AlterMundus

AlterMundus

tkz-euclide v5
tkz-euclide 5.10c

Euclidean Geometry

Alain Matthes
April 29, 2024 Documentation V.5.10c

http://altermundus.fr
 tkz-euclide

Alain Matthes
AlterMundus

M
tkz-euclide is a set of convenient macros for drawing in a plane (fundamen-
tal two-dimensional object) with a Cartesian coordinate system. It handles the
most classic situations in Euclidean Geometry. tkz-euclide is built on top of
PGF and its associated front-end Tik Z and is a (La)TeX-friendly drawing pack-
age. The aim is to provide a high-level user interface to build graphics relatively
effortlessly. The goal is to guide users through constructing diagrams step by
step, mirroring the natural process of manual construction as closely as possi-
ble.
Version 5 of tkz-euclide includes the option to utilize Lua for performing cer-
tain calculations, refer to the news and lua sections.
Please note: English is not my native language, so there may be some errors.

M Firstly, I would like to thank Till Tantau for the beautiful LATEX package, namely Tik Z.

M Acknowledgements : I received much valuable advices, remarks, corrections and examples from
Jean-Côme Charpentier, Josselin Noirel, Manuel Pégourié-Gonnard, Franck Pastor, David Arnold,
Ulrike Fischer, Stefan Kottwitz, Christian Tellechea, Nicolas Kisselhoff, David Arnold, Wolfgang
Büchel,
John Kitzmiller, Dimitri Kapetas, Gaétan Marris, Mark Wibrow, Yves Combe, Paul Gaborit, Laurent
Van Deik and Muzimuzhi Z.

M I would also like to thank Eric Weisstein, creator of MathWorld: MathWorld.

M You can find some examples on my site: altermundus.fr. under construction!

Please report typos or any other comments to this documentation to: Alain Matthes.
This file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the LATEX Project Public License Distributed
from CTAN archives.
Contents 3

Contents

I. General survey : a brief but comprehensive review 15

0.1. With 5.10 version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1. Working with lua 17

1.0.1. Option lua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.0.2. Option mini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2. Installation 17

3. Presentation and Overview 18

3.1. Why tkz-euclide? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2. TikZ vs tkz-euclide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.1. Book I, proposition I _Euclid’s Elements_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2. Complete code with tkz-euclide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.3. Book I, Proposition II _Euclid’s Elements_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3. tkz-euclide 4 vs tkz-euclide 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4. tkz-euclide 5 vs tkz-euclide 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5. How to use the tkz-euclide package ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5.1. Let’s look at a classic example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5.2. Part I: golden triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5.3. Part II: two others methods with golden and euclid triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5.4. Complete but minimal example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4. The Elements of tkz code 28

4.1. Objects and language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2. Notations and conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3. Set, Calculate, Draw, Mark, Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5. About this documentation and the examples 31

II. Setting 32
6. First step: fixed points 33

7. Definition of a point : \tkzDefPoint or \tkzDefPoints 33

7.1. Defining a named point \tkzDefPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.1.1. Cartesian coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.1.2. Calculations with xfp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.1.3. Polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.1.4. Relative points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2. Point relative to another: \tkzDefShiftPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2.1. Isosceles triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.2.2. Equilateral triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.2.3. Parallelogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3. Definition of multiple points: \tkzDefPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.4. Create a triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.5. Create a square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Contents 4

III. Calculating 38
8. Auxiliary tools 39
8.1. Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.2. New point by calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9. Special points 40
9.1. Middle of a segment \tkzDefMidPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.1.1. Use of \tkzDefMidPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2. Golden ratio \tkzDefGoldenRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2.1. Use the golden ratio to divide a line segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.2.2. Golden arbelos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.3. Barycentric coordinates with \tkzDefBarycentricPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.3.1. with two points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9.3.2. with three points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9.4. Internal and external Similitude Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9.4.1. Internal and external with node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9.4.2. D’Alembert Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9.4.3. Example with node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
9.5. Harmonic division with \tkzDefHarmonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.5.1. options ext and int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.5.2. Bisector and harmonic division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.5.3. option both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.6. Equidistant points with \tkzDefEquiPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.6.1. Using \tkzDefEquiPoints with options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.7. Middle of an arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

10. Point on line or circle 48

10.1. Point on a line with \tkzDefPointOnLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.1.1. Use of option pos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.2. Point on a circle with \tkzDefPointOnCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.2.1. Altshiller’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.2.2. Use of \tkzDefPointOnCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

11. Special points relating to a triangle 51

11.1. Triangle center: \tkzDefTriangleCenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11.1.1. Option ortho or orthic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11.1.2. Option centroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
11.1.3. Option circum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
11.1.4. Option in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
11.1.5. Option ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
11.1.6. Option euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
11.1.7. Option symmedian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
11.1.8. Option spieker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
11.1.9. Option gergonne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
11.1.10. Option nagel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11.1.11. Option mittenpunkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11.1.12. Relation between gergonne, centroid and mittenpunkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

12. Definition of points by transformation 56

12.1. \tkzDefPointBy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
12.1.1. translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
12.1.2. reflection (orthogonal symmetry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
12.1.3. homothety and projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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Contents 5

12.1.4. projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
12.1.5. symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
12.1.6. rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
12.1.7. rotation in radian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
12.1.8. rotation with nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
12.1.9. inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
12.1.10. Inversion of lines ex 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
12.1.11. inversion of lines ex 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
12.1.12. inversion of lines ex 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
12.1.13. inversion of circle and homothety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
12.1.14. inversion of Triangle with respect to the Incircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
12.1.15. inversion: orthogonal circle with inversion circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
12.1.16. inversion negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
12.2. Transformation of multiple points; \tkzDefPointsBy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12.2.1. translation of multiple points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12.2.2. symmetry of multiple points: an oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

13. Defining points using a vector 66

13.1. \tkzDefPointWith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13.1.1. Option colinear at, simple example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
13.1.2. Option colinear at, complex example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
13.1.3. Option colinear at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
13.1.4. Option colinear at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
13.1.5. Option orthogonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
13.1.6. Option orthogonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
13.1.7. Option orthogonal more complicated example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
13.1.8. Options colinear and orthogonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
13.1.9. Option orthogonal normed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
13.1.10. Option orthogonal normed and K=2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
13.1.11. Option linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
13.1.12. Option linear normed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
13.2. \tkzGetVectxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
13.2.1. Coordinate transfer with \tkzGetVectxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

14. Straight lines 71

14.1. Definition of straight lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
14.1.1. With mediator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
14.1.2. An envelope with option mediator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
14.1.3. A parabola with option mediator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
14.1.4. With options bisector and normed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
14.1.5. With option parallel=through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
14.1.6. With option orthogonal and parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14.1.7. With option altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14.1.8. With option euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14.1.9. Tangent passing through a point on the circle tangent at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
14.1.10. Choice of contact point with tangents passing through an external point option tangent
from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
14.1.11. Example of tangents passing through an external point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
14.1.12. Example of Andrew Mertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
14.1.13. Drawing a tangent option tangent from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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15. Triangles 77
15.1. Definition of triangles \tkzDefTriangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.1.1. Option equilateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
15.1.2. Option two angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
15.1.3. Option school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
15.1.4. Option pythagore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
15.1.5. Option pythagore and swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
15.1.6. Option golden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
15.1.7. Option euclid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
15.1.8. Option isosceles right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
15.1.9. Option gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
15.2. Specific triangles with \tkzDefSpcTriangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
15.2.1. How to name the vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
15.3. Option medial or centroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
15.3.1. Option in or incentral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
15.3.2. Option ex or excentral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
15.3.3. Option intouch or contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
15.3.4. Option extouch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
15.3.5. Option orthic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
15.3.6. Option feuerbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
15.3.7. Option tangential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
15.3.8. Option euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.3.9. Option euler and Option orthic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
15.3.10. Option symmedial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
15.4. Permutation of two points of a triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
15.4.1. Modification of the school triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

16. Definition of polygons 90

16.1. Defining the points of a square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
16.1.1. Using \tkzDefSquare with two points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
16.1.2. Use of \tkzDefSquare to obtain an isosceles right-angled triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
16.1.3. Pythagorean Theorem and \tkzDefSquare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
16.2. Defining the points of a rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
16.2.1. Example of a rectangle definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
16.3. Definition of parallelogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
16.3.1. Example of a parallelogram definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
16.4. The golden rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
16.4.1. Golden Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
16.4.2. Construction of the golden rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
16.5. Regular polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
16.5.1. Option center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
16.5.2. Option side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

17. Circles 95
17.1. Characteristics of a circle: \tkzDefCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
17.1.1. Example with option R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
17.1.2. Example with option diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
17.1.3. Circles inscribed and circumscribed for a given triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
17.1.4. Example with option ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
17.1.5. Euler’s circle for a given triangle with option euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
17.1.6. Apollonius circles for a given segment option apollonius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
17.1.7. Circles exinscribed to a given triangle option ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
17.1.8. Spieker circle with option spieker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

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17.2. Projection of excenters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

17.2.1. Excircles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
17.2.2. Orthogonal from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
17.2.3. Orthogonal through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
17.3. Definition of circle by transformation; \tkzDefCircleBy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
17.3.1. Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
17.3.2. Reflection (orthogonal symmetry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
17.3.3. Homothety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
17.3.4. Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
17.3.5. Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
17.3.6. Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

18. Intersections 104

18.1. Intersection of two straight lines \tkzInterLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
18.1.1. Example of intersection between two straight lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
18.2. Intersection of a straight line and a circle \tkzInterLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
18.2.1. test line-circle intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
18.2.2. Line-circle intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
18.2.3. Line passing through the center option common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
18.2.4. Line-circle intersection with option common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
18.2.5. Line-circle intersection order of points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
18.2.6. Example with \foreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
18.2.7. Line-circle intersection with option near . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
18.2.8. More complex example of a line-circle intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
18.2.9. Circle defined by a center and a measure, and special cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
18.2.10. Calculation of radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
18.2.11. Option with nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
18.3. Intersection of two circles \tkzInterCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
18.3.1. test circle-circle intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
18.3.2. circle-circle intersection with common point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
18.3.3. circle-circle intersection order of points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
18.3.4. Construction of an equilateral triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
18.3.5. Segment trisection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
18.3.6. With the option with nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
18.3.7. Mix of intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
18.3.8. Altshiller-Court’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

19. Angles 115

19.1. Definition and usage with tkz-euclide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
19.2. Recovering an angle \tkzGetAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
19.3. Angle formed by three points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
19.3.1. Verification of angle measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
19.3.2. Determination of the three angles of a triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
19.3.3. Angle between two circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
19.4. Angle formed by a straight line with the horizontal axis \tkzFindSlopeAngle . . . . . . . . . 118
19.4.1. How to use \tkzFindSlopeAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
19.4.2. Use of \tkzFindSlopeAngle and \tkzGetAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
19.4.3. Another use of \tkzFindSlopeAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

20. Random point definition 119

20.1. Obtaining random points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
20.1.1. Random point in a rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
20.1.2. Random point on a segment or a line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

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20.1.3. Random point on a circle or a disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

IV. Drawing and Filling 121

21. Drawing 122
21.1. Draw a point or some points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
21.1.1. Drawing points \tkzDrawPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
21.1.2. Example of point drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
21.1.3. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

22. Drawing the lines 123

22.1. Draw a straight line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
22.1.1. Examples with add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
22.1.2. Example with \tkzDrawLines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

23. Drawing a segment 124

23.1. Draw a segment \tkzDrawSegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
23.1.1. Example with point references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
23.1.2. Example of extending an segment with option add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
23.1.3. Adding dimensions with option dim new code from Muzimuzhi Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
23.1.4. Adding dimensions with option dim partI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
23.1.5. Adding dimensions with option dim part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
23.2. Drawing segments \tkzDrawSegments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
23.2.1. Place an arrow on segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
23.3. Drawing line segment of a triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
23.3.1. How to draw Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
23.4. Drawing a polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
23.4.1. \tkzDrawPolygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
23.4.2. Option two angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
23.4.3. Style of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
23.5. Drawing a polygonal chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
23.5.1. Polygonal chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
23.5.2. The idea is to inscribe two squares in a semi-circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
23.5.3. Polygonal chain: index notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle 130

24.1. Draw one circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
24.1.1. Circles and styles, draw a circle and color the disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
24.2. Drawing circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
24.2.1. Circles defined by a triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
24.2.2. Concentric circles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
24.2.3. Exinscribed circles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
24.2.4. Cardioid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
24.3. Drawing semicircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
24.3.1. Use of \tkzDrawSemiCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
24.4. Drawing semicircles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
24.4.1. Use of \tkzDrawSemiCircles : Golden arbelos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

25. Draw an ellipse with \tkzDrawEllipse 135

25.1. Draw an ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
25.1.1. Option towards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

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26. Drawing arcs 135

26.1. Macro: \tkzDrawArc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
26.1.1. Option towards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
26.1.2. Option towards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
26.1.3. Option rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
26.1.4. Option R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
26.1.5. Option R with nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
26.1.6. Option delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
26.1.7. Option angles: example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
26.1.8. Option angles: example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
26.1.9. Option reverse: inversion of the arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

27. Drawing a sector or sectors 139

27.1. \tkzDrawSector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
27.1.1. \tkzDrawSector and towards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
27.1.2. \tkzDrawSector and rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
27.1.3. \tkzDrawSector and R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
27.1.4. \tkzDrawSector and R with nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
27.1.5. \tkzDrawSector and R with nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
27.2. Coloring a disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
27.2.1. Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
27.2.2. From a sangaku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
27.2.3. Clipping and filling part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
27.2.4. Clipping and filling part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
27.2.5. Clipping and filling part III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
27.3. Coloring a polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
27.3.1. \tkzFillPolygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
27.4. \tkzFillSector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
27.4.1. \tkzFillSector and towards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
27.4.2. \tkzFillSector and rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
27.5. Colour an angle: \tkzFillAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
27.5.1. Example with size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
27.5.2. Changing the order of items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
27.5.3. Multiples angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

28. Controlling Bounding Box 147

28.1. Utility of \tkzInit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
28.2. \tkzInit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
28.3. \tkzClip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
28.4. \tkzClip and the option space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
28.5. tkzShowBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
28.5.1. Example with \tkzShowBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
28.6. tkzClipBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
28.6.1. Example with \tkzClipBB and the bisectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

29. Clipping different objects 151

29.1. Clipping a polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
29.1.1. \tkzClipPolygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
29.1.2. \tkzClipPolygon[out] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
29.1.3. Example: use of Clip for Sangaku in a square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
29.2. Clipping a disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
29.2.1. Simple clip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
29.3. Clip out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

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29.4. Intersection of disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

29.5. Clipping a sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
29.5.1. Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
29.5.2. Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
29.6. Options from Tik Z: trim left or right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
29.7. Tik Z Controls \pgfinterruptboundingbox and \endpgfinterruptboundingbox . . . . . . 154
29.7.1. Example about contolling the bouding box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
29.8. Reverse clip: tkzreverseclip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
29.8.1. Example with \tkzClipPolygon[out] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

V. Marking 157
29.9. Mark a segment \tkzMarkSegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
29.9.1. Several marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
29.9.2. Use of mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
29.10. Marking segments \tkzMarkSegments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
29.10.1. Marks for an isosceles triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
29.11. Another marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
29.12. Mark an arc \tkzMarkArc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
29.12.1. Several marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
29.13. Mark an angle mark : \tkzMarkAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
29.13.1. Example with mark = x and with mark = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
29.14. Problem to mark a small angle: Option veclen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
29.15. Marking a right angle: \tkzMarkRightAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
29.15.1. Example of marking a right angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
29.15.2. Example of marking a right angle, german style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
29.15.3. Mix of styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
29.15.4. Full example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
29.16. \tkzMarkRightAngles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
29.17. Angles Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
29.17.1. Angle with Tik Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

VI. Labelling 165

30. Labelling 166
30.1. Label for a point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
30.1.1. Example with \tkzLabelPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
30.1.2. Label and reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
30.2. Add labels to points \tkzLabelPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
30.2.1. Example with \tkzLabelPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
30.3. Automatic position of labels \tkzAutoLabelPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
30.3.1. Label for points with \tkzAutoLabelPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

31. Label for a segment 167

31.0.1. First example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
31.0.2. Example : blackboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
31.0.3. Labels and option : swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
31.0.4. Labels for an isosceles triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

32. Add labels on a straight line \tkzLabelLine 169

32.0.1. Example with \tkzLabelLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
32.1. Label at an angle : \tkzLabelAngle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
32.1.1. Example author js bibra stackexchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

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32.1.2. With pos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

32.1.3. pos and \tkzLabelAngles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
32.2. Giving a label to a circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
32.2.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

33. Label for an arc 172

33.0.1. Label on arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

VII. Complements 173

34. Using the compass 174
34.1. Main macro \tkzCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
34.1.1. Option length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
34.1.2. Option delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
34.2. Multiple constructions \tkzCompasss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
34.2.1. Use \tkzCompasss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

35. The Show 175

35.1. Show the constructions of some lines \tkzShowLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
35.1.1. Example of \tkzShowLine and parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
35.1.2. Example of \tkzShowLine and perpendicular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
35.1.3. Example of \tkzShowLine and bisector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
35.1.4. Example of \tkzShowLine and mediator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
35.2. Constructions of certain transformations \tkzShowTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
35.2.1. Example of the use of \tkzShowTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
35.2.2. Another example of the use of \tkzShowTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

36. Protractor 178

36.1. The macro \tkzProtractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
36.1.1. The circular protractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
36.1.2. The circular protractor, transparent and returned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

37. Miscellaneous tools and mathematical tools 179

37.1. Duplicate a segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
37.1.1. Use of\tkzDuplicateSegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
37.1.2. Proportion of gold with \tkzDuplicateSegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
37.1.3. Golden triangle or sublime triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
37.2. Segment length \tkzCalcLength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
37.2.1. Compass square construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
37.2.2. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
37.3. Transformation from pt to cm or cm to pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
37.4. Change of unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
37.5. Get point coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
37.5.1. Coordinate transfer with \tkzGetPointCoord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
37.5.2. Sum of vectors with \tkzGetPointCoord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
37.6. Swap labels of points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
37.6.1. Use of \tkzSwapPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
37.7. Dot Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
37.7.1. Simple example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
37.7.2. Cocyclic points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
37.8. Power of a point with respect to a circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
37.8.1. Power from the radical axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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37.9. Radical axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

37.9.1. Two circles disjointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
37.10. Two intersecting circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
37.11. Two externally tangent circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
37.12. Two circles tangent internally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
37.12.1. Three circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
37.13. \tkzIsLinear, \tkzIsOrtho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
37.13.1. Use of \tkzIsOrtho and \tkzIsLinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

VIII. Working with style 189

38. Predefined styles 190

39. Points style 190

39.1. Use of \tkzSetUpPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
39.1.1. Global style or local style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
39.1.2. Local style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
39.1.3. Style and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
39.1.4. Simple example with \tkzSetUpPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
39.1.5. Use of \tkzSetUpPoint inside a group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

40. Lines style 192

40.1. Use of \tkzSetUpLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
40.1.1. Change line width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
40.1.2. Change style of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
40.1.3. Example 3: extend lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

41. Arc style 194

41.1. The macro \tkzSetUpArc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
41.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpArc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

42. Compass style, configuration macro \tkzSetUpCompass 195

42.1. The macro \tkzSetUpCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
42.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
42.1.2. Use of \tkzSetUpCompass with \tkzShowLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

43. Label style 195

43.1. The macro \tkzSetUpLabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
43.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpLabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

44. Own style 196

44.1. The macro \tkzSetUpStyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
44.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpStyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

45. How to use arrows 196

45.1. Arrows at endpoints on segment, ray or line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
45.1.1. Scaling an arrow head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
45.1.2. Using vector style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
45.2. Arrows on middle point of a line segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
45.2.1. In a parallelogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
45.2.2. A line parallel to another one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
45.2.3. Arrow on a circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
45.3. Arrows on all segments of a polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
45.3.1. Arrow on each segment with tkz arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

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45.3.2. Using tkz arrows with a circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

IX. Examples 201

46. Different authors 202
46.1. Code from Andrew Swan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
46.2. Example: Dimitris Kapeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
46.3. Example : John Kitzmiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
46.4. Example 1: from Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
46.5. Example 2: from Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
46.6. Illustration of the Morley theorem by Nicolas François . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
46.7. Gou gu theorem / Pythagorean Theorem by Zhao Shuang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
46.8. Reuleaux-Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

47. Some interesting examples 210

47.1. Square root of the integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
47.2. About right triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
47.3. Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
47.3.1. Square and rectangle of same area; Golden section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
47.3.2. Steiner Line and Simson Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
47.4. Lune of Hippocrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
47.5. Lunes of Hasan Ibn al-Haytham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
47.6. About clipping circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
47.7. Similar isosceles triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
47.8. Revised version of ”Tangente” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
47.9. ”Le Monde” version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
47.10. Triangle altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
47.11. Altitudes - other construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
47.12. Three circles in an Equilateral Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
47.13. Law of sines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
47.14. Flower of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
47.15. Pentagon in a circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
47.16. Pentagon in a square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
47.17. Hexagon Inscribed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
47.17.1. Hexagon Inscribed version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
47.17.2. Hexagon Inscribed version 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
47.18. Power of a point with respect to a circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
47.19. Radical axis of two non-concentric circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
47.20. External homothetic center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
47.21. Tangent lines to two circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
47.22. Tangent lines to two circles with radical axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
47.23. Middle of a segment with a compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
47.24. Definition of a circle _Apollonius_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
47.25. Application of Inversion : Pappus chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
47.26. Book of lemmas proposition 1 Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
47.27. Book of lemmas proposition 6 Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
47.28. ”The” Circle of APOLLONIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

X. FAQ 246
48. FAQ 247
48.1. Most common errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

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Contents 14

Index 248

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
 Part I.

General survey : a brief but comprehensive review

 16

News and compatibility

0.1. With 5.10 version

– Added french documentation

– Added the mini option. You can use this option with the tkz-elements package. Only the modules re-
quired for tracing will be loaded. This option is currently only available if you are using tkz-elements.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
1. Working with lua 17

1. Working with lua

1.0.1. Option lua

You can now use the lua option with tkz-euclide version 5. You just have to write in your preamble
usepackage[lua]{tkz-euclide}. Obviously, you’ll need to compile with LuaLaTeX. Nothing changes for the
syntax.
Without the option you can use tkz-euclide with the proposed code of version 4.25.
This version is not yet finalized although the documentation you are currently reading has been compiled with
this option.
Some information about the method used and the results obtained. Concerning the method, I considered two
possibilities. The first one was simply to replace everywhere I could the calculations made by xfp or sometimes
by lua. This is how I went from fp to xfp and now to lua. The second and more ambitious possibility would
have been to associate to each point a complex number and to make the calculations on the complexes with
lua. Unfortunately for that I have to use libraries for which I don’t know the license.
Otherwise the results are good. This documentation with LualaTeX and xfp compiles in 47s while with lua it
takes only 30s for 236 pages.
Another document of 61 pages is compiled 16s with pdflaTeX and xfp and 13s with LualaTeX and xfp.
This documentation compiles with \usepackage{tkz-base} and \usepackage[lua]{tkz-euclide} but I didn’t
test all the interactions thoroughly.

1.0.2. Option mini

When you use tkz-elements solely to determine the points in your figures, it is not necessary to load all the
modules of tkz-euclide. In this case, by using the mini option \usepackage[mini]{tkz-euclide} , you will
only load the modules necessary for the drawings.

2. Installation

tkz-euclide is on the server of the CTAN1 . If you want to test a beta version, just put the following files in a texmf
folder that your system can find. You will have to check several points:

– The tkz-euclide folder must be located on a path recognized by latex.

– The tkz-euclide uses xfp.

– You need to have PGF installed on your computer. tkz-euclide use several libraries of Tik Z

1 tkz-euclide is part of TeXLive and tlmgr allows you to install them. This package is also part of MiKTeX under Windows.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
3. Presentation and Overview 18

angles,
arrows,
arrows.meta,
calc,
decorations,
decorations.markings,
decorations.pathreplacing,
decorations.shapes,
decorations.text,
decorations.pathmorphing,
intersections,
math,
plotmarks,
positioning,
quotes,
shapes.misc,
through

– This documentation and all examples were obtained with lualatex but pdflatex or xelatex should be
suitable.

3. Presentation and Overview

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.25]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,12/0/B,6/12*sind(60)/C}
\foreach \density in {20,30,...,240}{%
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=teal!\density](A,B,C)
\pgfnodealias{X}{A}
\tkzDefPointWith[linear,K=.15](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzDefPointWith[linear,K=.15](B,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefPointWith[linear,K=.15](C,X) \tkzGetPoint{C}}
\end{tikzpicture}

3.1. Why tkz-euclide?

My initial goal was to provide other mathematics teachers and myself with a tool to quickly create Euclidean
geometry figures without investing too much effort in learning a new programming language. Of course, tkz-
euclide is for math teachers who use LATEX and makes it possible to easily create correct drawings by means of
LATEX.
It appeared that the simplest method was to reproduce the one used to obtain construction by hand. To describe
a construction, you must, of course, define the objects but also the actions that you perform. It seemed to me
that syntax close to the language of mathematicians and their students would be more easily understandable;
moreover, it also seemed to me that this syntax should be close to that of LATEX. The objects, of course, are points,
segments, lines, triangles, polygons and circles. As for actions, I considered five to be sufficient, namely: define,
create, draw, mark and label.
The syntax is perhaps too verbose but it is, I believe, easily accessible. As a result, the students like teachers were
able to easily access this tool.

3.2. TikZ vs tkz-euclide

I love programming with Tik Z, and without Tik Z I would never have had the idea to create tkz-euclide but
never forget that behind it there is Tik Z and that it is always possible to insert code from Tik Z. tkz-euclide
doesn’t prevent you from using Tik Z. That said, I don’t think mixing syntax is a good thing.

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3. Presentation and Overview 19

There is no need to compare Tik Z and tkz-euclide. The latter is not addressed to the same audience as Tik Z.
The first one allows you to do a lot of things, the second one only does geometry drawings. The first one can do
everything the second one does, but the second one will more easily do what you want.
The main purpose is to define points to create geometrical figures. tkz-euclide allows you to draw the essential
objects of Euclidean geometry from these points but it may be insufficient for some actions like coloring surfaces.
In this case you will have to use Tik Z which is always possible.
Here are some comparisons between TikZ and tkz-euclide 4. For this I will use the geometry examples from
the PGFManual. The two most important Euclidean tools used by early Greeks to construct different geometrical
shapes and angles were a compass and a straightedge. My idea is to allow you to follow step by step a construction
that would be done by hand (with compass and straightedge) as naturally as possible.

3.2.1. Book I, proposition I _Euclid's Elements_

Book I, proposition I _Euclid’s Elements_

To construct an equilateral triangle on a given finite straight line.

Explanation :
The fourth tutorial of the PgfManual is about geometric constructions. T. Tantau proposes to get the drawing
with its beautiful tool TikZ. Here I propose the same construction with tkz-elements. The color of the TikZ code
is green!50!black and that of tkz-elements is red.
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,intersections,through,backgrounds}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
How to get the line AB ? To get this line, we use two fixed points.

\coordinate [label=left:$A$] (A) at (0,0);

\coordinate [label=right:$B$] (B) at (1.25,0.25);
\draw (A) -- (B);
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1.25,0.25){B}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoint[left](A){$A$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B$}
We want to draw a circle around the points A and B whose radius is given by the length of the line AB.
\draw let \p1 = ($ (B) - (A) $),
\n2 = {veclen(\x1,\y1)} in
(A) circle (\n2)
(B) circle (\n2);
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B B,A)
The intersection of the circles 𝒟 and ℰ
draw [name path=A--B] (A) -- (B);
node (D) [name path=D,draw,circle through=(B),label=left:$D$] at (A) {};
node (E) [name path=E,draw,circle through=(A),label=right:$E$] at (B) {};
path [name intersections={of=D and E, by={[label=above:$C$]C,[label=below:$C'$]C'}}];
draw [name path=C--C',red] (C) -- (C');
path [name intersections={of=A--B and C--C',by=F}];
node [fill=red,inner sep=1pt,label=-45:$F$] at (F) {};

\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{C}{X}

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How to draw points :

\foreach \point in {A,B,C}
\fill [black,opacity=.5] (\point) circle (2pt);

\tkzDrawPoints[fill=gray,opacity=.5](A,B,C)

3.2.2. Complete code with tkz-euclide

We need to define colors
\colorlet{input}{red!80!black}
\colorlet{output}{red!70!black}
\colorlet{triangle}{green!50!black!40}

ℰ
C

\colorlet{input}{red!80!black}
\colorlet{output}{red!70!black}
\colorlet{triangle}{green!50!black!40}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25,thick,help lines/.style={thin,draw=black!50}]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1.25+rand(),0.25+rand()){B}
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{C}{X}

\tkzFillPolygon[triangle,opacity=.5](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[input](A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[red](A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawCircles[help lines](A,B B,A)
\tkzDrawPoints[fill=gray,opacity=.5](A,B,C)

\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelCircle[below=12pt](A,B)(180){$\mathcal{D}$}
\tkzLabelCircle[above=12pt](B,A)(180){$\mathcal{E}$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above,red](C){$C$}

\end{tikzpicture}

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3.2.3. Book I, Proposition II _Euclid's Elements_

Book I, Proposition II _Euclid’s Elements_

To place a straight line equal to a given straight line with one end at a given point.

Explanation
In the first part, we need to find the midpoint of the straight line AB. With Tik Z we can use the calc library
\coordinate [label=left:$A$] (A) at (0,0);
\coordinate [label=right:$B$] (B) at (1.25,0.25);
\draw (A) -- (B);
\node [fill=red,inner sep=1pt,label=below:$X$] (X) at ($ (A)!.5!(B) $) {};

With tkz-euclide we have a macro \tkzDefMidPoint, we get the point X with \tkzGetPoint but we don’t need
this point to get the next step.
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,0.75/0.25/B,1/1.5/C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{X}
Then we need to construct a triangle equilateral. It’s easy with tkz-euclide . With TikZ you need some effort
because you need to use the midpoint X to get the point D with trigonometry calculation.
\node [fill=red,inner sep=1pt,label=below:$X$] (X) at ($ (A)!.5!(B) $) {};
\node [fill=red,inner sep=1pt,label=above:$D$] (D) at
($ (X) ! {sin(60)*2} ! 90:(B) $) {};
\draw (A) -- (D) -- (B);

\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{D}
We can draw the triangle at the end of the picture with
\tkzDrawPolygon{A,B,C}
We know how to draw the circle ℋ around B through C and how to place the points E and F
\node (H) [label=135:$H$,draw,circle through=(C)] at (B) {};
\draw (D) -- ($ (D) ! 3.5 ! (B) $) coordinate [label=below:$F$] (F);
\draw (D) -- ($ (D) ! 2.5 ! (A) $) coordinate [label=below:$E$] (E);
\tkzDrawCircle(B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 2](D,A D,B)
We can place the points E and F at the end of the picture. We don’t need them now.
Intersecting a Line and a Circle : here we search the intersection of the circle around B through C and the line
DB. The infinite straight line DB intercepts the circle but with Tik Z we need to extend the lines DB and that can
be done using partway calculations. We get the point F and BF or DF intercepts the circle
\node (H) [label=135:$H$,draw,circle through=(C)] at (B) {};
\path let \p1 = ($ (B) - (C) $) in
coordinate [label=left:$G$] (G) at ($ (B) ! veclen(\x1,\y1) ! (F) $);
\fill[red,opacity=.5] (G) circle (2pt);
Like the intersection of two circles, it’s easy to find the intersection of a line and a circle with tkz-euclide. We
don’t need F
\tkzInterLC(B,D)(B,C)\tkzGetFirstPoint{G}
There are no more difficulties. Here the final code with some simplications. We draw the circle 𝒦 with center D
and passing through G. It intersects the line AD at point L. AL = BC.
\tkzDrawCircle(D,G)

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3. Presentation and Overview 22

\tkzInterLC(D,A)(D,G)\tkzGetSecondPoint{L}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0.75,0.25){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1.5){C}
(ℋ ) C \tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzInterLC[near](D,B)(B,C) \tkzGetSecondPoint{G}
\tkzInterLC[near](A,D)(D,G) \tkzGetFirstPoint{L}
D \tkzDrawCircles(B,C D,G)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 2](D,A D,B)
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
B
A
\tkzDrawSegments[red](A,L B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[red](D,L,G)
G \tkzDrawPoints[fill=gray](A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[left,red](A)
(𝒦 )
\tkzLabelPoints[below right,red](L)
\tkzLabelCircle[above](B,C)(20){$\mathcal{(H)}$}
L
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](G)
\tkzLabelPoints[above,red](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right,red](B)
\tkzLabelCircle[below](D,G)(-90){$\mathcal{(K)}$}
\end{tikzpicture}

3.3. tkz-euclide 4 vs tkz-euclide 3

Now I am no longer a Mathematics teacher, and I only spend a few hours studying geometry. I wanted to avoid
multiple complications by trying to make tkz-euclide independent of tkz-base. Thus was born tkz-euclide
4. The latter is a simplified version of its predecessor. The macros of tkz-euclide 3 have been retained. The
unit is now cm. If you need some macros from tkz-base, you may need to use the \tkzInit.

3.4. tkz-euclide 5 vs tkz-euclide 4

Nothing changes for the user. Compilation must be carried out using the LuaLaTeX engine, and the results are
more precise and obtained more quickly. Simply load tkz-euclide like this \usepackage[lua]{tkz-euclide}.

3.5. How to use the tkz-euclide package ?

3.5.1. Let's look at a classic example
In order to show the right way, we will see how to build an equilateral triangle. Several possibilities are open to
us, we are going to follow the steps of Euclid.

– First of all, you have to use a document class. The best choice to test your code is to create a single figure
with the class standalone.

\documentclass{standalone}

– Then load the tkz-euclide package:

\usepackage{tkz-euclide} or \usepackage[lua]{tkz-euclide}

You don’t need to load Tik Z because the tkz-euclide package works on top of TikZ and loads it.
– Start the document and open a TikZ picture environment:

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}

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3. Presentation and Overview 23

– Now we define two fixed points:

\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,2){B}

– Two points define two circles, let’s use these circles:

circle with center A through B and circle with center B through A. These two circles have two points in
common.

\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A)

We can get the points of intersection with

\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}

– All the necessary points are obtained, we can move on to the final steps including the plots.

\tkzDrawCircles[gray,dashed](A,B B,A)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)% The triangle

– Draw all points A, B, C and D:

\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)

– The final step, we print labels to the points and use options for positioning:

\tkzLabelSegments[swap](A,B){$c$}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)

– We finally close both environments

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

– The complete code

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
% fixed points
C \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,2){B}
% calculus
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A)
\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
B % drawings
c \tkzDrawCircles(A,B B,A)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
A
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
% marking
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=s||](A,B B,C C,A)
% labelling
D
\tkzLabelSegments[swap](A,B){$c$}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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3. Presentation and Overview 24

3.5.2. Part I: golden triangle

B

C D A

Let’s analyze the figure

1. CBD and DBE are isosceles triangles;

2. BC = BE and (BD) is a bisector of the angle CBE;

3. From this we deduce that the CBD and DBE angles are equal and have the same measure 𝛼

̂ + ABC
BAC ̂ + BCA
̂ = 180∘ in the triangle BAC

̂ = 180∘ in the triangle CBD

3𝛼 + BCA
then
̂ = 180∘
𝛼 + 2BCA
or
̂ = 90∘ − 𝛼/2
BCA

4. Finally
̂ = 𝛼 = 36∘
CBD
the triangle CBD is a golden triangle.

How construct a golden triangle or an angle of 36∘ ?

1. We place the fixed points C and D. \tkzDefPoint(0,0){C} and \tkzDefPoint(4,0){D};

2. We construct a square CDef and we construct the midpoint m of [Cf];

We can do all of this with a compass and a rule;

3. Then we trace an arc with center m through e. This arc cross the line (Cf) at n;

4. Now the two arcs with center C and D and radius Cn define the point B.

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3. Presentation and Overview 25

n \begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){D}
\tkzDefSquare(C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{e}{f}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,f)
f e \tkzGetPoint{m}
\tkzInterLC(C,f)(m,e)
\tkzGetSecondPoint{n}
\tkzInterCC[with nodes](C,C,n)(D,C,n)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{B}
m \tkzDrawSegment[brown,dashed](f,n)
\pgfinterruptboundingbox% from tikz
\tkzDrawPolygon[brown,dashed](C,D,e,f)
\tkzDrawArc[brown,dashed](m,e)(n)
\tkzCompass[brown,dashed,delta=20](C,B)
\tkzCompass[brown,dashed,delta=20](D,B)
C D \endpgfinterruptboundingbox
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,...,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(B,C,D,e,f,m,n)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](f,m,n)
\tkzLabelPoints(C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](e)
\end{tikzpicture}
After building the golden triangle BCD, we build the point A by noticing that BD = DA. Then we get the point E
and finally the point F. This is done with already intersections of defined objects (line and circle).

3.5.3. Part II: two others methods with golden and euclid triangle
tkz-euclide knows how to define a golden or euclide triangle. We can define BCD and BCA like gold triangles.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){D}
\tkzDefTriangle[golden](C,D)
\tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefTriangle[golden](B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzInterLC(B,A)(B,D) \tkzGetSecondPoint{E}
\tkzInterLL(B,D)(C,E) \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDrawPoints(C,D,B)
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,...,D)
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(D,A A,B C,E)
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](B,C)(E)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,F)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(B,F,C)
\tkzMarkAngles(C,B,D E,A,D)
\tkzLabelAngles[pos=1.5](C,B,D E,A,D){$\alpha$}
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,C,D,E)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](B,F)
\end{tikzpicture}

Here is a final method that uses rotations:

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3. Presentation and Overview 26

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C} % possible
% \tkzDefPoint[label=below:$C$](0,0){C}
% but don't do this
\tkzDefPoint(2,6){B}
% We get D and E with a rotation
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center B angle 36](C) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center B angle 72](C) \tkzGetPoint{E}
% To get A we use an intersection of lines
\tkzInterLL(B,E)(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzInterLL(C,E)(B,D) \tkzGetPoint{H}
% drawing
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](B,C)(E)
\tkzDrawPolygon(C,B,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(D,A B,A C,E)
% angles
\tkzMarkAngles(C,B,D E,A,D) %this is to draw the arcs
\tkzLabelAngles[pos=1.5](C,B,D E,A,D){$\alpha$}
\tkzMarkRightAngle(B,H,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,E)
% Label only now
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](C,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

3.5.4. Complete but minimal example

A unit of length being chosen, the example shows how to obtain a segment of length √a from a segment of length
a, using a ruler and a compass.
IB = a, AI = 1

√a2 = a (a > 0)

I M
A(0, 0) B(10, 0)
(a − 1)/2
1 (a + 1)/2

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3. Presentation and Overview 27

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1,ra/.style={fill=gray!20}]
% fixed points
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){I}
% calculation
\tkzDefPointBy[homothety=center A ratio 10 ](I) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](I,M) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzInterLC(I,H)(M,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzDrawSegment[style=purple](I,C)
\tkzDrawArc(M,B)(A)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$1$,-16pt,}](A,I)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$(a-1)/2$,-10pt,}](I,M)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$(a+1)/2$,-16pt,}](M,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[ra](A,I,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(I,A,B,C,M)
\tkzLabelPoint[left](A){$A(0,0)$}
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](I,M)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](C)
\tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B(10,0)$}
\tkzLabelSegment[right=4pt](I,C){$\sqrt{a^2}=a \ (a>0)$}
\end{tikzpicture}
Comments
– The Preamble
Let us first look at the preamble. If you need it, you have to load xcolor before tkz-euclide, that is, before
Tik Z. Tik Z may cause problems with the active characters, but... provides a library in its latest version that’s
supposed to solve these problems babel.

\documentclass{standalone} % or another class

% \usepackage{xcolor} % before tikz or tkz-euclide if necessary
\usepackage{tkz-euclide} % no need to load TikZ
% \usetkzobj{all} is no longer necessary
% \usetikzlibrary{babel} if there are problems with the active characters

The following code consists of several parts:

– Definition of fixed points: the first part includes the definitions of the points necessary for the construction,
these are the fixed points. The macros \tkzInit and \tkzClip in most cases are not necessary.

\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){I}

– The second part is dedicated to the creation of new points from the fixed points; a B point is placed at 10 cm
from A. The middle of [AB] is defined by M and then the orthogonal line to the (AB) line is searched for at
the I point. Then we look for the intersection of this line with the semi-circle of center M passing through
A.

\tkzDefPointBy[homothety=center A ratio 10 ](I)

\tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](I,M)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzInterLC(I,H)(M,B)
\tkzGetSecondPoint{C}

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4. The Elements of tkz code 28

– The third one includes the different drawings;

\tkzDrawSegment[style=purple](I,H)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,I,A,B,M)
\tkzDrawArc(M,A)(O)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$1$,-16pt,}](A,I)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$a/2$,-10pt,}](I,M)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$a/2$,-16pt,}](M,B)

– Marking: the fourth is devoted to marking;

\tkzMarkRightAngle[ra](A,I,C)

– Labelling: the latter only deals with the placement of labels.

\tkzLabelPoint[left](A){$A(0,0)$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B(10,0)$}
\tkzLabelSegment[right=4pt](I,C){$\sqrt{a^2}=a \ (a>0)$}

4. The Elements of tkz code

To work with my package, you need to have notions of LATEX as well as Tik Z.
In this paragraph, we start looking at the rules and symbols used to create a figure with tkz-euclide.

4.1. Objects and language

The primitive objects are points. You can refer to a point at any time using the name given when defining it. (it is
possible to assign a different name later on).
To get new points you will use macros. tkz-euclide macros have a name beginning with tkz. There are four
main categories starting with: \tkzDef... \tkzDraw... \tkzMark... and \tkzLabel.... The used points are
passed as parameters between parentheses while the created points are between braces.
The code of the figures is placed in an environment tikzpicture
Contrary to Tik Z, you should not end a macro with “;”. We thus lose the important notion which is the path.
However, it is possible to place some code between the macros tkz-euclide.
Among the first category, \tkzDefPoint allows you to define fixed points. It will be studied in detail later. Here
we will see in detail the macro \tkzDefTriangle.
This macro makes it possible to associate to a pair of points a third point in order to define a certain triangle
\tkzDefTriangle(A,B). The obtained point is referenced tkzPointResult and it is possible to choose another
reference with \tkzGetPoint{C} for example.
\tkzDefTriangle[euclid](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
Parentheses are used to pass arguments. In (A,B) A and B are the points with which a third will be defined.
However, in {C} we use braces to retrieve the new point.
In order to choose a certain type of triangle among the following choices: equilateral, isosceles right,
half, pythagoras, school, golden or sublime, euclid, gold, cheops... and two angles you just have to
choose between hooks, for example:

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4. The Elements of tkz code 29

golden

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,8/0/B}
\foreach \tr in {golden, equilateral}
{\tkzDefTriangle[\tr](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
equilateral \tkzDrawPoint(C)
\tkzLabelPoint[right](C){\tr}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,C C,B)}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

A B

4.2. Notations and conventions

I deliberately chose to use the geometric French and personal conventions to describe the geometric objects
represented. The objects defined and represented by tkz-euclide are points, lines and circles located in a plane.
They are the primary objects of Euclidean geometry from which we will construct figures.
According to Euclid, these figures will only illustrate pure ideas produced by our brain. Thus a point has no
dimension and therefore no real existence. In the same way the line has no width and therefore no existence in
the real world. The objects that we are going to consider are only representations of ideal mathematical objects.
tkz-euclide will follow the steps of the ancient Greeks to obtain geometrical constructions using the ruler and
the compass.
Here are the notations that will be used:

– The points are represented geometrically either by a small disc or by the intersection of two lines (two
straight lines, a straight line and a circle or two circles). In this case, the point is represented by a cross.

\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/2/B}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
A

or else

\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzSetUpPoint[shape=cross, color=red]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/2/B}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
A
\end{tikzpicture}

The existence of a point being established, we can give it a label which will be a capital letter (with some
exceptions) of the Latin alphabet such as A, B or C. For example:
– O is a center for a circle, a rotation, etc.;
– M defined a midpoint;
– H defined the foot of an altitude;
– P′ is the image of P by a transformation ;

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4. The Elements of tkz code 30

It is important to note that the reference name of a point in the code may be different from the label to
designate it in the text. So we can define a point A and give it as label P. In particular the style will be
different, point A will be labeled A.

\begin{tikzpicture}
P
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDrawPoints(A)
\tkzLabelPoint(A){$P$}
\end{tikzpicture}
Exceptions: some points such as the middle of the sides of a triangle share a characteristic, so it is normal
that their names also share a common character. We will designate these points by Ma , Mb and Mc or MA ,
MB and MC .
In the code, these points will be referred to as: M_A, M_B and M_C.
Another exception relates to intermediate construction points which will not be labelled. They will often
be designated by a lowercase letter in the code.

– The line segments are designated by two points representing their ends in square brackets: [AB].

– The straight lines are in Euclidean geometry defined by two points so A and B define the straight line (AB).
We can also designate this stright line using the Greek alphabet and name it (𝛿) or (𝛥). It is also possible to
designate the straight line with lowercase letters such as d and d′ .

– The semi-straight line is designated as follows [AB).

– Relation between the straight lines. Two perpendicular (AB) and (CD) lines will be written (AB) ⟂ (CD) and
if they are parallel we will write (AB) � (CD).

– The lengths of the sides of triangle ABC are AB, AC and BC. The numbers are also designated by a lowercase
letter so we will write: AB = c, AC = b and BC = a. The letter a is also used to represent an angle, and r is
frequently used to represent a radius, d a diameter, l a length, d a distance.

– Polygons are designated afterwards by their vertices so ABC is a triangle, EFGH a quadrilateral.
̂=
– Angles are generally measured in degrees (ex 60∘ ) and in an equilateral ABC triangle we will write ABC
̂ ∘
B = 60 .

– The arcs are designated by their extremities. For example if A and B are two points of the same circle then
�
AB.

– Circles are noted either 𝒞 if there is no possible confusion or 𝒞 (O ; A) for a circle with center O and passing
through the point A or 𝒞 (O ; 1) for a circle with center O and radius 1 cm.

– Name of the particular lines of a triangle: I used the terms bisector, bisector out, mediator (sometimes
called perpendicular bisectors), altitude, median and symmedian.

– (x1 ,y1 ) coordinates of the point A1 , (xA ,yA ) coordinates of the point A.

4.3. Set, Calculate, Draw, Mark, Label

The title could have been: Separation of Calculus and Drawings
When a document is prepared using the LATEX system, the source code of the document can be divided into two
parts: the document body and the preamble. Under this methodology, publications can be structured, styled
and typeset with minimal effort. I propose a similar methodology for creating figures with tkz-euclide.
The first part defines the fixed points, the second part allows the creation of new points. Set and Calculate
are the two main parts. All that is left to do is to draw (or fill), mark and label. It is possible that tkz-euclide is
insufficient for some of these latter actions but you can use Tik Z

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5. About this documentation and the examples 31

One last remark that I think is important, it is best to avoid introducing coordinates within a code as much as
possible. I think that the coordinates should appear at the beginning of the code with the fixed points. Then the
use of references is recommended. Most macros have the option nodes or with nodes.
I also think it’s best to define the styles of the different objects from the beginning.

5. About this documentation and the examples

It is obtained by compiling with lualatex. I use a class doc.cls based on scrartcl.

Below the list of styles used in the documentation. To understand how to use the styles see the section 38
\tkzSetUpColors[background=white,text=black]
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=orange, line width=.2pt,delta=10]
\tkzSetUpArc[color=gray,line width=.2pt]
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=2,color=teal]
\tkzSetUpLine[line width=.2pt,color=teal]
\tkzSetUpStyle[color=orange,line width=.2pt]{new}
\tikzset{every picture/.style={line width=.2pt}}
\tikzset{label angle style/.append style={color=teal,font=\footnotesize}}
\tikzset{label style/.append style={below,color=teal,font=\scriptsize}}
Some examples use predefined styles like
\tikzset{new/.style={color=orange,line width=.2pt}}

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Part II.

Setting
6. First step: fixed points 33

6. First step: fixed points

The first step in a geometric construction is to define the fixed points from which the figure will be constructed.
The general idea is to avoid manipulating coordinates and to prefer to use the references of the points fixed in
the first step or obtained using the tools provided by the package. Even if it’s possible, I think it’s a bad idea to
work directly with coordinates. Preferable is to use named points.
tkz-euclide uses macros and vocabulary specific to geometric construction. It is of course possible to use the
tools of Tik Z but it seems more logical to me not to mix the different syntaxes.
A point in tkz-euclide is a particular node for Tik Z. In the next section we will see how to define points using
coordinates. The style of the points (color and shape) will not be discussed. You will find some indications in
some examples; for more information you can read the following section 38.

7. Definition of a point : \tkzDefPoint or \tkzDefPoints

Points can be specified in any of the following ways:

– Cartesian coordinates;

– Polar coordinates;

– Named points;

– Relative points.

A point is defined if it has a name linked to a unique pair of decimal numbers. Let (x, y) or (a: d) i.e. (x abscissa,
y ordinate) or (a angle: d distance). This is possible because the plan has been provided with an orthonormed
Cartesian coordinate system. The working axes are (ortho)normed with unity equal to 1 cm.
The Cartesian coordinate (a, b) refers to the point a centimeters in the x-direction and b centimeters in the y-
direction.
A point in polar coordinates requires an angle 𝛼, in degrees, and a distance d from the origin with a dimensional
unit by default it’s the cm.
The \tkzDefPoint macro is used to define a point by assigning coordinates to it. This macro is based on
\coordinate, a macro of Tik Z. It can use Tik Z-specific options such as shift. If calculations are required then
the xfp package is chosen. We can use Cartesian or polar coordinates.
Cartesian coordinates Polar coordinates

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1] \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzInit[xmax=5,ymax=5] \tkzInit[xmax=5,ymax=5]
% necessary to limit \tkzDrawX[>=latex]
% the size of the axes \tkzDrawY[>=latex]
\tkzDrawX[>=latex] \tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,1/0/I,0/1/J}
\tkzDrawY[>=latex] \tkzDefPoint(40:4){P}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,1/0/I,0/1/J} \tkzDrawSegment[dim={$d$,
\tkzDefPoint(3,4){A} 16pt,above=6pt}](O,P)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A) \tkzDrawPoints(O,P)
\tkzLabelPoint[above](A){$A_1(x_1,y_1)$} \tkzMarkAngle[mark=none,->](I,O,P)
\tkzShowPointCoord[xlabel=$x_1$, \tkzFillAngle[opacity=.5](I,O,P)
ylabel=$y_1$](A) \tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.25](I,O,P){%
\tkzLabelPoints(O,I) $\alpha$}
\tkzLabelPoints[left](J) \tkzLabelPoint[right](P){$P(\alpha:d)$}
\tkzDrawPoints[shape=cross](I,J) \tkzDrawPoints[shape=cross](I,J)
\end{tikzpicture} \tkzLabelPoints(O,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](J)
\end{tikzpicture}

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7. Definition of a point : \tkzDefPoint or \tkzDefPoints 34

y y

A1 (x1 , y1 )
y1

P(𝛼: d)

J J

O I x1 x O I x

7.1. Defining a named point \tkzDefPoint

\tkzDefPoint[⟨local options⟩](⟨x, y⟩){⟨ref⟩} or (⟨𝛼:d⟩){⟨ref⟩}

arguments default definition

(x, y) no default x and y are two dimensions, by default in cm.
(𝛼:d) no default 𝛼 is an angle in degrees, d is a dimension
{ref} no default Reference assigned to the point: A, T_a ,P1 or P1

The obligatory arguments of this macro are two dimensions expressed with decimals, in the first case they are two
measures of length, in the second case they are a measure of length and the measure of an angle in degrees. Do not
confuse the reference with the name of a point. The reference is used by calculations, but frequently, the name is
identical to the reference.

options default definition

label no default allows you to place a label at a predefined distance
shift no default adds (x, y) or (𝛼: d) to all coordinates

7.1.1. Cartesian coordinates

y \begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmax=5,ymax=5] % limits the size of the axes
\tkzDrawX[>=latex]
\tkzDrawY[>=latex]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0,3){C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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7. Definition of a point : \tkzDefPoint or \tkzDefPoints 35

7.1.2. Calculations with xfp

y \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzInit[xmax=4,ymax=4]
\tkzDrawX\tkzDrawY
\tkzDefPoint(-1+2,sqrt(4)){O}
\tkzDefPoint({3*ln(exp(1))},{exp(1)}){A}
\tkzDefPoint({4*sin(pi/6)},{4*cos(pi/6)}){B}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,B,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

7.1.3. Polar coordinates

\begin{tikzpicture}
\foreach \an [count=\i] in {0,60,...,300}
{ \tkzDefPoint(\an:3){A_\i}}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A_1,A_...,A_6)
\tkzDrawPoints(A_1,A_...,A_6)
\end{tikzpicture}

7.1.4. Relative points

First, we can use the scope environment from Tik Z. In the following example, we have a way to define an equi-
lateral triangle.

B C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\begin{scope}[rotate=30]
\tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
\begin{scope}[shift=(A)]
\tkzDefPoint(90:5){B}
\tkzDefPoint(30:5){C}
\end{scope}
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
A \end{tikzpicture}

7.2. Point relative to another: \tkzDefShiftPoint

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7. Definition of a point : \tkzDefPoint or \tkzDefPoints 36

\tkzDefShiftPoint[⟨Point⟩](⟨x, y⟩){⟨ref⟩} or (⟨𝛼:d⟩){⟨ref⟩}

arguments default definition

(x, y) no default x and y are two dimensions, by default in cm.
(𝛼:d) no default 𝛼 is an angle in degrees, d is a dimension
{ref} no default Reference assigned to the point: A, T_a ,P1 or P1
options default definition
[pt] no default \tkzDefShiftPoint[A](0:4){B}

7.2.1. Isosceles triangle

This macro allows you to place one point relative to another. This is equivalent to a translation. Here is how to
construct an isosceles triangle with main vertex A and angle at vertex of 30∘ .

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-30]
C \tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](0:4){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](30:4){C}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B B,C C,A)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=|](A,B A,C)
B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](A)
\end{tikzpicture}

7.2.2. Equilateral triangle

Let’s see how to get an equilateral triangle (there is much simpler)

B
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](30:3){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](-30:3){C}
A
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](A)
C \tkzMarkSegments[mark=|](A,B A,C B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

7.2.3. Parallelogram
There’s a simpler way
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(30:3){B}
\tkzDefShiftPointCoord[B](10:2){C}
\tkzDefShiftPointCoord[A](10:2){D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,...,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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7. Definition of a point : \tkzDefPoint or \tkzDefPoints 37

7.3. Definition of multiple points: \tkzDefPoints

\tkzDefPoints[⟨local options⟩]{⟨x1 /y1 /n1 , x2 /y2 /r2 , ...⟩}

xi and yi are the coordinates of a referenced point ri

arguments default example
xi /yi /ri \tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2/2/A}
options default definition
shift no default Adds (x, y) or (𝛼: d) to all coordinates

7.4. Create a triangle

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,4/3/C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

7.5. Create a square

Note here the syntax for drawing the polygon.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2/0/B,2/2/C,0/2/D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,...,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Part III.

Calculating
8. Auxiliary tools 39

Now that the fixed points are defined, we can with their references using macros from the package or macros that
you will create get new points. The calculations may not be apparent but they are usually done by the package.
You may need to use some mathematical constants, here is the list of constants defined by the package.

8. Auxiliary tools

8.1. Constants
tkz-euclide knows some constants, here is the list:

\def\tkzPhi{1.618034}
\def\tkzInvPhi{0.618034}
\def\tkzSqrtPhi{1.27202}
\def\tkzSqrTwo{1.414213}
\def\tkzSqrThree{1.7320508}
\def\tkzSqrFive{2.2360679}
\def\tkzSqrTwobyTwo{0.7071065}
\def\tkzPi{3.1415926}
\def\tkzEuler{2.71828182}

8.2. New point by calculation

When a macro of tkznameofpack creates a new point, it is stored internally with the reference tkzPointResult.
You can assign your own reference to it. This is done with the macro \tkzGetPoint. A new reference is created,
your choice of reference must be placed between braces.

\tkzGetPoint{⟨ref⟩}
If the result is in tkzPointResult, you can access it with \tkzGetPoint.

arguments default example

ref no default \tkzGetPoint{M} see the next example

Sometimes you need to get two points. It’s possible with

\tkzGetPoints{⟨ref1⟩}{⟨ref2⟩}
The result is in tkzPointFirstResult and tkzPointSecondResult.
arguments default example
{ref1,ref2} no default \tkzGetPoints{M,N} It's the case with \tkzInterCC

If you need only the first or the second point you can also use :

\tkzGetFirstPoint{⟨ref1⟩}

arguments default example

ref1 no default \tkzGetFirstPoint{M}

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
9. Special points 40

\tkzGetSecondPoint{⟨ref2⟩}

arguments default example

ref2 no default \tkzGetSecondPoint{M}

Sometimes the results consist of a point and a dimension. You get the point with \tkzGetPoint and the dimen-
sion with \tkzGetLength.

\tkzGetLength{⟨name of a macro⟩}

arguments default example

name of a macro no default \tkzGetLength{rAB} \rAB gives the length in cm

9. Special points

Here are some special points.

9.1. Middle of a segment \tkzDefMidPoint

It is a question of determining the middle of a segment.

\tkzDefMidPoint(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The result is in tkzPointResult. We can access it with \tkzGetPoint.

arguments default definition

(pt1,pt2) no default pt1 and pt2 are two points

9.1.1. Use of \tkzDefMidPoint

Review the use of \tkzDefPoint.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
A
\tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
M
\tkzDefPoint(6,2){B}
B \tkzDefMidPoint(A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,M)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B,M)
\end{tikzpicture}

9.2. Golden ratio \tkzDefGoldenRatio

From Wikipedia : In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of
their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for quantities a, b such as a > b > 0; a + b is
to a as a is to b.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
9. Special points 41

a+b a 1+√5
a = b =𝜙= 2
1+√5
One of the two solutions to the equation x2 − x − 1 = 0 is the golden ratio 𝜙, 𝜙 = 2 .

\tkzDefGoldenRatio(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

arguments default example

(pt1,pt2) no default \tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
AC AB
AB = a, BC = b and = =𝜙
AB BC

9.2.1. Use the golden ratio to divide a line segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
A B C
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{I}
%\tkzDefPointWith[linear,K=\tkzInvPhi](A,C)
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

9.2.2. Golden arbelos

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,10/0/B}
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{O_2}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_3}
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[fill=purple!15](O_1,B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[fill=teal!15](O_2,C O_3,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
It is also possible to use the following macro.

9.3. Barycentric coordinates with \tkzDefBarycentricPoint

pt1 , pt2 , …, ptn being n points, they define n vectors v⃗1 , v⃗2 , …, ⃗⃗⃗
vn with the origin of the referential as the common
endpoint. 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , …𝛼n are n numbers, the vector obtained by:
𝛼1 v⃗1 + 𝛼2 v⃗2 + ⋯ + 𝛼n⃗⃗⃗
vn
𝛼1 + 𝛼2 + ⋯ + 𝛼n
defines a single point.

\tkzDefBarycentricPoint(⟨pt1=𝛼1 ,pt2=𝛼2 ,…⟩)

arguments default definition

(pt1=𝛼1 ,pt2=𝛼2 ,…) no default Each point has a assigned weight

You need at least two points. Result in tkzPointResult.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
9. Special points 42

9.3.1. with two points

In the following example, we obtain the barycenter of points A and B with coefficients 1 and 2, in other words:
2
⃗I = ⃗⃗⃗
A AB
3
\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
\tkzDefShiftPointCoord[2,3](30:4){B}
G \tkzDefBarycentricPoint(A=1,B=2)
\tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
A \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,G)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,G)
\end{tikzpicture}

9.3.2. with three points

This time M is simply the center of gravity of the triangle.
For reasons of simplification and homogeneity, there is also \tkzCentroid.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoints{2/1/A,5/3/B,0/6/C}
\tkzDefBarycentricPoint(A=1,B=1,C=1)
A′ \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C'}
G
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B'}
B′ \tkzDefMidPoint(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{A'}
B \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 1,new](A,G B,G C,G)
C′ \tkzDrawPoints[new](A',B',C',G)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoint[above right](G){$G$}
A
\tkzAutoLabelPoints[center=G](A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](A')
\tkzLabelPoints[below](B',C')
\end{tikzpicture}

9.4. Internal and external Similitude Center

The centers of the two homotheties in which two circles correspond are called external and internal centers of
similitude. You can use \tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter and \tkzDefExtSimilitudeCenter but the next macro
is better.

\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter[⟨options⟩](⟨O,A⟩)(⟨O',B⟩)

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)(⟨pt3,pt4⟩) (O, A)(O′ , B) r = OA, r′ = O′ B

options default definition

ext ext external center
int ext internal center

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
9. Special points 43

9.4.1. Internal and external with node

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.7]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,4/-5/A,3/0/B,5/-5/C}
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter[int](O,B)(A,C)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter[ext](O,B)(A,C)
\tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = I](O,B)
\tkzGetPoints{D}{E}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = I](A,C)
\tkzGetPoints{D'}{E'}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = J](O,B)
\tkzGetPoints{F}{G}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = J](A,C)
\tkzGetPoints{F'}{G'}
\tkzDrawCircles(O,B A,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[add = .5 and .5,new](D,D' E,E')
\tkzDrawSegments[add= 0 and 0.25,new](J,F J,G)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,I,J,D,E,F,G,D',E',F',G')
\end{tikzpicture}

9.4.2. D'Alembert Theorem

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6,rotate=90]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/a,7/-1/B,5.5/-1/b}
\tkzDefPoints{5/-4/C,4.25/-4/c}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a B,b C,c)
\tkzDefExtSimilitudeCenter(A,a)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefExtSimilitudeCenter(A,a)(C,c) \tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzDefExtSimilitudeCenter(C,c)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter(A,a)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{I'}
\tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter(A,a)(C,c) \tkzGetPoint{J'}
\tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter(C,c)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{K'}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,I,J,K,I',J',K')
\tkzDrawSegments[new](I,K A,I A,J B,I B,K C,J C,K)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](I,J' I',J I',K)
\end{tikzpicture}

You can use \tkzDefBarycentricPoint to find a homothetic center

\tkzDefBarycentricPoint(O=\r,A=\R) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefBarycentricPoint(O={-\r},A=\R) \tkzGetPoint{J}

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9.4.3. Example with node

\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=60,scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/C}
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter(A,B)(C,B)\tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzDefTangent[from = J](A,B) \tkzGetPoints{F}{G}
\tkzDefTangent[from = J](C,B) \tkzGetPoints{F'}{G'}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B C,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[add= 0 and 0.25,cyan](J,F J,G)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,J,F,G,F',G')
\end{tikzpicture}

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9. Special points 45

9.5. Harmonic division with \tkzDefHarmonic

\tkzDefHarmonic[⟨options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,k⟩)

options default definition

both both (⟨A,B,2⟩) we look for C and D such that (A, B; C, D) = −1 and CA=2CB
ext both (⟨A,B,C⟩) we look for D such that (A, B; C, D) = −1
int both (⟨A,B,D⟩) we look for C such that (A, B; C, D) = −1

9.5.1. options ext and int

A I B J

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,4/0/C}
\tkzDefHarmonic[ext](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzDefHarmonic[int](A,B,J) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,I,J)
\tkzDrawLine[add=.5 and 1](A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,I,J)
\end{tikzpicture}

9.5.2. Bisector and harmonic division

A B C D

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/C,5/3/X}
\tkzDefLine[bisector](A,X,C) \tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzInterLL(X,x)(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefHarmonic[ext](A,C,B) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,X,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(X,B C,D D,X)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,X)
\tkzMarkAngles[mark=s|](A,X,B B,X,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[size=.4,
fill=gray!20,
opacity=.3](B,X,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](X)
\end{tikzpicture}

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9. Special points 46

9.5.3. option both

both is the default option

J A I B

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B}
\tkzDefHarmonic(A,B,{1/2})\tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,I,J)
\tkzDrawLine[add=1 and .5](A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,I,J)
\end{tikzpicture}

9.6. Equidistant points with \tkzDefEquiPoints

\tkzDefEquiPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

arguments default definition

(pt1,pt2) no default unordered list of two items
options default definition
dist 2 (cm) half the distance between the two points
from=pt no default reference point
show false if true displays compass traces
/compass/delta 0 compass trace size
This macro makes it possible to obtain two points on a straight line equidistant from a given point.

9.6.1. Using \tkzDefEquiPoints with options

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=purple,line width=1pt]
C
\tkzDefPoints{0/1/A,5/2/B,3/4/C}
\tkzDefEquiPoints[from=C,dist=1,show,
/tkzcompass/delta=20](A,B)
\tkzGetPoints{E}{H}
\tkzDrawLines[color=blue](C,E C,H A,B)
H B
\tkzDrawPoints[color=blue](A,B,C)
E \tkzDrawPoints[color=red](E,H)
A \tkzLabelPoints(E,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[color=blue](A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

9.7. Middle of an arc

\tkzDefMidArc(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

arguments default definition

pt1, pt2, pt3 no default pt1 is the center, p�
t2pt3 the arc

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
9. Special points 47

L
D
P1

P′2

P′1
Q

P2 S′
P
S
P3

A C B

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10. Point on line or circle 48

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,10/0/B}
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{O_2}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_3}
\tkzDefMidArc(O_3,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDefMidArc(O_2,C,A) \tkzGetPoint{Q}
\tkzDefMidArc(O_1,B,A) \tkzGetPoint{L}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center C angle 90](B) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzInterCC[common=B](P,B)(O_1,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{P_1}
\tkzInterCC[common=C](P,C)(O_2,C) \tkzGetFirstPoint{P_2}
\tkzInterCC[common=C](Q,C)(O_3,C) \tkzGetFirstPoint{P_3}
\tkzInterLC[near](c,C)(O_1,A) \tkzGetFirstPoint{D}
\tkzInterLL(A,P_1)(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{P_1'}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center A through D](P_2) \tkzGetPoint{P_2'}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](P_3,P_2,P_1) \tkzGetPoint{O_4}
\tkzInterLL(B,Q)(A,P) \tkzGetPoint{S}
\tkzDefMidPoint(P_2',P_1') \tkzGetPoint{o}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center A through D](S) \tkzGetPoint{S'}
\tkzDrawArc[cyan,delta=0](Q,A)(P_1)
\tkzDrawArc[cyan,delta=0](P,P_1)(B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[teal](O_1,B O_2,C O_3,B)
\tkzDrawCircles[new](o,P O_4,P_1)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[cyan](A,P_1 A,S' A,P_2')
\tkzDrawSegments[purple](B,L C,P_2' B,Q B,L S',P_1')
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and .8](B,P_2')
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and .4](C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,P,Q,P_3,P_2,P_1,P_1',D,P_2',L,S,S')
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,P_3)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](P,Q,P_1)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](P_2,P_2',D,S')
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](L,S)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](P_1')
\end{tikzpicture}

10. Point on line or circle

10.1. Point on a line with \tkzDefPointOnLine

\tkzDefPointOnLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩)

arguments default definition

pt1,pt2 no default Two points to define a line

options default definition

pos=nb nb is a decimal

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10. Point on line or circle 49

10.1.1. Use of option pos

pos=−.2 pos=.5 pos=1.2

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B}
A B
\tkzDefPointOnLine[pos=1.2](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDefPointOnLine[pos=-0.2](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{R}
\tkzDefPointOnLine[pos=0.5](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{S}
\tkzDrawLine[new](A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,P)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoint[above](P){pos=$1.2$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above](R){pos=$-.2$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above](S){pos=$.5$}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,P,R,S)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

10.2. Point on a circle with \tkzDefPointOnCircle

The order of the arguments has changed: now it is center, angle and point or radius. I have added two options
for working with radians which are through in rad and R in rad.

\tkzDefPointOnCircle[⟨local options⟩]

options default examples definition

through through = center K1 angle 30 point B]
R R = center K1 angle 30 radius \rAp
through in rad through in rad= center K1 angle pi/4 point B]
R in rad R in rad = center K1 angle pi/6 radius \rAp
The new order for arguments are : center, angle and point or radius.

10.2.1. Altshiller's Theorem

The two lines joining the points of intersection of two orthogonal circles to a point on one of the circles met the
other circle in two diametricaly oposite points. Altshiller p 176

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.4]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/P,5/0/Q,3/2/I}
E \tkzDefCircle[orthogonal from=P](Q,I)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{E}
\tkzDrawCircles(P,E Q,E)
P
D
Q
\tkzInterCC[common=E](P,E)(Q,E) \tkzGetFirstPoint{F}
C \tkzDefPointOnCircle[through = center P angle 80 point E]
\tkzGetPoint{A}
F
\tkzInterLC[common=E](A,E)(Q,E) \tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzInterLL(A,F)(C,Q) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and .75](P,Q)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 2](A,E)
\tkzDrawSegments(P,E E,F F,C A,F C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(P,Q,E,F,A,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(P,Q,F,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](E,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

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10.2.2. Use of \tkzDefPointOnCircle

\begin{tikzpicture}
C
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,0.8/3/C}
\tkzDefPointOnCircle[R = center B angle 90 radius 1]
J \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoints{G}{g}
G I \tkzDefPointOnCircle[through = center G angle 30 point g]
\tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B,1) \tkzGetPoint{b}
A B \tkzDrawCircle[teal](B,b)
\tkzDrawCircle(G,J)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,G,I,J)
\tkzAutoLabelPoints[center=G](A,B,C,J)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](G,I)
\end{tikzpicture}

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 11. Special points relating to a triangle 51

11. Special points relating to a triangle

11.1. Triangle center: \tkzDefTriangleCenter

\tkzDefTriangleCenter[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B,C⟩)

M9 This macro allows you to define the center of a triangle.. Be careful, the arguments are lists of three points. This
macro is used in conjunction with \tkzGetPoint to get the center you are looking for.
You can use tkzPointResult if it is not necessary to keep the results.

arguments default example

(pt1,pt2,pt3) no default \tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](B,C,A)
options default definition
ortho circum intersection of the altitudes
orthic circum …
centroid circum intersection of the medians
median circum …
circum circum circle center circumscribed
in circum center of the circle inscribed in a triangle
in circum intersection of the bisectors
ex circum center of a circle exinscribed to a triangle
euler circum center of Euler's circle
gergonne circum defined with the Contact triangle
symmedian circum Lemoine's point or symmedian center or Grebe's point
lemoine circum …
grebe circum …
spieker circum Spieker circle center
nagel circum Nagel Center
mittenpunkt circum Or middlespoint
feuerbach circum Feuerbach Point

11.1.1. Option ortho or orthic

The intersection H of the three altitudes of a triangle is called the orthocenter.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,4){C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](B,C,A)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic,name=H](A,B,C){a,b,c}
H
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,Ha B,Hb C,Hc)
B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,H)
\tkzLabelPoint(H){$H$}
A \tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,Ha,B B,Hb,C C,Hc,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

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11.1.2. Option centroid

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B,1/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
G
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and 2/3,new](A,G B,G C,G)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,G)
\tkzLabelPoint(G){$G$}
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.3. Option circum

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/1/A,3/2/B,1/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[circum](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
O \tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,O)
\tkzLabelPoint(O){$O$}
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.4. Option in
In geometry, the incircle or inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle contained in the triangle; it touches
(is tangent to) the three sides. The center of the incircle is a triangle center called the triangle’s incenter. The
center of the incircle, called the incenter, can be found as the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors.
The center of an excircle is the intersection of the internal bisector of one angle (at vertex A, for example) and the
external bisectors of the other two. The center of this excircle is called the excenter relative to the vertex A, or the
excenter of A. Because the internal bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that
the center of the incircle together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system.
(Article on Wikipedia)
We get the center of the inscribed circle of the triangle. The result is of course in tkzPointResult. We can retrieve
it with \tkzGetPoint.
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[in](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDrawLines(A,B B,C C,A)
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{I}{i}
\tkzDrawCircle(I,i)
\tkzDrawPoint[red](I)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
I
\tkzLabelPoint(I){$I$}
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.5. Option ex
An excircle or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and
tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles, each tangent to one of the

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11. Special points relating to a triangle 53

triangle’s sides.
(Article on Wikipedia)
We get the center of an inscribed circle of the triangle. The result is of course in tkzPointResult. We can retrieve
it with \tkzGetPoint.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/1/A,3/2/B,1/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ex](B,C,A)
\tkzGetPoint{J_c}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B](J_c)
\tkzGetPoint{Tc}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
Jc \tkzDrawCircle[new](J_c,Tc)
\tkzDrawLines[add=1.5 and 0](A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,J_c)
\tkzLabelPoints(J_c)
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.6. Option euler

This macro allows to obtain the center of the circle of the nine points or euler’s circle or Feuerbach’s circle. The
nine-point circle, also called Euler’s circle or the Feuerbach circle, is the circle that passes through the perpen-
dicular feet HA , HB , and HC dropped from the vertices of any reference triangle ABC on the sides opposite them.
Euler showed in 1765 that it also passes through the midpoints MA , MB , MC of the sides of ABC. By Feuerbach’s
theorem, the nine-point circle also passes through the midpoints EA , EB , and EC of the segments that join the
vertices and the orthocenter H. These points are commonly referred to as the Euler points.
(https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Nine-PointCircle.html)

B
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2,rotate=90]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,name=M](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[euler](A,B,C)\tkzGetPoint{N}
% I= N nine points
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](A,B,C)\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,H) \tkzGetPoint{E_A}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,H) \tkzGetPoint{E_C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,H) \tkzGetPoint{E_B}
MA EB \tkzDefSpcTriangle[ortho,name=H](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
MC
\tkzDrawCircle[new](N,E_A)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,H_A B,H_B C,H_C)
HA \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,N,H)
N \tkzDrawPoints[new](M_A,M_B,M_C)
\tkzDrawPoints( H_A,H_B,H_C)
\tkzDrawPoints[green](E_A,E_B,E_C)
\tkzAutoLabelPoints[center=N,
H
C EC HC font=\scriptsize](A,B,C,M_A,M_B,M_C,H_A,H_B,H_C,%
MB EA
E_A,E_B,E_C)
HB \tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](H,N)
A \tkzMarkSegments[mark=s|,size=3pt,
color=blue,line width=1pt](B,E_B E_B,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.7. Option symmedian

The point of concurrence K of the symmedians, sometimes also called the Lemoine point (in England and France)
or the Grebe point (in Germany).
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Symmedian Point.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

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11. Special points relating to a triangle 54

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,4){C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[symmedian](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[median](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{G}
K I G \tkzDefTriangleCenter[in](A,B,C)\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[centroid,name=M](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[incentral,name=I](A,B,C){a,b,c}
A B \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and 2/3,new](A,K B,K C,K)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=cyan](A,Ma B,Mb C,Mc)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=green](A,Ia B,Ib C,Ic)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,K,G,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](A,B,K,G,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[above,font=\scriptsize](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.8. Option spieker

The Spieker center is the center Sp of the Spieker circle, i.e., the incenter of the medial triangle of a reference
triangle.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Spieker Center.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,5/5/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial](A,B,C){Ma,Mb,Mc}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[spieker](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{Sp}
Mb Ma \tkzDrawPolygon[](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](Ma,Mb,Mc)
Sp \tkzDefCircle[in](Ma,Mb,Mc) \tkzGetPoints{I}{i}
\tkzDrawCircle(I,i)
\tkzDrawPoints(B,C,A,Sp,Ma,Mb,Mc)
\tkzAutoLabelPoints[center=G,dist=.3](Ma,Mb)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](Sp)
A Mc B
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B,Mc)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.9. Option gergonne

The Gergonne Point is the point of concurrency which results from connecting the vertices of a triangle to the
opposite points of tangency of the triangle’s incircle. (Joseph Gergonne French mathematician )

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11. Special points relating to a triangle 55

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/B,3.6/0/C,2.8/4/A}
A \tkzDefTriangleCenter[gergonne](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{Ge}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[intouch](A,B,C){C_1,C_2,C_3}
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{I}{i}
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25,teal](A,B A,C B,C)
C3 \tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C_1 B,C_2 C,C_3)
C2 \tkzDrawPoints(A,...,C,C_1,C_2,C_3)
\tkzDrawPoints[red](Ge)
Ge \tkzLabelPoints(B,C,C_1,Ge)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](A,C_2,C_3)
\end{tikzpicture}
B C1 C

11.1.10. Option nagel

Let Ta be the point at which the excircle with center Ja meets the side BC of a triangle ABC, and define Tb and Tc
similarly. Then the lines ATa, BTb, and CTc concur in the Nagel point Na.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Nagel point.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
Jb
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,4/6/C}
C \tkzDefSpcTriangle[ex](A,B,C){Ja,Jb,Jc}
Ja \tkzDefSpcTriangle[extouch](A,B,C){Ta,Tb,Tc}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[nagel](A,B,C)
Ta \tkzGetPoint{Na}
Tb
Na \tkzDrawPolygon[blue](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 1](A,Ta B,Tb C,Tc)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](Ja,Jb,Jc,Ta,Tb,Tc)
A Tc B \tkzClipBB
\tkzDrawLines[add=1 and 1,dashed](A,B B,C C,A)
\tkzDrawCircles[new](Ja,Ta Jb,Tb Jc,Tc)
\tkzDrawSegments[new,dashed](Ja,Ta Jb,Tb Jc,Tc)
\tkzDrawPoints(B,C,A)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](Na)
Jc \tkzLabelPoints(B,C,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](Na)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](Ja,Jb,Jc,Ta,Tb,Tc)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[fill=gray!20](Ja,Ta,C
Jb,Tb,A Jc,Tc,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.11. Option mittenpunkt

The mittenpunkt (also called the middlespoint) of a triangle ABC is the symmedian point of the excentral tri-
angle, i.e., the point of concurrence M of the lines from the excenters through the corresponding triangle side
midpoints.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Mittenpunkt.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
Jb
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,4/6/C}
Ja
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[centroid](A,B,C){Ma,Mb,Mc}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[ex](A,B,C){Ja,Jb,Jc}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[extouch](A,B,C){Ta,Tb,Tc}
Mb \tkzDefTriangleCenter[mittenpunkt](A,B,C)
Ma
\tkzGetPoint{Mi}
Mi
\tkzDrawPoints[new](Ma,Mb,Mc,Ja,Jb,Jc)
\tkzClipBB
Mc \tkzDrawPolygon[blue](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 1](Ja,Ma
Jb,Mb Jc,Mc)
\tkzDrawLines[add=1 and 1](A,B A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawCircles[new](Ja,Ta Jb,Tb Jc,Tc)
Jc \tkzDrawPoints(B,C,A)
Jc \tkzDrawPoints[new](Mi)
\tkzLabelPoints(Mi)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](Mb)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](Ma,Mc,Jb,Jc)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](Ja,Jc)
\end{tikzpicture}

11.1.12. Relation between gergonne, centroid and mittenpunkt

The Gergonne point Ge, triangle centroid G, and mittenpunkt M are collinear, with GeG/GM=2.

Ge

G
M
A C

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2/2/B,8/0/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[gergonne](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{Ge}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[mittenpunkt](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25,teal](A,B A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25,new](Ge,M)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[red,size=2](G,M,Ge)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,...,C,M,G,Ge)
\tkzMarkSegment[mark=s||](Ge,G)
\tkzMarkSegment[mark=s|](G,M)
\end{tikzpicture}

12. Definition of points by transformation

These transformations are:

– translation;

– homothety;

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– orthogonal reflection or symmetry;

– central symmetry;

– orthogonal projection;

– rotation (degrees or radians);

– inversion with respect to a circle.

12.1. \tkzDefPointBy
The choice of transformations is made through the options. There are two macros, one for the transformation
of a single point \tkzDefPointBy and the other for the transformation of a list of points \tkzDefPointsBy. By
default the image of A is A′ . For example, we’ll write:

\tkzDefPointBy[translation= from A to A'](B)

The result is in tkzPointResult

\tkzDefPointBy[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt⟩)

The argument is a simple existing point and its image is stored in tkzPointResult. If you want to keep this
point then the macro \tkzGetPoint{M} allows you to assign the name M to the point.
arguments definition examples
pt existing point name (A)
options examples
translation = from #1 to #2 [translation=from A to B](E)
homothety = center #1 ratio #2 [homothety=center A ratio .5](E)
reflection = over #1--#2 [reflection=over A--B](E)
symmetry = center #1 [symmetry=center A](E)
projection = onto #1--#2 [projection=onto A--B](E)
rotation = center #1 angle #2 [rotation=center O angle 30](E)
rotation in rad = center #1 angle #2 [rotation in rad=center O angle pi/3](E)
rotation with nodes = center #1 from #2 to #3 [center O from A to B](E)
inversion = center #1 through #2 [inversion =center O through A](E)
inversion negative = center #1 through #2 ...

The image is only defined and not drawn.

12.1.1. translation

\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex]
B
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/1/B,3/0/C}
\tkzDefPointBy[translation= from B to A](C)
A C \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawPoints[teal](A,B,C,D)
D
\tkzLabelPoints[color=teal](A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments[orange,->](A,B D,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.1.2. reflection (orthogonal symmetry)

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{-2/-2/A,-1/-1/C,-4/2/D,-4/0/O}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDefPointBy[reflection = over C--D](A)
\tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefPointBy[reflection = over C--D](O)
\tkzGetPoint{O'}
\tkzDrawCircle(O',A')
\tkzDrawLine[add= .5 and .5](C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(C,D,O,O')
\end{tikzpicture}

12.1.3. homothety and projection

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/1/A,5/3/B,3/4/C}
\tkzDefLine[bisector](B,A,C) \tkzGetPoint{a}
a \tkzDrawLine[add=0 and 0,color=magenta!50 ](A,a)
\tkzDefPointBy[homothety=center A ratio .5](a)
\tkzGetPoint{a'}
k
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto A--B](a')
a′
\tkzGetPoint{k'}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto A--B](a)
\tkzGetPoint{k}
A \tkzDrawLines[add= 0 and .3](A,k A,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[blue](a',k' a,k)
\tkzDrawPoints(a,a',k,k',A)
\tkzDrawCircles(a',k' a,k)
\tkzLabelPoints(a,a',k,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.1.4. projection

B
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,0/4/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[pythagore](B,A) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefLine[bisector](B,C,A) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzInterLL(C,c)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{D}
G \tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto B--C](D)
E \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzInterLC(C,D)(D,A) \tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
D \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment(C,D)
\tkzDrawCircle(D,A)
F \tkzDrawSegment[new](D,G)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=orange!10](D,G,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,C,F) \tkzLabelPoints(A,C,F)
C A
\tkzDrawPoints(B,D,E,G)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](B,D,E)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](G)
\end{tikzpicture}

12.1.5. symmetry

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{2/-1/A,2/2/B,0/0/O}
B
\tkzDefPointsBy[symmetry=center O](B,A){}
\tkzDrawLine(A,A')
\tkzDrawLine(B,B')
A′ \tkzMarkAngle[mark=s,arc=lll,
60∘ size=1.5,mkcolor=red](A,O,B)
O \tkzLabelAngle[pos=2,circle,draw,
fill=blue!10,font=\scriptsize](A,O,B){$60^{\circ}$}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O,A',B')
A \tkzLabelPoints(B,B')
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,O,A')
B′ \end{tikzpicture}

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12.1.6. rotation

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
D \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center A angle 60](B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefPointBy[symmetry=center C](A)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,tkzPointResult)
\tkzDrawLine(B,D)
\tkzDrawArc(A,B)(C) \tkzDrawArc(B,C)(A)
\tkzDrawArc(C,D)(D)
C
\tkzMarkRightAngle(D,B,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](D)
\end{tikzpicture}

A B

12.1.7. rotation in radian

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint["$A$" left](1,5){A}
C
\tkzDefPoint["$B$" right](4,3){B}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation in rad= center A angle pi/3](B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
A \tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzCompass(A,C)
\tkzCompass(B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(C)
B \end{tikzpicture}

12.1.8. rotation with nodes

\begin{tikzpicture}
D
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(0:2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(40:2){B}
\tkzDefPoint(20:4){C}
B \tkzDrawLine(O,A)
C
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation with nodes%
=center O from A to B](C)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
A \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B)
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.1.9. inversion
Inversion is the process of transforming points to a corresponding set of points known as their inverse points.
Two points P and P′ are said to be inverses with respect to an inversion circle having inversion center O and
inversion radius k if P′ is the perpendicular foot of the altitude of OQP, where Q is a point on the circle such that
OQ is perpendicular to PQ.
The quantity k2 is known as the circle power (Coxeter 1969, p. 81).
(https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Inversion.html)
Some propositions :

– The inverse of a circle (not through the center of inversion) is a circle.

– The inverse of a circle through the center of inversion is a line.

– The inverse of a line (not through the center of inversion) is a circle through the center of inversion.

– A circle orthogonal to the circle of inversion is its own inverse.

– A line through the center of inversion is its own inverse.

– Angles are preserved in inversion.

Explanation:
Directly (Center O power=k2 = OA2 = OP × OP′ )
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{4/0/A,6/0/P,0/0/O}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through A](P)
\tkzGetPoint{P'}
O P′ A P \tkzDrawSegments(O,P)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right,font=\scriptsize](O,A,P,P')
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,P,P')
\end{tikzpicture}

polar
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
inversion circle \tkzDefPoints{4/0/A,6/0/P,0/0/O}
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through P](O,P)
\tkzGetPoint{L}
Q
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = P](O,A) \tkzGetPoints{R}{Q}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto O--A](Q) \tkzGetPoint{P'}
k
\tkzDrawSegments(O,P O,A)
P \tkzDrawSegments[new](O,P O,Q P,Q Q,P')
inversion center
O P′
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawLines[add=1 and 0](P,L)
\tkzLabelPoints[below,font=\scriptsize](O,P')
\tkzLabelPoints[above right,font=\scriptsize](P,Q)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,P) \tkzDrawPoints[new](Q,P')
\tkzLabelSegment[above](O,Q){$k$}
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,P',Q P,Q,O)
\tkzLabelCircle[above=.5cm,
font=\scriptsize](O,A)(100){inversion circle}
\tkzLabelPoint[left,font=\scriptsize](O){inversion center}
\tkzLabelPoint[left,font=\scriptsize](L){polar}
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.1.10. Inversion of lines ex 1

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,3/0/I,4/3/P,6/-3/Q}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,I)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto P--Q](O) \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through I](A)
\tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through I](P)
\tkzGetPoint{P'}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](O,A')\tkzGetPoint{o}
\tkzDrawCircle[new](o,A')
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25,red](P,Q)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25](O,A)
\tkzDrawSegments(O,P)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,P,O) \tkzDrawPoints[new](A',P')
\end{tikzpicture}

12.1.11. inversion of lines ex 2

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,3/0/I,3/2/P,3/-2/Q}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,I)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto P--Q](O) \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through I](A)
\tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through I](P)
\tkzGetPoint{P'}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](O,A')\tkzGetPoint{o}
\tkzDrawCircle[new](o,A')
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25,red](P,Q)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25](O,A)
\tkzDrawSegments(O,P)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,P,O) \tkzDrawPoints[new](A',P')
\end{tikzpicture}

12.1.12. inversion of lines ex 3

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,3/0/I,2/1/P,2/-2/Q}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,I)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto P--Q](O) \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through I](A)
\tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through I](P)
\tkzGetPoint{P'}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](O,A')
\tkzDrawCircle[new](I,A')
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .75,red](P,Q)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.25 and .25](O,A')
\tkzDrawSegments(O,P')
\tkzDrawPoints(A,P,O) \tkzDrawPoints[new](A',P')
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.1.13. inversion of circle and homothety

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.7]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,3/2/A,2/1/P}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = O](A,P) \tkzGetPoints{T}{X}
\tkzDefPointsBy[homothety = center O%
M′ ratio 1.25](A,P,T){}
\tkzInterCC(A,P)(A',P') \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
T′
\tkzCalcLength(A,P)
T
\tkzGetLength{rAP}
M
\tkzDefPointOnCircle[R=center A angle 190 radius \rAP]
P′ \tkzGetPoint{M}
P
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through C](M)
O
\tkzGetPoint{M'}
\tkzDrawCircles[new](A,P A',P')
\tkzDrawCircle(O,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and .5](O,T' O,A' O,M' O,P')
\tkzDrawPoints(A,A',P,P',O,T,T',M,M')
\tkzLabelPoints(O,T,T',M,M')
\tkzLabelPoints[below](P,P')
\end{tikzpicture}

12.1.14. inversion of Triangle with respect to the Incircle

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/1/B,3/6/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--C](O) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--C](O) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto B--C](O) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--B](O) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDefPointsBy[inversion = center O through b](a,b,c)%
{Ia,Ib,Ic}
\tkzDefMidPoint(O,Ia) \tkzGetPoint{Ja}
\tkzDefMidPoint(O,Ib) \tkzGetPoint{Jb}
O \tkzDefMidPoint(O,Ic) \tkzGetPoint{Jc}
\tkzInterCC(Ja,O)(Jb,O) \tkzGetPoints{O}{x}
B \tkzInterCC(Ja,O)(Jc,O) \tkzGetPoints{y}{O}
\tkzInterCC(Jb,O)(Jc,O) \tkzGetPoints{O}{z}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
A \tkzDrawCircle(O,b)\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,O)
\tkzDrawCircles[dashed,gray](Ja,y Jb,x Jc,z)
\tkzDrawArc[line width=1pt,orange,delta=0](Jb,x)(z)
\tkzDrawArc[line width=1pt,orange,delta=0](Jc,z)(y)
\tkzDrawArc[line width=1pt,orange,delta=0](Ja,y)(x)
\tkzLabelPoint[below](A){$A$}\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B$}\tkzLabelPoint[below](O){$O$}
\end{tikzpicture}

12.1.15. inversion: orthogonal circle with inversion circle

The inversion circle itself, circles orthogonal to it, and lines through the inversion center are invariant under
inversion. If the circle meets the reference circle, these invariant points of intersection are also on the inverse
circle. See I and J in the next figure.

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12. Definition of points by transformation 64

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}\tkzDefPoint(1,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(-1.5,-1.5){z1}
O A \tkzDefPoint(1.5,-1.25){z2}
Z1
J I \tkzDefCircle[orthogonal through=z1 and z2](O,A)
\tkzGetPoint{c}
z2 \tkzDrawCircle[new](c,z1)
z1
c
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through A](z1)
\tkzGetPoint{Z1}
\tkzInterCC(O,A)(c,z1) \tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion = center O through A](I)
\tkzGetPoint{I'}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,z1,z2)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](c,Z1,I,J)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,z1,z2,c,Z1,I,J)
\end{tikzpicture}
For a more complex example see Pappus 47.25

12.1.16. inversion negative

It’s an inversion followed by a symmetry of center O
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
\tkzDefPoints{1/0/A,0/0/O}
Z2 \tkzDefPoint(-1.5,-1.5){z1}
Z1 \tkzDefPoint(0.35,-2){z2}
O A \tkzDefPointBy[inversion negative = center O through A](z1)
\tkzGetPoint{Z1}
\tkzDefPointBy[inversion negative = center O through A](z2)
\tkzGetPoint{Z2}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=black, fill=red,size=4](Z1,Z2)
z1
\tkzDrawSegments(z1,Z1 z2,Z2)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=black, fill=red,size=4](O,z1,z2)
z2
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](O,A,z1,z2,Z1,Z2)
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.2. Transformation of multiple points; \tkzDefPointsBy

Variant of the previous macro for defining multiple images. You must give the names of the images as arguments,
or indicate that the names of the images are formed from the names of the antecedents, leaving the argument
empty.

\tkzDefPointsBy[translation= from A to A'](B,C){}

The images are B′ and C′ .

\tkzDefPointsBy[translation= from A to A'](B,C){D,E}

The images are D and E.

\tkzDefPointsBy[translation= from A to A'](B)

The image is B′ .

\tkzDefPointsBy[⟨local options⟩](⟨list of points⟩){⟨list of points⟩}

arguments examples
(⟨list of points⟩){⟨list of pts⟩} (A,B){E,F} E,F images of A, B

If the list of images is empty then the name of the image is the name of the antecedent to which ” ’ ” is added.

options examples
translation = from #1 to #2 [translation=from A to B](E){}
homothety = center #1 ratio #2 [homothety=center A ratio .5](E){F}
reflection = over #1--#2 [reflection=over A--B](E){F}
symmetry = center #1 [symmetry=center A](E){F}
projection = onto #1--#2 [projection=onto A--B](E){F}
rotation = center #1 angle #2 [rotation=center angle 30](E){F}
rotation in rad = center #1 angle #2 for instance angle pi/3
rotation with nodes = center #1 from #2 to #3 [center O from A to B](E){F}
inversion = center #1 through #2 [inversion = center O through A](E){F}
inversion negative = center #1 through #2 ...

The points are only defined and not drawn.

12.2.1. translation of multiple points

C′
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B,3/1/A',1/2/C}
\tkzDefPointsBy[translation= from A to A'](B,C){}
C \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](A',B',C')
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
A′ B′
\tkzDrawPoints[new](A',B',C')
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,A',B')
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C,C')
A B \tkzDrawSegments[color = gray,->,
style=dashed](A,A' B,B' C,C')
\end{tikzpicture}

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12.2.2. symmetry of multiple points: an oval

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.4]
\tkzDefPoint(-4,0){I}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){J}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzInterCC(J,O)(O,J) \tkzGetPoints{L}{H}
\tkzInterCC(I,O)(O,I) \tkzGetPoints{K}{G}
\tkzInterLL(I,K)(J,H) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzInterLL(I,G)(J,L) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzDefPointsBy[symmetry=center J](L,H){D,E}
\tkzDefPointsBy[symmetry=center I](G,K){C,F}
\begin{scope}[line style/.style = {very thin,teal}]
\tkzDrawLines[add=1.5 and 1.5](I,K I,G J,H J,L)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](I,J)
\tkzDrawCircles(O,I I,O J,O)
\tkzDrawArc[delta=0,orange](N,D)(C)
\tkzDrawArc[delta=0,orange](M,F)(E)
\tkzDrawArc[delta=0,orange](J,E)(D)
\tkzDrawArc[delta=0,orange](I,C)(F)
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

13. Defining points using a vector

13.1. \tkzDefPointWith
There are several possibilities to create points that meet certain vector conditions. This can be done with
\tkzDefPointWith. The general principle is as follows, two points are passed as arguments, i.e. a vector. The
different options allow to obtain a new point forming with the first point (with some exceptions) a collinear
vector or a vector orthogonal to the first vector. Then the length is either proportional to that of the first one, or
proportional to the unit. Since this point is only used temporarily, it does not have to be named immediately. The
result is in tkzPointResult. The macro \tkzGetPoint allows you to retrieve the point and name it differently.
There are options to define the distance between the given point and the obtained point. In the general case this
distance is the distance between the 2 points given as arguments if the option is of the ”normed” type then the
distance between the given point and the obtained point is 1 cm. Then the K option allows to obtain multiples.

\tkzDefPointWith(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

It is in fact the definition of a point meeting vectorial conditions.

arguments definition explanation

(pt1,pt2) point couple the result is a point in tkzPointResult

In what follows, it is assumed that the point is recovered by \tkzGetPoint{C}

options example explanation
orthogonal [orthogonal](A,B) AC = AB and ⃗⃗⃗AC ⟂ ⃗⃗⃗
AB
orthogonal normed [orthogonal normed](A,B) ⃗⃗⃗
AC = 1 and AC ⟂ ⃗⃗⃗
AB
linear [linear](A,B) ⃗⃗⃗
AC = K × ⃗⃗⃗
AB
linear normed [linear normed](A,B) AC = K and ⃗⃗⃗
AC = k × ⃗⃗⃗
AB
colinear= at #1 [colinear= at C](A,B) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = ⃗⃗⃗
AB
colinear normed= at #1 [colinear normed= at C](A,B) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = ⃗⃗⃗
AB
K [linear](A,B),K=2 ⃗⃗⃗
AC = 2 × ⃗⃗⃗
AB

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13.1.1. Option colinear at, simple example

AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗ CD)

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2,
vect/.style={->,shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoint(2,3){A} \tkzDefPoint(4,2){B}
B \tkzDefPoint(0,1){C}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear=at C](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
C \tkzDrawPoints[new](A,B,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right=3pt](A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B C,D)
D \end{tikzpicture}

13.1.2. Option colinear at, complex example

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/B,3.6/0/C,1.5/4/A}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[ortho](A,B,C){Ha,Hb,Hc}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefSquare(A,C) \tkzGetPoints{R}{S}
\tkzDefSquare(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{M}{N}
\tkzDefSquare(C,B) \tkzGetPoints{P}{Q}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear= at M](A,S) \tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear= at P](B,N) \tkzGetPoint{B'}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear= at Q](C,R) \tkzGetPoint{C'}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto P--Q](Ha) \tkzGetPoint{Pa}
\tkzDrawPolygon[teal,thick](A,C,R,S)\tkzDrawPolygon[teal,thick](A,B,N,M)
\tkzDrawPolygon[teal,thick](C,B,P,Q)
\tkzDrawPoints[teal,size=2](A,B,C,Ha,Hb,Hc,A',B',C')
\tkzDrawSegments[ultra thin,red](M,A' A',S P,B' B',N Q,C' C',R B,S C,M C,N B,R A,P A,Q)
\tkzDrawSegments[ultra thin,teal, dashed](A,Ha B,Hb C,Hc)
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center A angle 90](S) \tkzGetPoint{S'}
\tkzDrawSegments[ultra thin,teal,dashed](B,S' A,S' A,A' M,S' B',Q P,C' M,S Ha,Pa)
\tkzDrawArc(A,S)(S')
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.3. Option colinear at

How to use K
\begin{tikzpicture}[vect/.style={->,
C H G
shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B,1/2/C}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear=at C](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{G}
A B
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear=at C, K=0.5](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,G,H)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,G,H)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B C,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.4. Option colinear at

√2
With K = 2
\begin{tikzpicture}[vect/.style={->,
shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoints{1/1/A,4/2/B,2/2/C}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear=at C,K=sqrt(2)/2](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.5. Option orthogonal

AB=AC since K = 1.

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C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2,
vect/.style={->,shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoints{2/3/A,4/2/B}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=1](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right=3pt](B,C)
A \tkzLabelPoints[below=3pt](A)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B A,C)
B \tkzMarkRightAngle(B,A,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.6. Option orthogonal

With K = −1 OK=OI since |K| = 1 then OI=OJ=OK.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
I
\tkzDefPoints{1/2/O,2/5/I}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](O,I)
\tkzGetPoint{J}
J \tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=-1](O,I)
\tkzGetPoint{K}
O \tkzDrawSegment(O,I)
\tkzDrawSegments[->](O,J O,K)
K \tkzMarkRightAngles(I,O,J I,O,K)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,I,J,K)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,I,J,K)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.7. Option orthogonal more complicated example

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B}
C \tkzDefMidPoint(A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=-.75](B,A)
F \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterLC(B,C)(B,I)
E \tkzGetPoints{D}{F}
\tkzDuplicateSegment(B,F)(A,F)
\tkzGetPoint{E}
A M B
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](F,E)(B)
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(A,E)
\tkzGetPoints{N}{M}
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](A,M)(E)
\tkzDrawLines(A,B B,C A,F)
\tkzCompass(B,F)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,F,M,E)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,F,M)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](E)
\end{tikzpicture}

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13.1.8. Options colinear and orthogonal

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2,
vect/.style={->,shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoints{2/1/A,6/2/B}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=.5](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear=at C,K=.5](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=gray!20](B,A,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B A,C C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.9. Option orthogonal normed

K = 1 AC = 1.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2,
vect/.style={->,shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoints{2/3/A,4/2/B}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B A,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=gray!20](B,A,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.1.10. Option orthogonal normed and K=2

K = 2 therefore AC = 2.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2,
vect/.style={->,shorten >=1pt,>=latex'}]
\tkzDefPoints{2/3/A,5/1/B}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed,K=2](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
A \tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C)
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,2) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDrawCircle(A,a)
\tkzDrawSegments[vect](A,B A,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=gray!20](B,A,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above=3pt](A,B,C)
B \end{tikzpicture}

13.1.11. Option linear

Here K = 0.5.
This amounts to applying a homothety or a multiplication of a vector by a real. Here is the middle of [AB].

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
\tkzDefPoints{1/3/A,4/2/B}
C \tkzDefPointWith[linear,K=0.5](A,B)
B \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right=3pt](A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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13.1.12. Option linear normed

In the following example AC = 1 and C belongs to (AB).

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
C \tkzDefPoints{1/3/A,4/2/B}
1 \tkzDefPointWith[linear normed](A,B)
B \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzLabelSegment(A,C){$1$}
\tkzLabelPoints[above right=3pt](A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

13.2. \tkzGetVectxy
Retrieving the coordinates of a vector.

\tkzGetVectxy(⟨A, B⟩){⟨text⟩}

Allows to obtain the coordinates of a vector.

arguments example explanation
(point){name of macro} \tkzGetVectxy(A,B){V} \Vx,\Vy: coordinates of ⃗⃗⃗
AB

13.2.1. Coordinate transfer with \tkzGetVectxy

\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,1/1/A,4/2/B}
\tkzGetVectxy(A,B){v}
A V \tkzDefPoint(\vx,\vy){V}
\tkzDrawSegment[->,color=red](O,V)
\tkzDrawSegment[->,color=blue](A,B)
O
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,O,V)
\end{tikzpicture}

14. Straight lines

It is of course essential to draw straight lines, but before this can be done, it is necessary to be able to define certain
particular lines such as mediators, bisectors, parallels or even perpendiculars. The principle is to determine two
points on the straight line.

14.1. Definition of straight lines

\tkzDefLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

The argument is a list of two or three points. Depending on the case, the macro defines one or two points
necessary to obtain the line sought. Either the macro \tkzGetPoint or the macro \tkzGetPoints must be
used. I used the term ”mediator” to designate the perpendicular bisector line at the middle of a line segment.
arguments example explanation
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) [mediator](⟨A,B⟩) mediator of the segment [A, B]
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩) [bisector](⟨A,B,C⟩) ̂
bisector of ABC
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩) [altitude](⟨A,B,C⟩) altitude from B
(⟨pt1⟩) [tangent at=A](⟨O⟩) tangent at A on the circle center O
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) [tangent from=A](⟨O,B⟩) circle center O through B
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options default definition

mediator perpendicular bisector of a line segment
perpendicular=through… mediator perpendicular to a line passing through a point
orthogonal=through… mediator see above
parallel=through… mediator parallel to a line passing through a point
bisector mediator bisector of an angle defined by three points
bisector out mediator exterior angle bisector
symmedian mediator symmedian from a vertex
altitude mediator altitude from avertex
euler mediator euler line of a triangle
tangent at mediator tangent at a point of a circle
tangent from mediator tangent from an exterior point
K 1 coefficient for the perpendicular line
normed false normalizes the created segment

14.1.1. With mediator

\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=25]
\tkzDefPoints{-2/0/A,1/2/B}
\tkzDefLine[mediator](A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefPointWith[linear,K=.75](C,D) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzFillPolygon[color=teal!20](A,C,B,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B C,D)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(B,I,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(D,B D,A)
\tkzDrawSegments(C,B C,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

14.1.2. An envelope with option mediator

Based on a figure from O. Reboux with pst-eucl by D Rodriguez.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
% necessary
\tkzInit[xmin=-6,ymin=-4,xmax=6,ymax=6]
\tkzClip
\tkzSetUpLine[thin,color=magenta]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(132:4){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){B}
\foreach \ang in {5,10,...,360}{%
\tkzDefPoint(\ang:5){M}
\tkzDefLine[mediator](A,M)
\tkzGetPoints{x}{y}
\tkzDrawLine[add= 3 and 3](x,y)}
\end{tikzpicture}

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14.1.3. A parabola with option mediator

Based on a figure from O. Reboux with pst-eucl by D Rodriguez. It is not necessary to name the two points that
define the mediator.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzInit[xmin=-6,ymin=-4,xmax=6,ymax=6]
\tkzClip
\tkzSetUpLine[thin,color=teal]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(132:5){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\foreach \ang in {5,10,...,360}{%
\tkzDefPoint(\ang:4){M}
\tkzDefLine[mediator](A,M)
\tkzGetPoints{x}{y}
\tkzDrawLine[add= 3 and 3](x,y)}
\end{tikzpicture}

14.1.4. With options bisector and normed

\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=25,scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/C, 2/-3/A, 4/0/B}
\tkzDefLine[bisector,normed](B,A,C) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDrawLines[add= 0 and .5](A,B A,C)
\tkzShowLine[bisector,gap=4,size=2,color=red](B,A,C)
\tkzDrawLines[new,dashed,add= 0 and 3](A,a)
\end{tikzpicture}

14.1.5. With option parallel=through

Archimedes’ Book of Lemmas proposition 1
\begin{tikzpicture}
A
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O_1,0/1/O_2,0/3/A}
\tkzDefPoint(15:3){F}
\tkzDefPointBy[symmetry=center O_1](F)
D \tkzGetPoint{E}
O2
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through O_2](E,F)
F \tkzGetPoint{x}
C
\tkzInterLC(x,O_2)(O_2,A) \tkzGetPoints{D}{C}
O1 \tkzDrawCircles(O_1,A O_2,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](O_1,A E,F C,D)
E \tkzDrawSegments[purple](A,E A,F)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,O_1,O_2,E,F,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,O_1,O_2,E,F,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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14.1.6. With option orthogonal and parallel

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{-1.5/-0.25/A,1/-0.75/B,-0.7/1/C}
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
(d2 ) \tkzLabelLine[pos=1.25,below left](A,B){$(d_1)$}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through C](B,A) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDrawLine(C,c)
(d1 )
\tkzLabelLine[pos=1.25,left](C,c){$(\delta)$}
\tkzInterLL(A,B)(C,c) \tkzGetPoint{I}
(𝛿) \tkzMarkRightAngle(C,I,B)
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through C](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{c'}
\tkzDrawLine(C,c')
\tkzLabelLine[pos=1.25,below left](C,c'){$(d_2)$}
\tkzMarkRightAngle(I,C,c')
\end{tikzpicture}

14.1.7. With option altitude

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefLine[altitude](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{b}
a \tkzDefLine[altitude](B,C,A) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDefLine[altitude](B,A,C) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[blue](a,b,c)
b
\tkzDrawSegments[blue](A,a B,b C,c)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,c)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C,a)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](b)
A c B \end{tikzpicture}

14.1.8. With option euler

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
C
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefLine[euler](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoints{h}{e}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[circum](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{o}
e
o \tkzDrawPolygon[teal](A,B,C)
h \tkzDrawPoints[red](A,B,C,h,e,o)
\tkzDrawLine[add= 2 and 2](h,e)
A B \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,h,e,o)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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14.1.9. Tangent passing through a point on the circle tangent at

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(6,6){E}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[circle=center O radius 3]
\tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzDrawSegment(O,A)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDefLine[tangent at=A](O)
\tkzGetPoint{h}
\tkzDrawLine[add = 4 and 3](A,h)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=teal!30](O,A,h)
\end{tikzpicture}

14.1.10. Choice of contact point with tangents passing through an external point option
tangent from
The tangent is not drawn. With option at, a point of the tangent is given by tkzPointResult. With option
from you get two points of the circle with tkzFirstPointResult and tkzSecondPointResult. You can choose
between these two points by comparing the angles formed with the outer point, the contact point and the center.
The two possible angles have different directions. Angle counterclockwise refers to tkzFirstPointResult.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1,rotate=-30]
270∘
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/Q,0/2/A,6/-1/O}
S \tkzDefLine[tangent from = O](Q,A)
N
\tkzGetPoints{R}{S}
\tkzInterLC[near](O,Q)(Q,A)
\tkzGetPoints{M}{N}
Q \tkzDrawCircle(Q,M)
\tkzDrawSegments[new,add = 0 and .2](O,R O,S)
\tkzDrawSegments[gray](N,O R,Q S,Q)
90∘ M \tkzDrawPoints(O,Q,R,S,M,N)
\tkzMarkAngle[gray,-stealth,size=1](O,R,Q)
R
\tkzFindAngle(O,R,Q) \tkzGetAngle{an}
\tkzLabelAngle(O,R,Q){%
$\pgfmathprintnumber{\an}^\circ$}
\tkzMarkAngle[gray,-stealth,size=1](O,S,Q)
O
\tkzFindAngle(O,S,Q) \tkzGetAngle{an}
\tkzLabelAngle(O,S,Q){%
$\pgfmathprintnumber{\an}^\circ$}
\tkzLabelPoints(Q,O,M,N,R)
\tkzLabelPoints[above,text=red](S)
\end{tikzpicture}

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14.1.11. Example of tangents passing through an external point

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/c,1/0/d,3/0/a0}
\def\tkzRadius{1}
\tkzDrawCircle(c,d)
\foreach \an in {0,10,...,350}{
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center c angle \an](a0)
\tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = a](c,d)
\tkzGetPoints{e}{f}
\tkzDrawLines(a,f a,e)
\tkzDrawSegments(c,e c,f)}
\end{tikzpicture}

14.1.12. Example of Andrew Mertz

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(100:8){A}\tkzDefPoint(50:8){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C} \tkzDefPoint(0,-4){R}
\tkzDrawCircle(C,R)
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = A](C,R) \tkzGetPoints{D}{E}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = B](C,R) \tkzGetPoints{F}{G}
\tkzDrawSector[fill=teal!20,opacity=0.5](A,E)(D)
\tkzFillSector[color=teal,opacity=0.5](B,G)(F)
\end{tikzpicture}

http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/

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14.1.13. Drawing a tangent option tangent from

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0,8){A}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B)
\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C,D)
\tkzClipPolygon(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDefPoint(4,8){F}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){E}
\tkzDefPoint(4,4){Q}
\tkzFillPolygon[color = green](A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill = orange](B,A)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill = purple](E,B)
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = B](F,A)
\tkzInterLL(F,tkzSecondPointResult)(C,D)
\tkzInterLL(A,tkzPointResult)(F,E)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill = yellow](tkzPointResult,Q)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto B--A](tkzPointResult)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill = blue!50!black](tkzPointResult,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

15. Triangles

15.1. Definition of triangles \tkzDefTriangle

The following macros will allow you to define or construct a triangle from at least two points.
At the moment, it is possible to define the following triangles:

– two angles determines a triangle with two angles;

– equilateral determines an equilateral triangle;

– isosceles right determines an isoxsceles right triangle;

– half determines a right-angled triangle such that the ratio of the measurements of the two adjacent sides
to the right angle is equal to 2;

– pythagore determines a right-angled triangle whose side measurements are proportional to 3, 4 and 5;

– school determines a right-angled triangle whose angles are 30, 60 and 90 degrees;

– golden determines a right-angled triangle such that the ratio of the measurements on the two adjacent
sides to the right angle is equal to 𝛷 = 1.618034, I chose ”golden triangle” as the denomination because it
comes from the golden rectangle and I kept the denomination ”gold triangle” or ”Euclid’s triangle” for the
isosceles triangle whose angles at the base are 72 degrees;

– euclid or gold for the gold triangle; in the previous version the option was ”euclide” with an ”e”.

– cheops determines a third point such that the triangle is isosceles with side measurements proportional
to 2, 𝛷 and 𝛷.

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\tkzDefTriangle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩)

The points are ordered because the triangle is constructed following the direct direction of the trigonometric
circle. This macro is either used in partnership with \tkzGetPoint or by using tkzPointResult if it is not
necessary to keep the name.

options default definition

two angles= #1 and #2 no defaut triangle knowing two angles
equilateral equilateral equilateral triangle
half equilateral B rectangle AB = 2BC AC hypothenuse
isosceles right equilateral isosceles right triangle
pythagore equilateral proportional to the pythagorean triangle 3-4-5
pythagoras equilateral same as above
egyptian equilateral same as above
school equilateral angles of 30, 60 and 90 degrees
gold equilateral B rectangle and AB/AC = 𝛷
euclid equilateral angles of 72, 72 and 36 degrees, A is the apex
golden equilateral angles of 72, 72 and 36 degrees, C is the apex
sublime equilateral angles of 72, 72 and 36 degrees, C is the apex
cheops equilateral AC=BC, AC and BC are proportional to 2 and 𝛷.
swap false gives the symmetric point with respect to AB

\tkzGetPoint allows you to store the point otherwise tkzPointResult allows for immediate use.

15.1.1. Option equilateral

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C)
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](B,A)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,A,D)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=s|](A,B B,C A,C A,D B,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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15. Triangles 79

15.1.2. Option two angles

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){B}
\tkzDefTriangle[two angles = 50 and 70](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](C)
50∘ 70∘ \tkzLabelPoints[above,new](C)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.4](B,A,C){$50^\circ$}
A B
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](C,B,A){$70^\circ$}
\end{tikzpicture}

15.1.3. Option school

The angles are 30, 60 and 90 degrees.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[school](A,B)
60∘
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzMarkRightAngles(C,B,A)
90∘ \tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](B,A,C){$30^\circ$}
30∘ \tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](C,B,A){$90^\circ$}
A B \tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](A,C,B){$60^\circ$}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.1.4. Option pythagore

This triangle has sides whose lengths are proportional to 3, 4 and 5.

A B
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[pythagore](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C B,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
C \tkzLabelPoints[above](A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.1.5. Option pythagore and swap

This triangle has sides whose lengths are proportional to 3, 4 and 5.

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15. Triangles 80

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[pythagore,swap](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C B,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoint[above,new](C){$C$}
\tkzDrawPoints[new](C)
A B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.1.6. Option golden

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefTriangle[golden](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[in,name=M](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment(C,Mc)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above,new](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

A B

15.1.7. Option euclid

Euclid and golden are identical but the segment AB is a base in one and a side in the other.

A B
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
36∘ \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
72∘ \tkzDefTriangle[euclid](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
72∘ \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(C)
C
\tkzLabelPoints[above](A,B)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](A,B,C){$72^\circ$}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](B,C,A){$72^\circ$}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](C,A,B){$36^\circ$}
\end{tikzpicture}

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15. Triangles 81

15.1.8. Option isosceles right

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefTriangle[isosceles right](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C)
A B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,C,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.1.9. Option gold

A B
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[gold](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
AC \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
=𝜑 \tkzLabelPoints[above](A,B)
AB
\tkzLabelPoints[below](C)
C
\tkzMarkRightAngle(A,B,C)
\tkzText(0,-2){$\dfrac{AC}{AB}=\varphi$}
\end{tikzpicture}

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15. Triangles 82

15.2. Specific triangles with \tkzDefSpcTriangle

The centers of some triangles have been defined in the ”points” section, here it is a question of determining the
three vertices of specific triangles.

\tkzDefSpcTriangle[⟨local options⟩](⟨p1,p2,p3⟩){⟨r1,r2,r3⟩}

The order of the points is important! p1p2p3 defines a triangle then the result is a triangle whose vertices have
as reference a combination with name and r1,r2, r3. If name is empty then the references are r1,r2 and r3.

options default definition

orthic centroid determined by endpoints of the altitudes ...
centroid or medial centroid intersection of the triangle's three triangle medians
in or incentral centroid determined with the angle bisectors
ex or excentral centroid determined with the excenters
extouch centroid formed by the points of tangency with the excircles
intouch or contact centroid formed by the points of tangency of the incircle
each of the vertices
euler centroid formed by Euler points on the nine-point circle
symmedial centroid intersection points of the symmedians
tangential centroid formed by the lines tangent to the circumcircle
feuerbach centroid formed by the points of tangency of the nine-point ...
circle with the excircles
name empty used to name the vertices

15.2.1. How to name the vertices

With \tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,name=M](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C} you get three vertices named MA , MB and
MC .
With \tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial](A,B,C){a,b,c} you get three vertices named and labeled a, b and c.
Possible \tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,name=M_](A,B,C){A,B,C} you get three vertices named MA , MB and
MC .

15.3. Option medial or centroid

The geometric centroid of the polygon vertices of a triangle is the point G (sometimes also denoted M) which is
also the intersection of the triangle’s three triangle medians. The point is therefore sometimes called the median
point. The centroid is always in the interior of the triangle.

Weisstein, Eric W. ”Centroid triangle” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

In the following example, we obtain the Euler circle which passes through the previously defined points.

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15. Triangles 83

B
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90,scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,name=M](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
MA
MC \tkzDrawSegments[dashed,new](A,M_A B,M_B C,M_C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](M_A,M_B,M_C)
M \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](M,M_A,M_B,M_C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B)
C \tkzLabelPoints[below](A,C,M_B)
MB
\tkzLabelPoints[right](M_C)
A
\tkzLabelPoints[left](M_A)
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](M)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.3.1. Option in or incentral

The incentral triangle is the triangle whose vertices are determined by the intersections of the reference triangle’s
angle bisectors with the respective opposite sides.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Incentral triangle” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{ 0/0/A,5/0/B,2/3/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[in,name=I](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
Ia \tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{I}{a}
Ib
\tkzDrawCircle(I,a)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](I_a,I_b,I_c)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed,new](A,I_a B,I_b C,I_c)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,I,I_a,I_b,I_c)
A Ic B \tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B,I_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](I_b)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,I_a)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.3.2. Option ex or excentral

The excentral triangle of a triangle ABC is the triangle Ja Jb Jc with vertices corresponding to the excenters of ABC.

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15. Triangles 84

Ja
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[excentral,name=J](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[extouch,name=T](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
C
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](J_a,J_b,J_c)
Jb \tkzClipBB
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](J_a,J_b,J_c)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](J_b,J_c)
A B
\tkzLabelPoints[new,above](J_a)
\tkzDrawCircles[gray](J_a,T_a J_b,T_b J_c,T_c)
\end{tikzpicture}

Jc

15.3.3. Option intouch or contact

The contact triangle of a triangle ABC, also called the intouch triangle, is the triangle formed by the points of
tangency of the incircle of ABC with ABC.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Contact triangle” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.
We obtain the intersections of the bisectors with the sides.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[intouch,name=X](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
Xa
\tkzInCenter(A,B,C)\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{I}{i}
Xb \tkzDrawCircle(I,i)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](X_a,X_b,X_c)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
A Xc B \tkzDrawPoints[new](X_a,X_b,X_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](X_a)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](X_b)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B,X_c)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.3.4. Option extouch

The extouch triangle Ta Tb Tc is the triangle formed by the points of tangency of a triangle ABC with its excircles
Ja , Jb , and Jc . The points Ta , Tb , and Tc can also be constructed as the points which bisect the perimeter of A1 A2 A3
starting at A, B, and C.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Extouch triangle” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.
We obtain the points of contact of the exinscribed circles as well as the triangle formed by the centers of the
exinscribed circles.

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15. Triangles 85

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.7]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[excentral,
name=J](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
C \tkzDefSpcTriangle[extouch,
name=T](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[nagel](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{N_a}
Tb \tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
Ta \tkzGetPoint{G}
Na \tkzDrawPoints[new](J_a,J_b,J_c)
\tkzClipBB \tkzShowBB
A Tc B \tkzDrawCircles[gray](J_a,T_a J_b,T_b J_c,T_c)
\tkzDrawLines[add=1 and 1](A,B B,C C,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,T_a B,T_b C,T_c)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](J_a,T_a J_b,T_b J_c,T_c)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](T_a,T_b,T_c)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,N_a)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](T_a,T_b,T_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](N_a,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,below left](T_b)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,below right](T_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,right=6pt](T_a)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[fill=gray!15](J_a,T_a,B
J_b,T_b,C J_c,T_c,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.3.5. Option orthic

Given a triangle ABC, the triangle HA HB HC whose vertices are endpoints of the altitudes from each of the vertices
of ABC is called the orthic triangle, or sometimes the altitude triangle. The three lines AHA , BHB , and CHC are
concurrent at the orthocenter H of ABC.

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{1/5/A,0/0/B,7/0/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic](A,B,C){H_A,H_B,H_C}
HB \tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](B,C,A)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,normed](H_A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{a}
HC
H
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,H_A B,H_B C,H_C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[fill=gray!20,
opacity=.5](A,H_A,C B,H_B,A C,H_C,A)
B \tkzDrawPolygon[fill=teal!20,opacity=.3](A,B,C)
HA C
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](H_A,H_B,H_C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new,fill=orange!20,
opacity=.3](H_A,H_B,H_C)
\tkzLabelPoints(C)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](A)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](H_A)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,above left](H_C)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,above right](H_B,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

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15. Triangles 86

15.3.6. Option feuerbach

The Feuerbach triangle is the triangle formed by the three points of tangency of the nine-point circle with the
excircles.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Feuerbach triangle” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.
The points of tangency define the Feuerbach triangle.

Ja
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
C
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0.5,2.5){C}
\tkzDefCircle[euler](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{N}
Jb \tkzDefSpcTriangle[feuerbach,
Fa
Fb name=F](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[excentral,
name=J](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[extouch,
A Fc B
name=T](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](J_a,J_b,J_c)
\tkzClipBB \tkzShowBB
\tkzDrawCircle[purple](N,F_a)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](F_a,F_b,F_c)
Jc
\tkzDrawCircles[gray](J_a,F_a J_b,F_b J_c,F_c)
\tkzDrawPoints[blue](J_a,J_b,J_c,%
F_a,F_b,F_c,A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,F_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](F_a)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](F_b)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.3.7. Option tangential

The tangential triangle is the triangle Ta Tb Tc formed by the lines tangent to the circumcircle of a given triangle
ABC at its vertices. It is therefore antipedal triangle of ABC with respect to the circumcenter O.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Tangential Triangle.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

Ta
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5,rotate=80]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,1.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[tangential,
name=T](A,B,C){_a,_b,_c}
B \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](T_a,T_b,T_c)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](T_a,T_b,T_c)
\tkzDefCircle[circum](A,B,C)
C \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
Tc
\tkzLabelPoints(A)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B)
A
Tb \tkzLabelPoints[left](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[new](T_b,T_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,left](T_a)
\end{tikzpicture}

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15. Triangles 87

15.3.8. Option euler

The Euler triangle of a triangle ABC is the triangle EA EB EC whose vertices are the midpoints of the segments
joining the orthocenter H with the respective vertices. The vertices of the triangle are known as the Euler points,
and lie on the nine-point circle.
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Euler Triangle.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.

B
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90,scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,
name=M](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[euler](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{N} % I= N nine points
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,H) \tkzGetPoint{E_A}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,H) \tkzGetPoint{E_C}
MA EB
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,H) \tkzGetPoint{E_B}
MC \tkzDefSpcTriangle[ortho,name=H](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawCircle(N,E_A)
HA
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,H_A B,H_B C,H_C)
N \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,N,H)
\tkzDrawPoints[red](M_A,M_B,M_C)
\tkzDrawPoints[blue]( H_A,H_B,H_C)
H \tkzDrawPoints[green](E_A,E_B,E_C)
C EC HC \tkzAutoLabelPoints[center=N,font=\scriptsize]%
MB EA (A,B,C,M_A,M_B,M_C,H_A,H_B,H_C,E_A,E_B,E_C)
HB \tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](H,N)
A
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=s|,size=3pt,
color=blue,line width=1pt](B,E_B E_B,H)
\tkzDrawPolygon[color=cyan](M_A,M_B,M_C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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15. Triangles 88

15.3.9. Option euler and Option orthic

I Ha
Ec

E
Hb

Ea Eb

A Hc B

Fa

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15. Triangles 89

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[euler,name=E](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic,name=H](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefExCircle(A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{I}{i}
\tkzDefExCircle(C,A,B) \tkzGetPoints{J}{j}
\tkzDefExCircle(B,C,A) \tkzGetPoints{K}{k}
\tkzDrawPoints[orange](I,J,K)
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](A,B,C,I,J,K)
\tkzClipBB
\tkzInterLC(I,C)(I,i) \tkzGetSecondPoint{Fc}
\tkzInterLC(J,B)(J,j) \tkzGetSecondPoint{Fb}
\tkzInterLC(K,A)(K,k) \tkzGetSecondPoint{Fa}
\tkzDrawLines[add=1.5 and 1.5](A,B A,C B,C)
\tkzDefCircle[euler](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{E}{e}
\tkzDrawCircle[orange](E,e)
\tkzDrawSegments[orange](E,I E,J E,K)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed](A,Ha B,Hb C,Hc)
\tkzDrawCircles(J,j I,i K,k)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[orange](E,I,J,K,Ha,Hb,Hc,Ea,Eb,Ec,Fa,Fb,Fc)
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](E,Ea,Eb,Ec,Ha,Hb,Hc,Fa,Fb,Fc)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.3.10. Option symmedial

The symmedial triangleKA KB KC is the triangle whose vertices are the intersection points of the symmedians with
the reference triangle ABC.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(.75,4){C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[symmedian](A,B,C)\tkzGetPoint{K}
KA
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[symmedial,name=K_](A,B,C){A,B,C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
KB
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,K_A B,K_B C,K_C)
K \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,K,K_A,K_B,K_C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,K,K_C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
A KC B \tkzLabelPoints[right](K_A)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](K_B)
\end{tikzpicture}

15.4. Permutation of two points of a triangle

\tkzPermute(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2,pt3) \tkzPermute(A,B,C) ̂
A, B, A, C are unchanged, B, C exchange their position

The triangle is unchanged.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
16. Definition of polygons 90

15.4.1. Modification of the school triangle

This triangle is constructed from the segment [AB] on [A, x).
If we want the segment [AC] to be on [A, x), we just have to swap B and C.

B
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,6/0/x}
\tkzDefTriangle[school](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzPermute(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B C,x)
A C x \tkzDrawSegments(A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,C,x)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(C,B,A)
\end{tikzpicture}
Remark: Only the first point is unchanged. The order of the last two parameters is not important.

16. Definition of polygons

16.1. Defining the points of a square

We have seen the definitions of some triangles. Let us look at the definitions of some quadrilaterals and regular
polygons.

\tkzDefSquare(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The square is defined in the forward direction. From two points, two more points are obtained such that the
four taken in order form a square. The square is defined in the forward direction.
The results are in tkzFirstPointResult and tkzSecondPointResult.
We can rename them with \tkzGetPoints.

Arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) \tkzDefSquare(⟨A,B⟩) The square is defined in the direct direction.

16.1.1. Using \tkzDefSquare with two points

Note the inversion of the first two points and the result.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](A,B,tkzFirstPointResult,%
tkzSecondPointResult)
\tkzDefSquare(B,A)
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,A,tkzFirstPointResult,%
tkzSecondPointResult)
\end{tikzpicture}
We may only need one point to draw an isosceles right-angled triangle so we use
\tkzGetFirstPoint or \tkzGetSecondPoint.

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16. Definition of polygons 91

16.1.2. Use of \tkzDefSquare to obtain an isosceles right-angled triangle

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C B,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B) \tkzDrawPoint[new](C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
A B \tkzLabelPoints[new,above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

16.1.3. Pythagorean Theorem and \tkzDefSquare

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0,3){B}
\tkzDefSquare(B,A)\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDefSquare(A,C)\tkzGetPoints{G}{H}
\tkzDefSquare(C,B)\tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
b
c \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,C,G,H)
a \tkzDrawPolygon(C,B,I,J)
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,A,E,F)
\tkzLabelSegment(A,C){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[right](C,B){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[swap](A,B){$c$}
\end{tikzpicture}

16.2. Defining the points of a rectangle

.

\tkzDefRectangle(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The rectangle is defined in the forward direction. From two points, two more points are obtained such that
the four taken in order form a rectangle. The two points passed in arguments are the ends of a diagonal of the
rectangle. The sides are parallel to the axes.
The results are in tkzFirstPointResult and tkzSecondPointResult.
We can rename them with \tkzGetPoints.

Arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) \tkzDefRectangle(⟨A,B⟩) The rectangle is defined in the direct direction.

16.2.1. Example of a rectangle definition

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/2/C}
\tkzDefRectangle(A,C) \tkzGetPoints{B}{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=teal!15](A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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16. Definition of polygons 92

16.3. Definition of parallelogram

Defining the points of a parallelogram. It is a matter of completing three points in order to obtain a parallelo-
gram.

\tkzDefParallelogram(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

arguments default definition

(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩) no default Three points are necessary

From three points, another point is obtained such that the four taken in order form a parallelogram.
The result is in tkzPointResult.
We can rename it with the name \tkzGetPoint...

16.3.1. Example of a parallelogram definition

D C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B,4/2/C}
\tkzDefParallelogram(A,B,C)
% or \tkzDefPointWith[colinear= at C](B,A)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C,D)
A B \tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

16.4. The golden rectangle

\tkzDefGoldenRectangle(⟨point,point⟩)

The macro determines a rectangle whose size ratio is the number 𝛷.

The created points are in tkzFirstPointResult and tkzSecondPointResult.
They can be obtained with the macro \tkzGetPoints. The following macro is used to draw the rectangle.
arguments example explanation
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) (⟨A,B⟩) If C and D are created then AB/BC = 𝛷.
\tkzDefGoldenRectangle or \tkzDefGoldRectangle

16.4.1. Golden Rectangles

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}
\tkzDefGoldRectangle(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefGoldRectangle(B,C) \tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDefGoldRectangle(C,E) \tkzGetPoints{G}{H}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(E,F G,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

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16.4.2. Construction of the golden rectangle

Without the previous macro here is how to get the golden rectangle.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
D F C H \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
D F C H \tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B)\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(I,C)\tkzGetPoints{G}{E}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear= at C](E,B)
\tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto D--C ](E)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawArc[style=dashed](I,E)(D)
A B E \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(C,D,E,F,H)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C,D,F,H)
\tkzDrawSegments[style=dashed,color=gray]%
(E,F C,F B,E F,H H,C E,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

16.5. Regular polygon

\tkzDefRegPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

From the number of sides, depending on the options, this macro determines a regular polygon according to its
center or one side.
arguments example explanation
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) (⟨O,A⟩) with option center, O is the center of the polygon.
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) (⟨A,B⟩) with option side, [AB] is a side.

options default example

name P The vertices are named P1,P2,…
sides 5 number of sides.
center center The first point is the center.
side center The two points are vertices.
Options TikZ ...

16.5.1. Option center

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/P0,0/0/Q0,2/0/P1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(P0,P1) \tkzGetPoint{Q1}
\tkzDefRegPolygon[center,sides=7](P0,P1)
\tkzDefMidPoint(P1,P2) \tkzGetPoint{Q1}
\tkzDefRegPolygon[center,sides=7,name=Q](P0,Q1)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](Q0,Q1,P2,Q2)
\tkzDrawPolygon(P1,P...,P7)
\foreach \j in {1,...,7} {%
\tkzDrawSegment[black](P0,Q\j)}
\end{tikzpicture}

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16.5.2. Option side

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{-4/0/A, -1/0/B}
\tkzDefRegPolygon[side,sides=5,name=P](A,B)
\tkzDrawPolygon[thick](P1,P...,P5)
\end{tikzpicture}

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 17. Circles 95

17. Circles

Among the following macros, one will allow you to draw a circle, which is not a real feat. To do this, you will need
to know the center of the circle and either the radius of the circle or a point on the circumference. It seemed to
me that the most frequent use was to draw a circle with a given center passing through a given point. This will be
the default method, otherwise you will have to use the R option. There are a large number of special circles, for
example the circle circumscribed by a triangle.

– I have created a first macro \tkzDefCircle which allows, according to a particular circle, to retrieve its
center and the measurement of the radius in cm. This recovery is done with the macros \tkzGetPoint
and \tkzGetLength;

– then a macro \tkzDrawCircle;

– then a macro that allows you to color in a disc, but without drawing the circle \tkzFillCircle;

– sometimes, it is necessary for a drawing to be contained in a disk, this is the role assigned to \tkzClipCircle;

– it finally remains to be able to give a label to designate a circle and if several possibilities are offered, we
will see here \tkzLabelCircle.

17.1. Characteristics of a circle: \tkzDefCircle

This macro allows you to retrieve the characteristics (center and radius) of certain circles.

\tkzDefCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩) or (⟨A,B,C⟩)

M9 Attention the arguments are lists of two or three points. This macro is either used in partnership with
\tkzGetPoints to obtain the center and a point on the circle, or by using
tkzFirstPointResult and tkzSecondPointResult if it is not necessary to keep the results. You can also use
\tkzGetLength to get the radius.

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩) (⟨A,B⟩) [AB] is radius A is the center

options default definition

R circum circle characterized by a center and a radius
diameter circum circle characterized by two points defining a diameter
circum circum circle circumscribed of a triangle
in circum incircle a triangle
ex circum excircle of a triangle
euler or nine circum Euler's Circle
spieker circum Spieker Circle
apollonius circum circle of Apollonius
orthogonal from circum [orthogonal from = A ](O,M)
orthogonal through circum [orthogonal through = A and B](O,M)
K 1 coefficient used for a circle of Apollonius

In the following examples, I draw the circles with a macro not yet presented. You may only need the center and a
point on the circle.

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17.1.1. Example with option R

We obtain with the macro \tkzGetPoint a point of the circle which is the East pole.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(3,3){C}
A
\tkzDefPoint(5,5){A}
\tkzCalcLength(A,C) \tkzGetLength{rAC}
2√2 \tkzDefCircle[R](C,\rAC) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDrawCircle(C,B)
\tkzDrawSegment(C,A)
C B
\tkzLabelSegment[above left](C,A){$2\sqrt{2}$}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,C,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.1.2. Example with option diameter

It is simpler here to search directly for the middle of [AB]. The result is the center and if necessary
\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
√2
\tkzDefPoint(2,2){B}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](O,B) \tkzGetPoint{A}
√2 A \tkzDrawCircle(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
O \tkzDrawSegment(O,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelSegment[above left](O,A){$\sqrt{2}$}
\tkzLabelSegment[above left](A,B){$\sqrt{2}$}
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=s||](O,A A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.1.3. Circles inscribed and circumscribed for a given triangle

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(2,2){A} \tkzDefPoint(5,-2){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,-2){C}
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoints{I}{x}
K \tkzDefCircle[circum](A,B,C)
I
\tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDrawCircles[new](I,x K,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](B,C)
C B \tkzLabelPoints[above left](A,I,K)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,I,K)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.1.4. Example with option ex

We want to define an excircle of a triangle relatively to point C

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17. Circles 97

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{ 0/0/A,4/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefCircle[ex](B,C,A)
\tkzGetPoints{J_c}{h}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--C ](J_c)
\tkzGetPoint{X_c}
F
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B ](J_c)
I
\tkzGetPoint{Y_c}
Yc
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C)
A D B \tkzGetPoints{I}{y}
\tkzDrawCircles[color=lightgray](J_c,h I,y)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--C ](I)
\tkzGetPoint{F}
Xc \tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B ](I)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
Jc
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 1.5](C,A C,B)
\tkzDrawSegments(J_c,X_c I,D I,F J_c,Y_c)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,F,I B,D,I J_c,X_c,A%
J_c,Y_c,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(B,C,A,I,D,F,X_c,J_c,Y_c)
\tkzLabelPoints(B,A,J_c,I,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](Y_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](X_c)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](F)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.1.5. Euler's circle for a given triangle with option euler

We verify that this circle passes through the middle of each side.

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(5,3.5){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){B} \tkzDefPoint(7,0){C}
\tkzDefCircle[euler](A,B,C)
E \tkzGetPoints{E}{e}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial](A,B,C){M_a,M_b,M_c}
\tkzDrawCircle[new](E,e)
B C \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,E,M_a,M_b,M_c)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](A,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

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17.1.6. Apollonius circles for a given segment option apollonius

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefCircle[apollonius,K=2](A,B)
\tkzGetPoints{K1}{x}
A B K2 K1 \tkzDrawCircle[color = teal!50!black,
fill=teal!20,opacity=.4](K1,x)
\tkzDefCircle[apollonius,K=3](A,B)
\tkzGetPoints{K2}{y}
\tkzDrawCircle[color=orange!50,
fill=orange!20,opacity=.4](K2,y)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B,K1,K2)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,K1,K2)
\tkzDrawLine[add=.2 and 1](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.1.7. Circles exinscribed to a given triangle option ex

You can also get the center and the projection of it on one side of the triangle.
with \tkzGetFirstPoint{Jb} and \tkzGetSecondPoint{Tb}.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,2.5){C}
\tkzDefCircle[ex](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{I}{i}
J \tkzDefCircle[ex](C,A,B) \tkzGetPoints{J}{j}
C \tkzDefCircle[ex](B,C,A) \tkzGetPoints{K}{k}
I
\tkzDefCircle[in](B,C,A) \tkzGetPoints{O}{o}
\tkzDrawCircles[new](J,j I,i K,k O,o)
\tkzDrawLines[add=1.5 and 1.5](A,B A,C B,C)
A B
\tkzDrawPolygon[purple](I,J,K)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,K B,J C,I)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](I,J,K)
K
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,I,J,K)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.1.8. Spieker circle with option spieker

The incircle of the medial triangle Ma Mb Mc is the Spieker circle:

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17. Circles 99

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoints{ 0/0/A,4/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial](A,B,C){M_a,M_b,M_c}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[spieker](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{S_p}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[cyan](M_a,M_b,M_c)
Mb Ma \tkzDrawPoints(B,C,A)
\tkzDefCircle[spieker](A,B,C)
Sp
\tkzDrawPoints[new](M_a,M_b,M_c,S_p)
\tkzDrawCircle[new](tkzFirstPointResult,%
tkzSecondPointResult)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](M_a)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](M_b)
A Mc B
\tkzLabelPoints[below](A,B,M_c,S_p)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.2. Projection of excenters

\tkzDefProjExcenter[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B,C⟩)(⟨a,b,c⟩){⟨X,Y,Z⟩}

Each excenter has three projections on the sides of the triangle ABC. We can do this with one macro
\tkzDefProjExcenter[name=J](A,B,C)(a,b,c){Y,Z,X}.

options default definition

name no defaut used to name the vertices
arguments default definition
(pt1=𝛼1 ,pt2=𝛼2 ,…) no default Each point has a assigned weight

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17. Circles 100

17.2.1. Excircles

Ya

Ja
Xb
C

Jb
Yb
Ia
Yb
Ib
Xa
I
Zc
Zb A Ic B Za
Xc

Yc

Jc

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17. Circles 101

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tikzset{line style/.append style={line width=.2pt}}
\tikzset{label style/.append style={color=teal,font=\footnotesize}}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[excentral,name=J](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[intouch,name=I](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefProjExcenter[name=J](A,B,C)(a,b,c){X,Y,Z}
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{I} \tkzGetSecondPoint{T}
\tkzDrawCircles[red](Ja,Xa Jb,Yb Jc,Zc)
\tkzDrawCircle(I,T)
\tkzDrawPolygon[dashed,color=blue](Ja,Jb,Jc)
\tkzDrawLines[add=1.5 and 1.5](A,C A,B B,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(Ja,Xa Ja,Ya Ja,Za
Jb,Xb Jb,Yb Jb,Zb
Jc,Xc Jc,Yc Jc,Zc
I,Ia I,Ib I,Ic)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[size=.2,fill=gray!15](Ja,Za,B Ja,Xa,B Ja,Ya,C Jb,Yb,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[size=.2,fill=gray!15](Jb,Zb,B Jb,Xb,C Jc,Yc,A Jc,Zc,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[size=.2,fill=gray!15](Jc,Xc,C I,Ia,B I,Ib,C I,Ic,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[blue](Jc,C Ja,A Jb,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,Xa,Xb,Xc,Ja,Jb,Jc,Ia,Ib,Ic,Ya,Yb,Yc,Za,Zb,Zc)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,Ya,Yb,Ja,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](Jb,Ib,Yc)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](Zb,Ic,Jc,B,Za,Xa)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,Zc,Yb)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](Xb,Ia,Xc)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.2.2. Orthogonal from

Orthogonal circle of given center. \tkzGetPoints{z1}{z2} gives two points of the circle.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,1/0/A}
\tkzDefPoints{1.5/1.25/B,-2/-3/C}
B \tkzDefCircle[orthogonal from=B](O,A)
\tkzGetPoints{z1}{z2}
O A \tkzDefCircle[orthogonal from=C](O,A)
\tkzGetPoints{t1}{t2}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawCircles[new](B,z1 C,t1)
\tkzDrawPoints(t1,t2,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(z1,z2,O,A,B)
C \tkzLabelPoints[right](O,A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.2.3. Orthogonal through

Orthogonal circle passing through two given points.

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17. Circles 102

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
O A
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){A}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDefPoint(-1.5,-1.5){z1}
z2
\tkzDefPoint(1.5,-1.25){z2}
z1 \tkzDefCircle[orthogonal through=z1 and z2](O,A)
c \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDrawCircle[new](tkzPointResult,z1)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](O,A,z1,z2,c)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](O,A,z1,z2,c)
\end{tikzpicture}

17.3. Definition of circle by transformation; \tkzDefCircleBy

These transformations are:

– translation;
– homothety;
– orthogonal reflection or symmetry;
– central symmetry;
– orthogonal projection;
– rotation (degrees);
– inversion.

The choice of transformations is made through the options. The macro is \tkzDefCircleBy and the other for
the transformation of a list of points \tkzDefCirclesBy. For example, we’ll write:

\tkzDefCircleBy[translation= from A to A'](O,M)

O is the center and M is a point on the circle. The image is a circle. The new center is tkzFirstPointResult and
tkzSecondPointResult is a point on the new circle. You can get the results with the macro \tkzGetPoints.

\tkzDefCircleBy[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The argument is a couple of points. The results is a couple of points. If you want