 激进的
nce at their work in the factory, at their play in the parks and holid 17.plight 困境 trap/plunge/sink into plight 陷入困境 dilemma 左右
ay resorts. He has never mixed with them or spoken to them on eq 为难的
ual terms, but has demanded and generally received a respect due t 18.greed 贪婪 avaricious 贪婪的 insatiable 不知足的
o his position and superior intelligence. He knows that if they trust 19.plunge 使陷入 I plunge myself into poverty 我陷入贫困
him, he can give them the happiness which they crave. A man of c Gambling plunged him into failure in business.赌博使他陷入商业
ulture, he genuinely despises the self-made industrialist and newsp 失败的境地。
aper-king: with a modest professional salary and a little private inc 20.chaos 混乱 chaotic 混乱的 anarchy 无政府状态 lawlessness 无
ome of his own, he regards money-making as vulgar and avoids all 法无天 bedlam 疯人院
ostentation. Industry and finance seem to him to be activities unw 21.plutocrat 富豪 Pluto 冥王星
orthy of gentlemen, although, alas, many are forced by exigencies 22.the Right 右翼 the Left 左翼 rightist 右派 leftist 左派
of circumstance to take some part in them. intellectual, he gently la 23.decency 体面 decent 体面的
ughs at the superstitions of most Christians, but attends church reg for the seek of decency 为了面子
ularly because he sees the importance of organized religion for the Notes on the text
maintenance of sound morality among the lower orders, and becau 1.the modern Plato :the person who is like Plato in our modern soc
se he dislikes the scepticism and materialism of radical teachers. H iety.
is genuine passions are for literature and the philosophy of science 2.stateman 政治家 plitician 政客
and he would gladly spend all his time in studying them. But the pl 3.A university is a place where those who hate ignorance may striv
ight of the world compels his unwilling attention, and when he see e to know, where those who pursue truth who strike to make others
s that human stupidity and greed are about to plunge Europe into c see.大学是憎恶无知的人求知之所,是寻求真理的人诲人之处.
haos and destroy the most glorious civilization which the world ha 4.them :political activities.
s known, he feels that it is high time for men of good sense and go 5.at the very least 说句公道话
od will to intervene and to take politics out of the hands of the plut 6.gang :group of people 在英文中,一般无褒义.
ocrats of the Right and the woolly-minded idealists of the Left. Sin 7.bring up: bring sb. up
ce he and his kind are the only representatives of decency combine grow up
d with intelligence, they must step down into the arena and save th 8.on equal terms 平等的地位
e masses for themselves. on speaking terms 泛泛之交
New words and expressions They keep good terms with each other.
1．Plato 柏拉图 The two neighbors are not on borrowing term.这两个邻居从不来
Platonic love: friendship between woman and man of mind and spi 往
rit 9.newspaper-king 报业巨子
西方文明由 1、christianity 2、苏格拉底，亚里士多德，柏拉图 10.modest 适当的
构成 11.sound:good,healthy
2．counterpart 相对立的人 12.teacher=advocator 说教者
13.genuine passions 一种热切的激情 plight n.情况 drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like any other art
14.compet=win ist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may t
15be about to do: do sth very soon ake comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judg
16.high time =good time 早就该 ment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his h
17.intervene 干涉 woolly-minded 糊涂脑袋的 eart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any criti
18.mob 乌合之众 c dreamed of, and when he flirsts with fame, he is taking time off f
19.arena 舞台 rom living with himself, from the search for what his world contai
20.课文短语 ns at its inmost point.
unbound contempt for sb 最难的课文 L55 L58 L58 L60
a natural pity New words and expressions
on equal terms confess 承认 confess one's guilt 承认罪行
superior intelligence confess that I am guilty (也可跟从句)
a man of culture 表示"承认"的词还有：admit, acknowledge, confined
self-made industrialist confess 与它们的区别在于：confess 是宗教词汇（忏悔）
newspaper-king inspiration 灵感 inspire 激发 brain wave 灵机一动，脑波
unworthy of gentlemen sunden inspiration 灵机一动
plunge into radical 根本的 也有"激进"之意
high time （同）primary 根本，fundamental 基本，essential 根本
man of good sense interweave 交织 inter 相互 weave 编
his kind weave a story 编故事 Weaving Maid 织女 He weaves a lie.撒谎
afresh 重新 =again
Harper’’s
L48 What Every Writer Wants from Harper fresh student 新生 fresh water 淡水资源 I am fresh here.
I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom discern 辩明，领悟 ——长期的考证，敏锐的目光（强调 result）
I respected, confess at once that they have little idea where they ar (同)observe——（科学上）长期、敏锐考证（强调 process）
c going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, per detect——侦察，侦探
haps two, they are in that condition of eager discomfort which pass spot——猛然发现（suddenly） I spotted an old friend of mine.
es for inspiration, all admit radical changes of destination once the indescribable 无法描述的 beyond description
journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine mont utter 表述 unutterable 非言语所能表达的
hs on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scot express 表达 expressible 能表达的 inexpressible 难以形容的
tish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton', as we blur 使……模糊不清 Tears blur my eyes.泪水模糊了双眼。
were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, blur with 由于……而看不清
interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things befog——由于雾看不清 blot——墨水弄污 stain——由于污渍
in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he b 而弄得不美观
egan. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordin yeast 激动 来源：酵母，发酵粉
ary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred im I am yeasty.我有点激动。 yeasty talk 空洞的，一派胡言
age appears, he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but fathom 领悟，彻底了解 fathomless 无法计量，无法了解的
something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it. So fathomable 能够了解的
metimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I 原意：测量（水）深的手段 go to the bottom of sth.研究
have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books, like a with plumb 研究
dolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the comprehend 理解 penetrate 深入，探索
exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason, write interminably 没完没了地 terminable 可终止的，有期限的（有
rs talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden m 完有了：） a terminal（汽车）终点
eanings, super-imposing new ones,begging response from those ar （同）unbounded 无边的，limitless 无限的，无界限的，
ound them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he mig never ending 无限的 cease 停止 ceaselessly
ht as well try to explain a winkle 挖掘（向外挖） dig（向下）挖
crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bor 易混：wrinkle 皱纹
e. super impose 添上，加上 impose 强加 He is very imposing.他很
This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the read 威严。 Imposing building 宏伟的楼
er, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, c love affairs 恋爱
an be his undoing: he has begun to write to please. incidentally 顺便说一下 （同）by the way; in passing
A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or t in the sight of 以某人观点 =in the eye of
wo back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the He is in sight.他出现了。 Out of sight
 Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。 might as well ( = have reason, is reasonable)
undoing 祸根 undo 解开 ruin 毁坏 He might as well be proud of son.
The scandal undoes his fame.丑闻把他的名声坏了。 bore 令人讨厌的人
=The scandal is the undoing of his bad fame. black look 遭人白眼
smoking undoes my health. cover the distance 弥补之间的距离（= cater for）
pertinent 中肯的 pertinent suggestion/proposition 合理建议 pertinent 中肯的
（同）apposite 适当的，suitable 合适的，applicable 可用的 a year or two back = a year or two years ago
be pertinent to sth.和……有关 =be relative to talent 智慧
flirt 调情 flirt with sb.不认真对待某人。flirtatious 玩世不恭的， draft 草稿
轻浮的 like any other 表示单数"任何一个"
inmost 内心深处的 =at the bottom of one's heart make order 调理程序
at the inmost point submit to 屈服、容忍 =bear
Notes on the text discipline 纪律
…those I have known, and (whom)I respect…这里 whom 可省略， critic 批评家
但加上表示强调（为数少） when he flirts with fame 当他不太考虑名誉问题的时候 错误，
set pen to paper 诉诸笔端，也可以用 apply pen to paper = write 应为：追求名誉
pass for (= be regarded as)被当作，被认为 take time off 休息
a train/line of thought 思路 from living with himself 不再探索内心的感受
pick me up 提神 at its inmost point 在内心深处
destination 目的地
journey 旅途（跋山涉水地）（创作的历程）； L49 Balloon Astronomy
而 trip 游山玩水地 Rockets and artificial satellites can go far above the ionosphere, an
to my (certain) knowledge = as I know d even escape from the Earth. Yet they are complex and expensive,
set 设置 reset 重新设置 and in their present stage of development they cannot lift massive
heard of 听说 telescopes, keep them steady while the observations are being carri
skeleton 骷髅；提纲 =outline ed out, and then return them safely. Balloons are much easier to ha
breaking 打破 =drop ndle, and are also vastly cheaper. Their main limitation is that they
remaking 重新构想 rethinking are incapable of rising to the ionosphere. A height of between 80,
timing 时间的转换 000 and 90,000 feet is as much as can reasonably be expected, and
interweaving 交织 so balloon-borne instruments can contribute little to either ultra-vi
come to 逐步的 olet astronomy or X-ray astronomy. All the same, the balloon has
organic 有机的（flexible） much to be said in its favour, since it can at least carry heavy equip
self-discovery 自我发现（对自己人性的解刨） ment above most of the atmospheric mass--thus eliminating blurri
reflection 思索 ng and unsteadiness of the images. Moreover, water-vapour and ca
psychology 心理学 rbon dioxide in the lower air absorb most of the infra-red radiation
be of 结构，表示一种状态 s sent to us from the planets. Balloon ascents overcome this hazard
It is interesting. = It is of interest. with ease.
revise 修改（谈到写作） Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783, and within a few mont
a blurred image appears 突然出现了一个模糊 hs of the first flight a French scientist, Charles, went up two miles
的影子 in a free balloon. Yet there is little resemblance between these cru
image = figure de vehicles and a modern scientific balloon, which has by now bec
brushstroke 绘画的技巧 ome an important research tool.
not until 直到……才 The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarlschild a
condensed thinking 浓缩的思想 nd his team at Princeton University in the United States, in collabo
outlive ration with the United States Navy, the National Science Foundati
( = live longer than)超出……，活得比……长 on, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The '
out- 超 Stratoscope' flights of 1959, concerned mainly with studies of the
outnumber 数目超过，比……多； outwit 比……聪明 Sun, were remarkably successful, and the project has now been ext
total immersion 完全沉浸其间（作家最高境界） ended. With Stratoscope II, the overall height from the telescope t
narcissist 自我陶醉者，自恋狂 o the top of the launch balloon is 666 feet, the balloons together w
narcissus 水仙花 eigh over two tons, and another two tons of ballast are carried for l
winkling out 发掘出 ater release if height has be maintained during the night. The telesc
ope, plus its controls weighs three and-a-half tons. Two large para cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of lo
chutes arc also carried; in case of emergency, the instruments and t yal service.
heir records can be separated from the main balloon system, and br The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a s
ought down gently. Many of the radio and electronic devices used ingle mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephant
are similar to those of artificial satellites. s like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a cons
iderable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half
L50 British Canals -trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to dea
In mediaeval times rivers were the veins of the body politic as well th when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been depriv
as economic. Boundaries between states or shires, they were cross ed of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be take
ed by fords which became the sites of towns, or by bridges which n with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle th
were often points of battle. Upon rivers the people of that time dep at the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to succ
ended for food, power and transport. essful training.
In our day fish are caught in the sea and brought to us by rail and l The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is bet
orry; only the angler still thinks fresh-water fish important, and pol ween fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undert
lution of rivers drives him into smaller and smaller reaches in whic ake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But a
h to practise his sport. But in earlier times, when sea fish were eate nimals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a
n only by those who lived on the sea coast, when meat was obtaina very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive e
ble only for part of the year, and when fasts were frequent and uni lephant, still roped to a tree,plunges and screams every time a man
versally practised, river fish played an important part in the nation approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food thro
al life. Every abbey and great man's house had its fish pond, and ac ugh anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby t
ross the rivers great and small stretched the fish weirs, usually mad o give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive grad
e of stakes and nets or basketwork. Between the owners of the fish ually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage i
eries and the bargemaster who needed an unimpeded passage conti s to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish busine
nuous war was fought, till the importance of fresh water fish lesse ss which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to th
ned as the practice of fasting ceased to be universal, as meat beca e captive on either side.
me available all the year round, and as the transport of sea fish inla When several elephants are being trained at one time it is customar
nd became practicable. y for the new arrival to beplaced between the stalls of two captives
Rivers were also the most important source of power. Every strea whose training is already well advanced. It is then leftcompletely
m had its mills, not only for grinding corn, but for all the other ind undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the
ustrial processes of the time, such as fulling* cloth or driving the h atmosphere of itsnew home and see that nothing particularly alarm
ammers of ironworks. Placed down the bank wherever a head of w ing is happening to its companions. When it iseating normally its o
ater could be got, these mills were to be found on the tiny stream t wn training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holdi
hat ran through a village, or on the bigger river that was also used f ng a longstick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted o
or navigation. An artificial cut was made from the river to bring th r tame elephants, control the captivefrom either side, while others r
e water at proper height to the water-wheel, and, in order to make s ub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of amonotonous
ure of a supply of water at all seasons, the mill-owner usually built and soothing chant. This if supposed to induce pleasurable sensati
a weir across the river to hold back the water and so form an artifi ons in theelephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of ende
cial reservoir. If the river were navigable, the centre of such a weir aring epithets, such as 'ho ! my son', or'ho ! my father', or 'my mot
was made of planks held vertically by cross beams so that they co her', according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is no
uld be removed when it was necessary to pass a barge, or was fitte timmediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usu
d with a single pair of gates. Such weirs were called staunches or f ally lashes fiercely with itstrunk in all directions. These movement
lash-locks; they did not disappear from the bigger rivers till presen s are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointedstick, and the
t times, and may still be seen in the Fens. trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and s
eldomafterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
L51 Elephants
Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which L52 The Earth Beneath
we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former met An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning. It
hod simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him was necessary, therefore, to inventinstruments that neither slumber
until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral consi ed nor slept. Some devices were quite simple. one, for instance,co
derations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resen nsisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses which would sta
tful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentl nd up on end like ninepins.when a shock came it shook the rigid ta
e method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a ble upon which these stood. If it were gentle, only the moreunstabl
e rods fell. If it were severe, they all fell. Thus the rods by falling, d March 9th, 1831, and signed by the then reigning monarch ofFra
and by the direction inwhich they fell, recorded for the slumbering nce, Louis-Philippe. He had been on the throne for barely eight mo
scientist the strength of a shock that was too weak towaken him a nths when he authorized thismeasure, which was as much a produc
nd the direction from which it came. t of necessity as of careful planning, although there may bedivided
But instruments far more delicate than that were needed if any real views on this.
ly serious advance was to bemade. The ideal to be aimed at was to The reasons for forming the French Foreign Legion were probably
devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper themov twofold. In the first place themen of the disbanded royal bodyguar
ements, of the ground or of the table, as the quake passed by. Whil d and the Regiment of Hohenlohe, suddenly turned loose onto the
e I write my pen moves, butthe paper keeps still. With practice, no street of a capital seething with unrest, unemployed and perhaps di
doubt, I could in time learn to write by holding the still whilethe p sgruntled at their abruptdismissal, were a potentially dangerous ele
aper moved. That sounds a silly suggestion, but that was precisely ment. They were trained to the use of arms, and shouldthey becom
the idea adopted in some ofthe early instruments (seismometers) fo e tools of the politically ambitious or discontented they would pres
r recording earthquake waves. But when table, penholderand paper ent a distinctmenace to the new regime, not yet too firmly establis
are all moving how is it possible to write legibly? The key to a sol hed and sure of itself.
ution of that problemlay in an everyday observation. Why does a p For some time Paris had been swarming with countless other disch
erson standing in a bus or train tend to fall when asudden start is m arged foreign soldiers who hadserved in the French army at variou
ade? It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still. A simp s times under the Empire and the Republic, many of whomwere in
le experimentwill help us a little further. Tie a heavy weight at the needy circumstances and open to suggestion, whilst others were op
end of a long piece of string. With the hand heldhigh in the air hol enly looking for troubleand always ready to take part in any distur
d the strings so that the weight nearly touches the ground. Now mo bance. It was clearly both expedient and desirable toremove these
ve the hand toand fro and around but not up and down. It will be f dangers as far away from the capital as possible.
ound that the weight moves but slightly or not atall. Imagine a pen Next, the Algerian adventure had begun, and it appeared that this
attached to the weight in such a way that its point rests upon a piec might prove expensive in lives.The more Frenchmen killed in Nort
e of paper onthe floor. Imagine an earthquake shock shaking the fl h Africa, the less popular the government at home would be, soif f
oor, the paper, you and your hand. In the midstof all this movemen oreign cannon fodder was available so much the better. The Algeri
t the weight and the pen would be still. But as the paper moved fro an landing had been viewedwith mixed feelings in a politically div
m side to sideunder the pen point its movement would be recorded ided France, but there does not seem to have been, anymarked indi
in ink upon its surface. It was upon thisprinciple that the first instr cation on the part of the politicians that they were unanimous that t
uments were made, but the paper was wrapped round a drum whic he occupationshould be abruptly terminated; most were wary and
hrotated slowly. As long as all was still the pen drew a straight line, many apprehensive as to how the Algerianbusiness would turn out.
but while the drum was beingshaken the line that the pen was dra The formation of a foreign legion seemed therefore to be an ideal
wing wriggled from side to side. The apparatus thus described,how method of killing these two birdswith one stone. Once the conditio
ever, records only the horizontal component of the wave movemen ns were made clear there does not seem o have been any seriousop
t, which is, in fact, muchmore complicated. If we could actually se position.
e the path described by a particle, such as a sand grain inthe rock, i Marshal Soult was reputed to be the man behind the scheme both
t would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room; i for removing and using the unemployed foreign ex-soldiers. He
t would be up and down,to and fro and from side to side. Instrume could not have failed to recognize, once they were formed into
nts have been devised and can he so placed that all threeelements c disciplined units, how useful they would be, both for garrison duty
an be recorded in different graphs. and for active operations in Algeria, nor the fact that if their
When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the e casualties were heavy or their conditions not of the best, there
arthquake centre, the graphicrecord shows three waves arriving on would be no embarrassing reaction for agitation in France on their
e after the other at short intervals. The first records the arrivalof lo behalf.
ngitudinal vibrations. The second marks the arrival of transverse vi The Royal Ordinance decreed that there should be a legion formed
brations which travel moreslowly and arrive several minutes after t foreigners for service outside France, which was to be called the
he first. These two have travelled through the earth. It wasfrom the 'Foreign Legion' and it was to be part of the French army and
study of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the ear under the control of the War Minister. It laid down that as far as
th. The third, or mainwave, is the slowest and has travelled round t possible companies should be composed of men of the same
he earth through the surface rocks. nationality or who spoke a common language. Algeria was
nonspecifically mentioned but as it was the only scrap of foreign
L53 The Story of the French Foreign Legion territory of any size possessed by France at that moment, there was
The French Foreign Legion was founded by a Royal Ordinance, w no doubt as to the meaning of the phrase 'outside France'.
ritten on a small piece of officialFrench War Office notepaper date
In the anxiety to get dubious, restless characters out of the country planet is barely halfway there. Similarly, our own Present
no questions were asked as to nationality, previous record or primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men,
history, and no proof of identity was required. The name and have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four
particulars given by the recruit were accepted at face value and light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light
many gave noms de guerre, for understandable reasons. Thus the years.
practice began, and the tradition started of 'asking no questions’.
This tradition of guaranteeing anonymity began to develop quickly, Fortunately, there is a 'uniquely rational way' for us to
although it was not until later that it was carried to the extreme of communicate with other intelligent beings, as Walter Sullivan has
denying all knowledge of any individuals who were in its ranks put it in his excellent recent book, We are not alone. This depends
and of refusing point blank to answer questions or to allow any on the precise radio-frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or 1420
outside contact with the legionnaires. megacycles per second. It is the natural frequency of emission of
the hydrogen atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951; it
L54 Are There Strangers in Space? must be known to any kind of radio-astronomer in the universe.
We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the Once the existence of this wave-length had been discovered, it was
origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our not long before its use as the uniquely recognizable broadcasting
own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the planets in our own frequency for interstellar communication was suggested. Without
solar system we arc now pretty certain the Earth is the only one something of this kind, searching for intelligences on other planets
on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, would be like trying to meet a friend in London without a
Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have Pre-arranged rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the
temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated hope of a chance encounter.
atmospheres. But other suns, stars as the astronomers call them,
are bound to have planets like our own, and as the number of stars L55 Patterns of Culture
in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty. Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great
There are one hundred thousand million stars in our own Milky moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be
Way alone, and then there are three thousand million other Milky uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have a way of
Ways, or Galaxies, in the universe. So the number of stars that we thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of
know exist is estimated at about 300 million million million. fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the
Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than
somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no
patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter.
bound to be a natural part of the universe. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that
If then we are so certain that other intelligent life exists in the custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great
universe, why have we had no visitors from outer space yet ? First varieties it may manifest.
of all, they may have come to this planet of ours thousands or No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it
millions of years ago, and found our then prevailing primitive state edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of
completely uninteresting to their own advanced knowledge. thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind
Professor Ronald Brace well, a leading American these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will
radio-astronomer, argued inNature that such a superior civilization, still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John
on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in
messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced shaping the behaviour of the individual as over against any way in
civilization. Such a messenger, receiving our radio and television which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the
signals, might well re-transmit them back to its home-planet, total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of
although what impression any other civilization would thus get his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his
from us is best left unsaid. family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had
But here we come up against the most difficult of all obstacles to the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no
contact with people on other planets--the astronomical distances more than an exact and matter-off-fact observation. The life
which separate us. As a reasonable guess, they might, on an history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to
average, be 100 light years away. (A light year is the distance the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his
which light travels at 186,000 miles per second in one year, community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which
namely 6 million million miles.) Radio waves also travel at the he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can
speed of light, and assuming such an automatic messenger picked talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is
up our first broadcasts of the 1920's, the message to its home grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits,
its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every vernacular n.方言 （和外语相比较）母语，mother tongue 的变
child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no 体 （近）dialect 方言（在一国内）
child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever accent 口音 vary from person to person 因人而异
achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more accommodation n.适应 v. accommodate 容纳
incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. He accommodates himself to sth.
Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main accommodation to 对……适应 = adapt to, adjustment to 区别
complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. adoption 采取，收养
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain incumbent a.义不容辞的，有责任的 结构：
preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these It is incumbent on sb.to do…
propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place any responsible 有责任的 responsible for 为……负责
scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of proposition n.主张 来源：propose 向……提议
one or another of the items in the series it selects for its Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。
consideration. In all the less controversial fields like the study of （近）tender 投标，建议
cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of unintelligible a.难理解的 intelligible 可理解的
study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all 区别：intellectual 知识分子；intelligent 聪明的
possible variant forms and conditions. In this way we have learned read—readable—unreadable;
all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the comprehension—comprehensible—incomprehensible;
social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that discern—discernable—undiscernable
the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local preferential a.优先的 来源：prefer favorable 有利的
variation, that of Western civilization. prefer green tea to black tea./I prefer to green tea rather than black
Anthropology was by definition impossible as long as these tea. black coffee = sugar free coffee 现在国外最流行的：
distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the decaf coffee
barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. controversial a.引起争论的 controversy n.论争（lesson39）
It was necessary first to arrive at that degree, of sophistication cactus n.仙人掌 复数形式：cacti 拉丁变形
where we no longer set our own belief over against our abacus 算盘—abaci(pl.); alumnus 校友—alumni(pl.)
neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these termite n.白蚁
institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the group vt.把……分类
supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the variant a.不同的 variation n.变化；变奏曲
rest. 易混：various 各种各样的；variety 多样性
New words and expressions barbarian n.野蛮人 = savage,vandal
a way of thinking 一种想法 pagan n.异教徒 相信不只有一个神的人或非基督教徒者
commonplace a.平凡的 口头语 common 区别 heretic 异教徒 信邪教的人
the other way around 相反 hold sway over 支配，掌握
aberrant a.脱离常轨的，异常的；（医）变异，失常 Superstition holds sway over my brain/mind.
ab-表示"偏离，脱离或离开" = irregular wield 挥，统治，支配（lesson40）
normal 正常——abnormal 不正常；use 用——abuse 滥用； sway（左右）摇；shake（上下）摇；swing（绕圈）摇
（近）eccentric 怪异的；straying 偏离的：a stray dog 野狗； premise n.前提 大/小前提：major/minor premise
go astray 步入歧途 Only on the premise of equality,can we further negotiate.
trivial a.微不足道的，琐碎的 triviality 细节，琐事（见 lesson12） institution n.惯例，风俗 长期的习惯，不一定要遵守（社会风
frist rate 第一流 A-one 第一等的，第一流的；topflight 最棒的； 俗）
second to none 首屈一指；second to 次于 custom 不同部落，种族 When in Rome,do as the Romans do.
predominant a.占优势的，起支配作用的 predominace n. tradition 有历史遗传（可指家庭习俗）
dominate 统治地位 supernatural a.超自然的
pre-前面的 = superior,preponderate Notes on the text
paramount 绝对重要； principal 主要的；校长 The basic background about this author:
manifest vt.清楚地表现 illustrate vi.举例说明；图解；加插图于； Ruth Benedict (female)
阐明 vi.举例 She is a famous anthropologist.
portray 绘画 "Cultural relativism"文化相关论
pristine a.原始的（太古年代）(lesson27) （近）primitive 原始 subject ( = topic,theme)
的（一般）；ancient 古代的；prehistoric 史前的 great moment = significance 重要性
stereotype n.陈规(lesson5)break through 打破 The inner workings of our own brains…倒装句式
over against 和……相比 = be compared with 正常：we feel the…workings to be… 宾语前置，强调宾语
workings 运作（可数名词） standard 规范，标准
uniquely 独特的 = only hand down = pass on 流传下来
worthy of 值得 省略谓语
commonplace a.后省略名词 level group 种族 = race
We have a way of thinking. = as we view/see it born into 出生于
As a matter of fact 作为一个事实而言（ = in fact） globe = earth
Traditional custom,taken the world over, is a mass of detailed no——整体否定
behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever cultural transmission 文化传递
evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.非常难句型 it is more incumbent upon us to understand…插入语
主语：Traditional custom 谓语：is a mass until 直到
mass 大量 = collection as to +名词 = about 关于
is a mass = is a whole/total complicating = difficult 复杂
taken 被动语态，"采样"，"取样" unintelligible 难以理解的
take the world over = throughout the world not until 直到……才
detailed 细致的 astonishing = surprising evolve 进化（develop） until 直到……为止
the predominant role 一个主导作用 profitable 有利可图的 = beneficial
experience 实践 preliminary 基本，基础 = basic
in belief 信仰，思维活动 have been 的用法：后面的动作，一定是要和前面构成一个完成，
it may manifest 体现 后面的完成才能引发前面
variety 多样性 的动作
第二段第一句话点出主题 violently opposed 强烈的反对
pristine eye 原始的眼光 = pure 纯洁的 require 虚拟
edite 编辑 weighting 称重
definite 一定形式的，有限的 item 选择的课题，项目
set 集合 one of the items or another=on or another of the items
custom 习俗 in all the less controversial fields…在不太令人争论的一些领域
institution 惯例 nebulae 星云
ways of thinking 思维方式 all that we know of…
probing = research, studies 研究 that we know 做 all 的后置定语
stereotype 陈规，定式 of 做 all 的后置定语
very 强调 social insects 群居生活的昆虫
very 修饰名词表示强调 let us say = so to speak
have reference to 和……有关 = be connected with major social sciences 主要的社会学
John Dewey(1859-…)"哲学思想"：learning by doing substitute 替换，替代
in all seriousness = seriously that of 作同位语
the part = the role anthropology 人类学
在某一方面，用介词 in as long as = if 只要，如果
as…as 比较 第一个 as 后面，风俗对人的影响——人对风俗的 degree of sophistication = understanding 理解
影响 set over against 与……对比
第二个 as 后面，母语总体的词汇比例——被吸收到家庭语言 these institutions 这些习俗
中的儿语 指前面 belief,superstition
over against 对比，与……比较 Our among the rest 独立主格句
orders = different levels 不同层面，不同阶层
have had 虚拟 L56 The Age of Automation from The Listener
autonomously auto 自动 autonomous 自治的 Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our
figure 省略用法=figure of speech lives and, as a result, society is changing at a speed which is quite
no more than 正好，恰好 = just unprecedented. There is a great technological explosion around us,
observation 观察，证明 generated by science. This explosion is already freeing vast
life history 生平 numbers of people from their traditional bondage to nature, and
first and foremost = above all 最重要，首先 now at last we have it in our power to free mankind once and for
accommodation 适应 all from the fear which is based on want. Now, for the first time,
pattern 行为模式 man can reasonably begin to think that life can be something more
than a grim struggle for survival. But even today, in spite of the Competition between ourselves, person against person, community
high standard of living which has become general in the more against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it
fortunate West, the majority of people in the world still spend ever was.
nearly all their time and energy in a never-ending struggle with But the competition of man against man is not the simple process
nature to secure the food and shelter they need. Even in this envisioned in biology. It is not a simple competition for a fixed
elementary effort millions of human beings each year die amount of food determined by the physical environment, because
unnecessarily and wastefully from hunger, disease, or flood. the environment that determines our evolution is no longer
Yet,in the West, science and technology have made it possible for essentially physical. Our environment is chiefly conditioned by the
us to have a plentiful supply of food, produced by only a fraction things we believe. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in
of the labour that was necessary even a few decades ago. In the very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with
United States, for instance, one man on the land produces more similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.
than enough food to feed fifteen men in the cities, and, in fact, Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much
there is a surplus of food grown even by this small proportion of because of different people even, but because of the different
the American labour force. We have considerably extended our thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants. This is the
expectation of life. We have enriched our lives by creating point I wish to emphasize. The most important factor in our
physical mobility through the motor-car, the jet aeroplane, and environment is the state of our own minds.
other means of mechanical transport; and we have added to our It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive
intellectual mobility by the telephone, radio, and television. Not culture the most destructive effects have come not from physical
content with these advances, we are now thrusting forward to the weapons but from ideas. Ideas are dangerous. The Holy office
stars, and the conquest o space no longer strikes us as Wellsian or knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days
Jules Vernian. And with the advent of the new phase of gone by. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our
technology we call automation, we have the promise both of modem society because when you are inside a community you are
greater leisure and of even greater material and intellectual riches. conditioned by the conventions of the community to such a degree
But this is not inevitable. It depends on automation being that it is very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive. It
adequately exploited. We shall need to apply our scientific and is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the
technological resources to literally every aspect of our society, to dangerous thoughts. I do not doubt that it would be possible to
our commerce, our industry, our medicine, our agriculture, our inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. I
transportation. would like to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so.
It is fascinating and encouraging to observe the development of Perhaps it will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the
this immense process, a process in which man appears all the time effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that
to be engaged in the act of creating an extension of himself. In his still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the
new technological successes this appears particularly true. He is possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be
extending his eyes with radar; his tongue and his ear through constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any
telecommunication; his muscle and body structure through of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been
mechanization. He extends his own energies by the generation and sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange
transmission of power and his nervous system and his thinking and thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of
decision-making faculties through automation. If this observation ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day
is accurate, as I believe it is, the implications are far-reaching. It world upside down, or even destroying it. I have often tried to
might be reasonable to conclude that the direction of modern conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot
science and technology is towards the creation of a series of do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world, just as all
machine-systems based on man as a model. of you are. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our
brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think
L57 Of Men and Galaxies only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.
In man's early days, competition with other creatures must have New words and expressions
been critical. But this phase of our development is now finished. dispute v. 争夺 latitude n. 纬度
Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with mosquito n. 蚊子 heretic n. 异教徒，异端邪说
primitive conditions. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I subdue v. 征服 conceive v. 想象
would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a drainage n. 下水系统 suffice v. 足够
cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone. The envision n. 预想 nuclear adj. 原子弹的
last creature to compete with man was the mosquito. But even the Morocco n. 摩洛哥 original adj. 有独到见解的
mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by Critical time, critical moment, critical juncture 关键时刻
chemical sprays. 关键 crucial, vital 决定性的 decisive critical eye
1．Dispute 争夺，很有新意。以前的意思如争论，争端,辩论， A fixed amount of food 固定量的食物， determined 作 food 的
dispute with sb/dispute on sth 后置定语
与某人争论谋事：dispute sth .with sb The physical environment 客观环境 Evolution ; development 进
I dispute the position with him 争地盘 talents 化 Mental outlook 世界观
Vie for sth .with sb 争夺 Similar latitude 相近的纬度 west coasts 西海岸；Similar
Scramble for sth . with sb .争夺 climates 相似的气候
scramble 爬 scramble eggs 煎鸡蛋 California: highly advanced 高度发展 Morocco : highly
2.Subdue conquer overpower tame 驯服 subject v.征服 adj 受他 backward; even 表强调
国统治的 Quell 镇压 Not …..but …….转折；different thought in inhabitants:
3.Bear 熊 polar bear 北极熊 penguin 企鹅 panda 熊猫 bear livers,residents
hug 拥抱 The most important factor in our environment is the state of our
4.Envision en-动词前缀，predict envisage own minds.我们的自然环境中最重要的因素是我们的心态；
5.Morocco n. 摩洛哥，north Africa Monaco 摩纳哥，Europe It is well known that …. Where 引导的从句都可以用 if 来引导，
6.Latitude 纬度， longitude 经度 28 degrees North latitude 北 如 Where there is a will ,there is a way.=If there is a will….
纬 28 度 latitude (古)自由 The most destructive effects 最具有破坏性的影响 westlization
Let's allow him some latitude in his privacy. full well=fully well cause=make
7.The holy office n. 宗教法庭，pope 教皇 cardinal 红衣主教 in days gone by/in the past days 在过去的日子里 in days to
以前学过一个同义词–the inquisition (t 天主教)宗教法庭 come 在未来的日子里
replaced by the holy office in 16th century looking on 观望 the insider can't see the game .当局者迷 the
8.Heretic 异教徒，纯粹邪教 heresy 邪教，邪说 pagan,异教徒 outer sees most of the game .旁观者清
9.Power ,大国。 I do not doubt that… 我毫不怀疑 it would be possible… 假设
10. Conceive 想象经常出现，名词：concept 以前的很多课学过 I would like to …………假设语气
vt/vi: conceive of sth Perceive 察觉，感知 Picture v. 构思，构 Imagine the effect on …
想 The effect on 对…的影响
11.Suffice 足够 v. sufficient adi 足够的 A fraction of rice will Reasonably: very well, considerably
suffice. If you are in troube ,turn to me .ok, one word will suffice. One 指 society
一句话就够了 Enough？ OK, that suffices me . 原句结构：Effect of making it aware of the possibility of nuclear
12. Power 大国 nuclear power 核大国 bomb ; it 代表 society.
Nuclear bomb ,记住，一般 mb 结尾的，发音只发《m》如 comb But I believe (it is) a correct one...
tomb Turn upside down 完全颠倒
Notes on the text I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain,
1． Make a very poor show, 出丑。 but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the
2． I stand alone, 仅我一人。 present-day world ,just as all of you are .符合""因为我们身处这
3． The last creature to compete with man, 其中的 last 有"极不 个社会，就受社会的制约的思想
可能"的意思。 The particular patterns 特殊的模式、定势
The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be Be conditioned to (by) 被约束 outside :beyond 超越 original
burned in days gone by. The Holy Office 是指罗马天主教的宗教 创新的
法庭；full well 中的 full 是副词，有 very 的意思；gone Important Kownledge
by 作 days 的定语，整个词组的意思是"过去的日子"。 。。。。when you are inside a community you are conditioned by
Must have been 表示猜测，推测！ in the man'a days , the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is very
phase :perisd ,estate difficult to conceive of anything really destructive .
I am sure that… It is only someone looking on from ourside that can inject the
Without…I would make….虚拟语气 dangerous thoughts…
Make a very poor show 出洋相 make a fool of oneself 做傻事， 2…… and then only I we are very original ,
出丑 make an exhibition of oneself 当众出丑 建议阅读：lesson 56 lesson 54
The ownership of a cave 一个洞穴的所有权 In this view ,I don't 关于林语堂：The enjoyment of culture
stand alone; Stand alone 独立，孤立； I am alone in this point ; Good taste in knowledge 知识方面的品味
Stick in the back 放冷枪 The development of good taste in kownledge 知识品位的培养
Competition between ourselves 人类内部的竞争；person against Good form in conduct 规束举止 the cultured man 有文化的人
person 人与人之间的竞争 Community against community 群体 Well-read a. 博学的 learned a.有学问的 right: related
与群体之间的竞争 Parrot 鹦鹉学舌者 a great man who have the hate and who have
The survival of the fittest 适者生存 the love.
Erudition 博学，学识 Discernment 洞察力，辨别力。Cram v. 堆 whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and
积，堆砌 in speaking of: talking of Scholar 学者，scholarship 奖 pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have
学金 particular to: about their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory
Judgement 判断 interpretation 解释，诠释 originality 创新 bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance,
Given :specific 特定的 vast 巨大的，极大地 require 要求 but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most
Bulldoze v.蒙骗，威胁 adult life 成年时期。Patriotic modest forms. But fortune's favoured children belong to the
Bogus 假的 second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working
Paunch 肠胃 perform 从事 later life 日后的生活 Ambition 志 hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary
向,aggressiveness 挑战性 Sense of duty ,责任感 Stinginess holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in
小气。Nonsense 废话 Awe 敬畏，over awed 别吓住 an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes the need of an
alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of
L58 Painting as a Pastime effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is
A gifted American psychologist has said, 'Worry is a spasm of the their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at
emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.' intervals from their minds.
It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger New words and expressions
the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate psychologist n. 心理学家
something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something gifted adj. 有天才的
else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of spasm n. 一阵（感情）发作
another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old catch hold of 抓住
undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair futile adj. 无用的
begins. insinuatevt. 使潜入，暗示
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a convulsive adj. 起痉挛的
policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a illumination n. 启发，照明
business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by undue adj. 不适应的
a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental grip n. 紧张
interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; improvise vt. 临时作成
they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if sedulously adv.孜孜不倦地
the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. tend vt.照管
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two aggravate vt 加剧.
or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late broadly speaking 大体上说
in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that.' Such an attempt toil vt.劳累
only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire trifling adj.微小的
great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and gratify vt.使满意
yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like, caprice n.任性
you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings satiation n.满足
may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, in vain 徒劳
those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. frantically adv.狂乱地
It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard avenge vt.替…报复
week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football boredom n.厌烦
or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the clutter n.喧闹的谈话
politician or the professional or business man, who has been sustenance n.生计
working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or keen adj.强烈的
worry about trifling things at the week-end. appetite n.欲望
As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they favoured adj.受到偏爱的
want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost grudge vt.怨恨
every object of desire for them a new pleasure, a new excitement absorbing adj.引人入胜的
is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round banish vt.排除，放弃
from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by pastime n. 消遣
mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or 1. psychologist n. 心理学家 [联想] psychology n.心理学
another is the most hopeful path. psywar 心理战 psychoanalysis 心理分析
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings 2.gifted adj. 有天才的 eg. He is gifted. 他很有天赋。
are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and [联想] 表示聪明、有天赋的词还有：
talented adj.天才的； adroit adj. 灵巧的，敏捷的； eg. The mother plays favourites with her elder son. 妈妈对大儿
genius n. 天才； brilliant adj.有才气的，聪明的；smart n.聪明 子比较偏爱。
的（可用于口语） 16. absorbing adj.引人入胜的 [联想]gripping adj.扣人心弦的
3. spasm n. 一阵（感情）发作 fascinating adj. 迷人的 captivating adj.迷人的 spell binding （念
用法： …a spasm of wild joy… 狂喜 了咒语般）使人入迷的 entertaining adj.令人愉快的
a spasm person 被惯坏的人 17.banish vt.排除，放弃 [区别] banish 抽象的思想上的除去，
4. futile adj. 无用的；（土地）贫瘠的. 后面一般接 horror,worry 等。
[反义] fertile adj. （思想）睿智的；（土地）肥沃的 discard v.丢弃，放弃 ，后接具体事物，如 furniture 等。
[近义] void adj. 没用的； pointless adj. 无意义的 Notes on the text
5. insinuatevt. 使潜入，暗示 [记] 作为一个使动词的用法：be + 1. Worry is a spasm of the emotion 忧虑是情绪的突然发作。
adj. ; v. + oneself eg. ~ oneself into one`s favour / the crowd 向 Catch hold of=grasp
某人献媚、示爱/ 挤进人群 2. It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition.
He always insinuates himself into his boss`s favour. 1） agrue with 争论
他经常向他的头儿献媚。 2） the mind 指人，而不是人脑.
eg. He insinuated his doubt of the answer. 他对这个答案稍有疑 eg.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。
问。(vt.暗示) The stronger the will (is), the more futile the task.
We convulsive with laughter. Will 意志 Let him rot.
6. illumination n. 启发，照明 [近义] enlightenment n. 启迪 3. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive
edification n.启发，教诲 instruction n.教育，知道 grasp. [译]我们只能对他温柔的灌输其他思想到他痉挛的脑子
7.grip n.紧张；v.抓 里。1)insinuate = to push 慢慢灌输 2)its 指代 minds3)grasp 抓
eg. I have read a gripping story.我刚读了一篇扣人心弦的故事。 住不放，这里指 minds.
I have a sound grip of English.我对英语掌握的很熟。 4. …..，if it is really attended by the illumination of……the
8. improvise vt. 临时作成（抽象词） process of recuperation and repair begins.
eg. improvise speech /a poem/a painting 即兴发言/做诗/做画 1）attend vt.辅佐，辅助
9. sedulously adv.孜孜不倦地 Grip 紧握 relax 放松
[近义] diligent adj. 勤奋的 toiling adj. 勤奋的 industrious adj. 2）by 通过某种手段
勤勉的 assiduous adj. 勤勉的 backbreaking adj. 辛劳的 3）recuperation = recovery 恢复
painstaking adj. 辛劳的，辛苦的 5. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore
Tend the old/sick/little puppy 照看… a policy of first importance to a public man. [译] 对一个公众人
Aggravate my pain/burden/pressure/illness 士而言，你需要培养兴趣爱好，这是至关重要的。
The task toils me. 这事真累。The book is a toil. 读起来真费劲。 1） cultivation = to build up 培养，建立
It’s only a trifling gift. 2) therefore adv. 所以 (承接上文)
10. gratify vt.使满意 [联想] gratitude n. 满意，感激 satisfied adj. 3）policy ：method 方法
感到满足的 pleased adj.满意的 cater to 满足，迎合 Pender to 4）first importance 第一位的重要性
one’s needs 迎合 eg. It is gratifying to learn English. 学英语是 5）public man :go out to work;参与社会工作的人 social activist
一件令人很兴奋的事。 社会活动家--有点贬义
11. caprice n.任性 [联想] capricious adj. 反复无常的 changeable Undertaken=finished 从事，完成 undertake sth. 书面，做某事
adj. 善变的 fickle adj.（脾气）无常的，易变的 impulse n. 冲动 By a mere command of the will 通过…… a mere = only
12. satiation n.满足[联想] satiate v.满足 satiable adj.可满足的需 command of the will 意志力的控制，意志力
求 insatiable adj. 不可满足的 6. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. [译]
eg. I just saw there is an article in Newsweek that many officials in 替换型的智力兴趣的培养需要一个很长的过程。
many countries are insatiable.我刚才在新闻周刊里看到一篇文 1） alternative adj. 二中选一的
章里说许多小国家的官员都贪得无厌。 alternative interests 替换型兴趣，指的是工作之外的兴趣
I studied English for 1 year but all in vain. 7. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good
13. avenge vt.替…报复 eg. avenge my comrade in arms 为我的 ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are
战友报仇 avenge myself on the enemy 我向敌人报复 to be at hand when needed. （推荐记忆）此句用了一个暗喻
14. appetite n.欲望 [近义] lust / thirst / hunger 渴望 metaphor(延伸：明喻 simile)
[用法] appetite/ lust / thirst / hunger for sth.对…有强烈欲望 interests 比喻为 seeds
eg. He has strong appetite for fame. 他对名声充满了渴望。 vivify vt.给与生气，生动，使活跃 vivifying 看起来栩栩如生的
15. favoured adj. 受到偏爱的 to be at hand 近在眼前
[用法]play favourites with sb. 对某人很偏爱 8. It is no use starting late in life to say:….
论述句型： it is no using doing… it is no point doing …
eg. it is no using crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。 popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the
Such an attempt 这种努力 strain 紧张 The relation between the greatest. The man who manoeuvres carelessly into his five
two nations get strained. He had a strained smile on his face. shillings worth of space at one of Europe's myriad permanent sites
9. It is no use doing what you like, you have got to like what you may find himself bumping a Bentley. More likely, Ford Consul
do.(推荐记忆) ave got to [英]= have to [美] will be hub to hub with Renault or Mercedes, but rarely with
[译] 只想做你想做的事是没用的，你必须喜欢你所做的事。 bicycles made for two.
Job hunting/job hunter broadly speaking 常言道 That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more
Widower 鳏 window 寡 orphan 孤 old man without children 独 sophisticated is an entertaining paradox for the cynic, a brighter
10. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard promise for the hopeful traveler who has sworn to get away from it
week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football all. It also provides--and some student sociologist might care to
or baseball on Saturday afternoon. base his thesis upon the phenomenon--an escape of another kind.
offer sb.sth. 双宾语 sweat and effort 辛勤劳动 with = because The modern traveller is often a man who dislikes the Splendide
of 因为，由于 and the Bellavista, not because he cannot afford, or shuns, their
11. As for the unfortunate people…. a new excitement is only an meterial comforts, but because he is afraid of them. Affluent he
additional satiation. may be, but he is by no means sure what, to tip the doorman or the
as for….= about 谈及，关于 chambermaid. Master in his own house, he has little idea of when
additional satiation :多余的满足 clatter 聊天，闲聊 to say boo to a maitre d'hotel.*
12. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful From all such fears camping releases him. Granted, a snobbery of
path. [译]对他们而言，生活有规律才有获得兴趣的可能。 camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already
discipline:约束 exists, but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily
of these=between them 表示在两者之中 understand and deal with. There is no superior 'they' in the shape
as their reward 作为他们的奖赏、报酬 not only the means of of managements and hotel hierarchies to darken his holiday days.
sustenance 不仅仅是维生的手段 even in its…后置定语 To such motives, yet another must be added. The contemporary
正常语序：for the simplest and most modest pleasure phenomenon of motor-car worship is to be explained not least by
13.But fortune's favoured children belong to the second class. the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails. To
fortune's favoured children 天子骄子 this pleasure camping gives an exquisite refinement.
14. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come From one's own front door to home or foreign hills or sands and
are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. back again, everything is to hand. Not only are the means of
1) ordinary holidays 正常的假日 arriving at the holiday paradise entirely within one's own
2) grudge = regard with hatred 憎恶 command and keeping, but the means of escape from holiday hell
3) enforced 被迫地 (if the beach proves too crowded, the local weather too inclement)
4) vocation 天职/vacation 假期 are there, outside--or, as likely, part of--the tent.
[译]每天都是假日，而且当正常的假日到来时，他们都把它当 Idealists have objected to the practice of camping, as to the
作对其投入的天职所进行的一种被迫的打搅。 packaged tour, that the traveller abroad thereby denies himself the
15. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook,…an opportunity of getting to know the people of the country visited.
alternative outlook 理解为这两类人的想法可以转换（替换）一 Insularity and self-containment, it is argued, go hand in hand. The
下 diversion of effort 分散注意力 opinion does not survive experience of a popular Continental
16. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure camping place. Holiday hotels tend to cater for one nationality of
are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals visitors especially, sometimes exclusively. Camping sites, by
from their minds. contrast, are highly cosmopolitan. Granted, a preponderance of
1) it may well be that……或许事情正是这样 Germans is a characteristic that. seems common to most
2) at intervals 不时，间隔一段时间 Mediterranean sites; but as yet there is no overwhelmingly
3）banish = get rid of 去除 specialized patronage. Notices forbidding the open-air drying of
4) means = method ,way clothes, or the use of water points for car washing, or those
17. Catch hold of, 抓住……；let … go, 放掉……。 inviting 'our camping friends' to a dance or a boat trip are printed
18. Lay one's hands on, 得到……，抓到……。 not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English,
19. Fortune's favoured children 中的 Fortune 是指"命运女神"。 German and Dutch. At meal times the odour of sauerkraut vies
with that of garlic. The Frenchman's breakfast coffee competes
L59 The Weekend Telegraph with the Englishman's bacon and eggs.
Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the
initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total eventual death of the more independent kind is hard to say.
expense can be far less than the cost of hotels. But, contrary to a Municipalities naturally want to secure the campers' site fees and
other custom. Police are wary of itinerants who cannot be traced to student sociologist 社会学学生
a recognized camp boundary or to four walls. But most probably it shun vt.避开 shun publicity 不爱抛头漏面 shun society 不爱社交
will all depend upon campers themselves: how many heath fires 他很爱社交：He is sociable.她很爱社交：She is a social butterfly.
they cause, how much litter they leave, in short, whether or not affluent a.富有的 prosperous well of well to do 小康水平，过
they wholly alienate landowners and those who live in the 得很好。High-heeled 富裕 Moneyed 有钱的 moneyness 无钱的
countryside. Only good scouting is likely to preserve the freedoms chambermaid n.女招待员 合成词 West Chamber 中国古代小说
so dear to the heart of the eternal Boy Scout. 《西厢记》
New words and expressions boo n.呸的一声
assumption n. 假定 maitre d'hotel n. 总管不达意** 法语词即为：master of hotel
insularity n. 偏狭 resume CV-curriculum vitae
manoeuvre v. 驱车（移动） cater v. 迎合 granted conj. 即使 假使，eg: Granted you are right, you can't be
myriad adj. 无数的 so rude.假使你对你也不能如此粗鲁。
exclusively adv. 排他地 换用词；given provided 作连接词，不作过去分词。
paradox n. 自相矛盾的事 snobbery n.势利 1、小看那些不如自己的人；2、巴结比自己高
cosmopolitan adj. 世界的 的人 snob 势利小人 snob appeal 崇洋媚外
cynic n. 愤世嫉俗者 entail vt. 使成为必要 包含
preponderance n. 优势 eg: Learning English entails patience/perseverance/strong will.
sociologist n. 社会学家 exquisite a.精细的，高雅的 exquisite meal 美味佳肴 exquisite
overwhelmingly adv. 以压倒优势地， fashion 高雅时装 exquisite furniture
shun v. 避开 清一色地 修饰人比如花花公子 playboy Don Juan Dante
affluent adj. 富有的 hell n.苦境、地狱 go to hell 见鬼去吧！
patronage n. 恩惠，惠顾 I am in the living hell. 人间地狱 Hell cat 指人很厉害。
chambermaid n. 女招待员 to hand 在手边**
sauerkraut n. 泡菜 inclement a.险恶的 指天气比较恶劣 inclement heat/cold 酷热/
boo n. 呸的一声 严寒 hitter 苦 harsh 糟糕 severe
vie v. 竞争 天气不太好可用 it's +上边的词
maitre d'hotel n. ［法语］总管 municipality n. 市政当局 insularity n.偏狭 来源：insular 海岛——peninsula 半岛
snobbery n. 势利 island 岛，由岛无往外逃生的可能性可联想到封闭，偏狭
itinerant n. 巡回者 insulated 隔绝的 insulated body 绝缘体
hierarchy n. 等级制度 narrow minded / small minded / short sighted / provincial 没有眼
heath n. 荒地 光的
entail v. 使成为必要 cater vi.迎合 cater to sb. / cater for sth.
alienate v. 使疏远 Gratify/tend to/please/satisfy
inclement adj. 险恶的 exclusively ad.排他地 exclusive news 独家报道
eternal adj. 永久的 exclusive right to sale sth 专卖权 exclusive shop 专卖店
package tour 由旅行社安排一切的一揽子旅游 inclusive 包含
manoeuvre vt. （驱车）移动 部队军事演习，大量的调动部队 Cosmopolitan a.全世界的 cosmos 表宇宙
myriad a. 无数的用期 myriad-即为多 Cosmopolis 大都市 Cosmonaut 宇航员 universal
myriad in poem 中其意为一万，如周星弛在大话西游所说的一 Preponderance n.优势 predominant prevalence 来自 prevail
万，这样诗味很浓 Countless\Unnumbered\ Immeasurable Overwhelmingly ad.以压倒优势地，清一色地 注意读音
Myriad stars 无数的星星 Overwhelmingly victory 大选中获得绝对性胜利
bicycles made for two 双人自行车 Landslide 山崩所以译为绝对胜利
to be hub to hub with 与……紧挨 hub 相当于 centre 的意思 Patronage n.恩惠，惠顾
I sit hub to hub with him. Patron 倚伥帮助成名的人。所给的恩赐叫 patronage
Wangfujing is the business hub of Beijing. 同 favor—指具体实在的，而 patronage 不一定很具体，是抽
Side by side 肩并肩 象的 do me a favor
paradox n..自相矛盾的事 第五课讲过** Sauerkraut n.泡菜 sauer 来自于德语, 在英语中为 sour
swear vi. 发誓 Swear words 诅咒的话，这里当名词讲 (swore Vie vi.竞争 Vie with sb. For sth.
sworn) sworn in 宣誓就职 Jan. 20 I vie with him for the vacancy.
cynic n.愤世嫉俗者 犬儒哲学者。这种人有两种观点：（1）对 同义：compete contend This is a vying society
社会（进步）的仇恨；（2）逃循中、逃避现实 Municipality n.市政当局 带有自治性质 Municipal 市政府 可
cynophobia:恐犬症 gooseflesh all over 起一身鸡皮疙瘩 作直辖市讲
Be wary of 对……保持警惕 on the look-out Go hand in hand: 结伴而行
Be wary of unhealthy trend 正常 19 句写为：It is argued that insularity and self-containment
Be on the look-out for sth go hand in hand.
Be on guard against sth. Be on alert Continental: European
Itinerant n.浪荡者 来自于 itinerary 旅行线路 tramp vagrant Survived the flood
gypsy nomad She survived her spouse by ten years. 她比她老伴多活十年。
Heath n.荒地 Survive 同 stand up to
Alienate vt.使疏远 alien Characteristic to build socialism with Chinese characteristics
Don't alienate us.不要挑拨离间。 She is a alien. Mediterranean 地中海 As yet = however Dutch:荷兰语
I alienate my mom.我和母亲疏远了。 Odour 味道 Garlic: 大蒜 Remarkable:显著 Custom：风俗习惯
Eternal a.永久的 immortal 不朽的 见 37 课解释。 Trace: 跟着、跟踪
Boy Scout n.童子军 该词来源于英国，请根据以下听讲述。 ……to four walls: 居无定所
Boll 战争, Britain and Holand 为争夺 cape of good Hope 的战争 can't be traced to any culprits 找不出他与主犯有什么关系
Notes on the text 5 star litter:垃圾 litter bug 乱扔东西让人讨厌
Outlay=expense tent, food, alpine jacket finance 钱 scouting: 童子军的行为：camping
initial:beginning, first motive: 动力 troubled water 一团混水
1．It is far from…, 远不是… it: economy only one: motive
Assumption 假想 far from He is far from being honest. L60 On Moral Courage
Site: comping site bump into Although truth and justice 1 may be the most powerful impulses to
2．Twenty pounds' worth of space, 价值 20 英镑的空地，其中 show moral courage, there are others. Compassion is one of these.
worth 是名词 2 Tentatively it can be suggested that this is the main influence
3．Hub to hub with, 车轴与……车轴相接 upon those who urge the abolition of capital punishment. 3 It is
Yearly: year after year, annually recognition of compassion's part that leads the upholders of capital
Entertaining: enjoyable punishment to accuse the abolitionists of sentimentality in being
It: equipment more sorry for the murderer than for his victim. 4 This is nonsense
4．The Splendide and the Bellavista, 两大酒店的名字。 but with it some organs of the popular Press played upon the
Though he is affluent=affluent he may be emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for
Poor he maybe=poor as he may be… Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes
Tip: to insure prompt service and the result was the muddle-headed Homicide Act of 1957
Master in his own house 作 he 的同位语 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the
5．Say boo to a maitre d'hotel, 对酒店的经理表示不满。Say boo poisoner to escape the gallows. 5 That illogical qualification
to a maitre d'hotel, 是从 not say boo to a goose （非常胆小，不 shows how flimsy is the argument that capital punishment is a
敢得罪）演变而来的。在这个成语中，a goose 常被人们幽默 deterrent to murder. 6 The poisoner always works on a calculated
地换成其他字眼。 plan of action and therefore is able to consider whether or not his
6．Granted ,… but …（虽然……但是……）这种句型中的 taking another's life is worth the risk of his own; the violent thief
Granted 总被放在句首，意思是 Yes，相当于一连接副词的作用 is usually at the mercy of an instant emotion. 7 The only arguable
7．In the shape of , 以……形式出现的 plea for capital punishment is the right of society to retribution in
Managements 管理层 hierarchies: ranking this world with the prospect of life in another, but since what used
Dampen one’s heart 使人扫兴 to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the assurance
Not least: most 强调 of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and
Sense of honor/responsibility/humor/master/guilt more people less certain, a feeling for the value of human life has
Superiority complex 优越感 inferiority complex 自卑感 become deeper and more widespread. This may seem a
Refinement: enjoyment paradoxical claim to make at a time when mankind is so much
Foreign 异乡的 sands 沙滩 means: way keeping: 保管 preoccupied with weapons of destruction. 8 Nevertheless, it is a
8．To be hand, 唾手可得 claim that can be sustained and if compassion animates those who
Proves: 亲眼验证 packed like sardines urge the abolition of the death penalty it is not a sentimental
Package tour:组团旅行 that 后作 package tour 同位语 compassion for the mental agony inflicted upon a condemned man
第 18 句后采用反证法 but a dread of destroying the miracle of life.
object to +名词、动名词 9 When in the eighteenth century offences against the law that
thereby: in this way, by which hereby 这里证明，兹证明 today would no earn a month in prison were punished with the
deny sb. Sth. death penalty, the severity of the penal code had no serious effect
Self-containment 自我封闭 on the prevalence of crime. 10 When it made no difference to the
fate of a highwayman whether he had killed his victim or merely what qualifications do you have ? 你有什么特长？force start 抢
robbed him of a few pieces of silver, there were no more murders 跑（体育用语）
then than there were when men like Sir Fraricis Burdett succeeded 12. flimsy adj. 站不住脚的、不足信的（理论）、脆弱的 联
in lightening the excessive severity of the penal laws. 11 In those 想词:groundless 理论太薄/fragile 脆弱的玻璃易碎/ rickets 软骨
days the sacredness of life on earth was not greatly regarded 病 convincing 令人信服的 unconvincing 不让人信服的
because a life in the world to come was taken for granted except 13. deterrent n. 威慑 deter v. :prevent 短语:deter him from
by a comparatively small minotity of philosophers. smoking
12 Nor was the long-drawn ordeal of the condemned cell inflicted 14. caculated adj. 精心制作的,有计划的 短语:caculated
either upon the condemned man or his gaolers once upon a time. plan/scheme 精心策划 同类词:deliberate 精心策划 /well
Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for planned /well designed 精心设计/well schemed
its retention, 13 but surely no reasonable argument can be found 15. at the mercy of 受…支配(抽象意义):under the control of 例
for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it 句:at the mercy of emotion(reason\impulse) 受感情(理智/冲动)
from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what 支配
looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the 16. plea n.辩解 例句:make a plea for sth 为…而辩解 make a
reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is plea for wrongdoing(misconduct)为错误行为(过失)而辩解;I took
dead. Moreover, it was more merciful to launch the condemned leave under the plea of headache.以头疼为借口离开.
man into eternity twenty-four hours after he was sentenced than to 17. retribution n. 惩罚，报应（宗教）
keep him shivering on the brink of that dread gulf for nearly three 18. sustain v.确认 原意:支撑 例句:sustain an applicant in his
weeks. 14 Hanging is an atrociously archaic way of killing a claim 认定此人申诉有效 his words hold water. 言之有理 his
human being and the self-satisfied modernity of the electric chair words can not hold water 站不住脚
is just as atrocious. 15 The administration of a strong sleeping 19. animate v. 促使,、激烈、激活 例句:激活讨论：animate the
draught to the condemned man every night from which one night discussion /animated discussion (heat / lively)激烈争论
he does hot awake, seems a more civilized alternative to our 20. penalty n. 刑罚 短语:death penalty 死刑 penalty kick 罚
present barbarous procedure, if capital punishment through the 点球 free kick 任意球 corner 角球 例句: no penalty for
influence of backward minds be retained. guessing 不倒扣分
New words and expressions 21. agony n. 极度痛苦难 agonise v. it’s agonising to do sth.短
1. impulse n. 推动力,冲动 短语:out of impulse =act on impulse 语:agony column(英语报纸常用) :claim 寻人启事/ divorce 离
出于冲动 同义词:impetus 婚声明 同类词：torture 折磨/anguish 痛苦 / pang 痛苦(一阵一
/momentum/ drive ; drive for something 阵的)也可引申用/ throes 分娩时阵痛临死前苦痛 痛苦程度:
2. compassion n. 同情 短语:compassion for sth. /sympathy for throes>anguish 例句: it's agonizing to …
sth .同义词：sympathy (不及 compassion) 22. inflict v.使遭受 短语:inflict sth on sb. 例句:I inflict the
3. tentatively adv.尝试性地 常用于文学 短语: tentatively trouble(misery) on him 我给他带来麻烦(不幸) 特殊用法:inflict
study on clone 刍以克隆 简单的研究 myself on you 对不起,打搅您了.
experiental study 尝试性研究 tentatively smile 勉强的笑 23.prevalence n. 盛行 prevail v. 例句:Nowdays Korean pop
4.abolition n. 废除 abolish []v. abolitionist []n.短语:to abolish music prevails.同义词:popular
the slavery 24.sacredness n. 神圣不可侵犯性 sacred adj.sacred cow 圣牛
5.capital n. 可处死刑的 原意:首的,主要的; (宗教) 同类词: holy /godly/heavenly /saint 圣人/saintly 例句: he
短语:capital punishment =death penalty 死刑 decapitate v.斩首 is saintly 他真是圣人一样的人
6. upholder n.支持者 hold up 举起 holiday 比较正式高雅带宗教色彩 vocation (暑假)
同义词:advocator /proponent 25.ordeal n.折磨 词源:ancient Greece roman
7. sentimentality n. 多愁善感(本质)、感情脆弱、感伤 辨 26.assurance n.信心
义:emotional （一时的）情绪化 27.preoccupy vt. 使全神贯注 短语:be occupied with 对..全神贯
8. muddle-headed adj. 糊涂的 注 同类:absorbed(引人入胜) in /immersed (沉浸其间)in
9. homicide n..凶杀、杀人者 构:homi= homo: the same 人、同 28.retention n.保留 retain v.
类 cide :kill 组词:homosexual 同性恋 homonym 同音（形）异 29.sickening adj. 令人呕心的..
义词、同名人 synonym 同义词 antonym 反义词 pesticide 杀虫 同类词:disgusting/vomit/distasteful(较轻 不太喜欢)
剂 suicide 自杀 autocide 撞车自杀 uxorious 害怕老婆的、妻 30.don vt. 戴 可戴任何,但一般用于上身 同类: wear 穿(什么
管严 filicide 杀子女 filial 孝顺的 都可以穿 /表动词或状态)put on 表动作 dress 穿 //dress
10. gallows n. 绞刑架（木制的）短语:gallows bird 应受罚 同类 oneself/be dreesed 穿衣服 be dressed in blue/he is wearing blue
词：guillotine 绞刑架（铁制的） 穿着什么 wear socks /wear beard 下面的(moustache 上面的
11. qualification n.规定、条件 词源：qualify 合格 unqualified /long beard)蓄着胡子/wear lipstick 抹口红
不合格（常自已本身） disqualify 取消资格 （被别人）例句：
31.wig n.假发 短语:big wig 引申为:大人物(big potato/big fish the mental agony inflicted upon a condemned man but a dread of
/big man) destroying the miracle of life. 即句子结构为: it is …sustained if
32.burial service 葬礼 同义词:funeral none of your funeral=none death penalty and it is 这是一个能够支持的论点,如果这种同情
of your bussiness 不是你的事 能够激发那些不支持死刑犯拥护的人士,面这种同情不是对人
33.merciful adj. 仁慈的 mercy n.反:merciless 同类词:forgiving 们精神折磨的同情,而是对对毁掉生命奇迹的一种同情.
宽容 tolerant 容忍 lenient(with)对人…宽松 9. offences against the law 犯罪；today 时间状语；
34.gulf n.深渊 短语:go to the gulf below=go to hell severity :serious ; penal code 刑法；civil code 民法；
35.hanging n.绞刑 hang (hung hung ) 挂/hang(hanged hanged)绞 10. 当一个人杀死他的受害者或者只抢了少部分的钱财这对他
刑 例句: if we don't hang together ,we'll be hanged separately.林 的命运而言没有大的区别,当我们这位爵士成功的减轻了过度
肯:如果我们不团结起来,只能被一个个处死. 严厉的刑法时,也不见得那种谋杀案有任何的增多.
36.atrociously adv. 残暴地 同义词:barbarously 野蛮的 ruthless Sir 爵士(做先生的时,不可加姓或名)
无情地 appalling 骇人听闻的 意为: if u just take away this penalty ,there is no great harm to
37.archaic adj.古老的 a archaic word 同义词:antique obsolete society
outdated 不再时髦 passé(法)常指女子的老. lightening 减轻；excessive 过度的,过分的；
38.draught n.每吨服量 no more ..than : the same as ..与…都不多(两个没多大区别)
39.barbarous adj. 野蛮的 11. on earth 人世间； in the world to come 来世；
Notes on the text Taken for granted 理所当然
1. truth and justice: truth 真理,这里译为永于直言； justice 富有 12. nor 表示和前面一定有联系,并用倒装；gaoler 监狱看守
正义感, gaoler-gaol 监狱；galo bird
2. Tentatively it can be suggested that this is : long-drawn:long time；condemned(该死的,受人谴责的) cell；
tentatively :roughly ,generally 大致说来 ；it 指后面的从句；this cell(single room)-prison
指 compassion inflict upon 给谁带来；inflict sth.(ordeal) on sb.
3. It is recognition …that:强调句 ,正是意识到 ；part :role 作 13. mumbo-jumbo 繁文缛节
用；accuse of 指责/指控；in being 在这方面； it:death penalty；两个繁文缛节:pen-wiper/ the reading
4. This is nonsense but with it some organs of the popular Press 14. self-satisfied 自我满足的；modernity 时髦,现代性
played upon.. : but with it :运用前面的论点；organs: institution Atrocious a. 残暴
机构组织；popular press :很受欢迎的\大众的媒体；play upon: 15. administration 监护；administer
玩弄,利用(make use of /take advantage of )；so..that ..；candidates sleeping draught(pill)安眠药；administration sth to someone 让某
for Parliament 国会候选人；
MP-member of parliament 国会议员； 人吃什么药
PHD(博士生)；act:法案(英),=bill(美)； from which 由于；which 指 draught
5. That illogical qualification shows how flimsy is the argument alternative=replacement;替换；
that..:illogical 不合逻辑的； if capital punishment ..be retained.虚拟语气
how flimsy is the argument 倒装句；that 引导同位语
6. work on 构思, 构想；taking one's life 杀别人；whether or not；
violent thief 暴徒=murderer
with robbery; instant emotion；
7. The only arguable plea for capital punishment…: arguable 可
争论的,可辩论的；
prospect :hope；but since ；used to :过去常常；claim 理由；mass
destruction: 极大杀伤力； the right of society to retribution in
this world with the prospect of life in another 等于:with the
prospect of life in another, a society has a right to give one the
retribution.因为拥有给你来生的幸福,所以社会能给你报应,
with 这里做原因状语；
to the great majority of civilized humanity 插入语
the assurance 宾语
8. nevertheless=however；claim 理由,观点；none the less ；该
句:这个观点是可以得到支持的如果这种同情能够激励那些要
废除死刑的人,那么这种同情就不是对那些死刑犯感情的同情,
而是对毁掉生命奇迹的一种同情； 如改为:it is a claim that can
be sustained if compassion animates those who urge the abolition
of the death penalty and it is not a sentimental compassion for