Physics 203205- 4

And Collected and prepared by:

Physics (1) 203206- 4 Dr. Hamdy H. Wahba
Associate Professor
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science
Taif University

Chapter 4
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

1445- 2024
Systems
 A system is a small portion of the Universe
 We will ignore the details of the rest of
the Universe

Valid System
 A valid system may
 be a single object or particle
 be a collection of objects or particles
 be a region of space
 vary in size and shape
Environment
 There is a system boundary around the system
 The boundary is an imaginary surface
 It
does not necessarily correspond to a physical
boundary
 The boundary divides the system from the
environment
 The environment is the rest of the Universe
 Work Done by a Constant
Force
The work, W, done on a system by an agent exerting a constant
force on the system is the product of the magnitude, F, of
the force, the magnitude Dr of the displacement of
the point of application of the force, and cos q, where q is the
angle between the force and the displacement
vectors
W = F Dr cos q
Scalar Product of Two Vectors
 The scalar product
of two vectors is
written as A . B
 It
is also called the
dot product
 A . B = A B cos q
q is the angle
between A and B
Work, cont.
 W = F Dr cos q
 The displacement is that of the point of application
of the force
 A force does no work on the object if the force
does not move through a displacement
 The work done by a force on a moving object is
zero when the force applied is perpendicular to the
displacement of its point of application
 Work Example

 The normal force, n,

and the gravitational
force, m g, do no
work on the object
 cos q = cos 90° = 0
 The force F does do
work on the object
More About Work
 The system and the environment must be
determined when dealing with work
 The environment does work on the system
 Work by the environment on the system
 The sign of the work depends on the
direction of F relative to Dr
 Work is positive when projection of F onto Dr is in
the same direction as the displacement
 Work is negative when the projection is in the
opposite direction
Units of Work

 Work is a scalar quantity

 The unit of work is a joule (J)
1 joule = 1 newton . 1 meter
J =N·m
Work Is An Energy Transfer
 This is important for a system approach to solving a
problem
 If the work is done on a system and it is positive, energy is
transferred to the system
 If the work done on the system is negative, energy is
transferred from the system

 If a system interacts with its environment, this interaction

can be described as a transfer of energy across the
system boundary
 This will result in a change in the amount of energy
stored in the system
 Example 7.1 Mr. Clean

A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of

magnitude F 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal.
Calculate the work done by the force on the vacuum cleaner
as the vacuum cleaner is displaced 3.00 m to the right.
Work Done by a Varying
Force
 Assume that during a
very small
displacement, Dx, F is
constant
 For that displacement,
W ~ F Dx
 For all of the intervals,
xf
W   Fx Dx
xi
Work Done by a Varying
Force, cont
xf

 F Dx = 
xf
 lim
Fx dx
Dx →0 x
xi
xi

xf
 Therefore, W =  Fx dx
xi

 The work done is

equal to the area
under the curve
Work Done By Multiple
Forces
 If more than one force acts on a system and the system
can be modeled as a particle, the total work done on
the system is the work done by the net force

W = W (  F )dx
xf
net = x
xi
Work Done by Multiple
Forces, cont.
 If the system cannot be modeled as a particle,
then the total work is equal to the algebraic sum
of the work done by the individual forces

Wnet = Wby individual forces

Hooke’s Law

 The force exerted by the spring is

Fs = - kx
 x is the position of the block with respect to the equilibrium position
(x = 0)
 k is called the spring constant or force constant and measures the
stiffness of the spring
 This is called Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law, cont.

 When x is positive
(spring is stretched), F is
negative
 When x is 0 (at the
equilibrium position), F is
0
 When x is negative
(spring is compressed),
F is positive
Hooke’s Law, final

 The force exerted by the spring is always directed

opposite to the displacement from equilibrium
 F is called the restoring force
 If the block is released it will oscillate back and forth
between –x and x
Work Done by a Spring

 Identify the block as

the system
 Calculate the work as
the block moves from
xi = - xmax to xf = 0
1 2
( −kx ) dx =
xf 0
Ws =  Fx dx =  kxmax
xi − xmax 2
 The total work done as
the block moves from
–xmax to xmax is zero
Spring with an Applied Force

 Suppose an external agent,

Fapp, stretches the spring
 The applied force is equal
and opposite to the spring
force
 Fapp = -Fs = -(-kx) = kx
 Work done by Fapp is equal
to ½ kx2max
Kinetic Energy

 Kinetic Energy is the energy of a particle due to

its motion
 K = ½ mv2
 K is the kinetic energy
 m is the mass of the particle
 v is the speed of the particle
 A change in kinetic energy is one possible result
of doing work to transfer energy into a system
Kinetic Energy, cont

 Calculating the
work:

 F dx = 
xf xf
W = ma dx
xi xi
vf
W =  mv dv
vi

1 2 1 2
W = 2mv f − 2 mvi
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
 The Work-Kinetic Energy Principle states

SW = Kf – Ki = DK

 In the case in which work is done on a system

and the only change in the system is in its
speed, the work done by the net force equals
the change in kinetic energy of the system.
 We can also define the kinetic energy
K = ½ mv2
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
– Example
 The normal and
gravitational forces do
no work since they are
perpendicular to the
direction of the
displacement
 W = F Dx
 W = DK = ½ mvf2 - 0
Non-isolated System

 A non-isolated system is one that interacts with or is

influenced by its environment
 An isolated system would not interact with its
environment
 The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem can be applied to
non-isolated systems
Example 7.7 A Block pulled
on a frictionless surface
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a
horizontal, frictionless surface by a constant horizontal force of
12 N. Find the block’s speed after it has moved 3.0 m.
Example 7.9 A Block pulled
on a Rough Surface
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal
surface by a constant horizontal force of 12 N. (A) Find the speed of
the block after it has moved 3.0 m if the surfaces in contact have a
coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.15.
Conservation of Energy
 Energy is conserved
 Thismeans that energy cannot be created or
destroyed
 Ifthe total amount of energy in a system
changes, it can only be, because energy has
crossed the boundary of the system by some
method of energy transfer
Conservation of Energy,
cont.
 Mathematically, SEsystem = ST
 Esystem is the total energy of the system
T is the energy transferred across the system
boundary
 Established symbols: Twork = W and Theat = Q
 The Work-Kinetic Energy theorem is a special case
of Conservation of Energy
Power
 The time rate of energy transfer is called power
 The average power is given by

W
P=
Dt
when the method of energy transfer is work
Instantaneous Power

 The instantaneous power is the limiting value of

the average power as Dt approaches zero

W dW
P= lim
Dt →0 =
Dt dt

 This can also be written as

dW dr
P= = F  = F v
dt dt
Power Generalized

 Power can be related to any type of

energy transfer
 In general, power can be expressed as
dE
P=
dt

 dE/dt is the rate at which energy is

crossing the boundary of the system for
a given transfer mechanism
Units of Power

 The SI unit of power is called the watt

 1 watt = 1 joule / second = 1 kg . m2 / s3
 A unit of power in the US Customary system is
horsepower
 1 hp = 746 W
 Units of power can also be used to express units
of work or energy
 1 kWh = (1000 W)(3600 s) = 3.6 x106 J
Example 7.12 Power Delivered by an
Elevator Motor
An elevator car has a mass of 1600 kg and is carrying passengers having a combined mass
of 200 kg. A constant friction force of 4000 N retards its motion. (A) How much power must a
motor deliver to lift the elevator car and its passengers at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s? (B)
What power must the motor deliver at the instant the speed of the elevator is v if the motor is
designed to provide the elevator car with an upward acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?
Potential Energy
 Potential energy is the energy associated
with the configuration of a system of
objects that exert forces on each other
 Thiscan be used only with conservative forces
 When conservative forces act within an isolated
system, the kinetic energy gained (or lost) by the
system as its members change their relative
positions is balanced by an equal loss (or gain)
in potential energy.
 This is Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Types of Potential Energy
 There are many forms of potential energy,
including:
 Gravitational
 Electromagnetic
 Chemical
 Nuclear
 One form of energy in a system can be
converted into another
Potential Energy

 The energy storage mechanism is called

potential energy
 A potential energy can only be associated with
specific types of forces
 Potential energy is always associated with a
system of two or more interacting objects
System Example

 This system consists

of Earth and a
book
 Do work on the
system by lifting
the book through
Dy
 The work done is
mgyb - mgya
Gravitational Potential
Energy
 Gravitational Potential Energy is associated
with an object at a given distance above
Earth’s surface
 Assume the object is in equilibrium and
moving at constant velocity
 The work done on the object is done by Fapp
and the upward displacement is
Dr = Dyˆj
Gravitational Potential
Energy, cont
W = ( Fapp )  Dr

W = (mgˆj)  ( yb − ya ) ˆj
W = mgyb − mgya

 The quantity mgy is identified as the

gravitational potential energy, Ug
 Ug = mgy
 Units are joules (J)
Gravitational Potential
Energy, final
 The gravitational potential energy depends
only on the vertical height of the object
above Earth’s surface
 In solving problems, you must choose a
reference configuration for which the
gravitational potential energy is set equal to
some reference value, normally zero
 The choice is arbitrary because you normally
need the difference in potential energy, which is
independent of the choice of reference
configuration
Conservation of
Mechanical Energy
 The mechanical energy of a system is the
algebraic sum of the kinetic and
potential energies in the system
 Emech = K + Ug
 The statement of Conservation of
Mechanical Energy for an isolated system
is Kf + Uf = Ki+ Ui
 An isolated system is one for which there are
no energy transfers across the boundary
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENDANCE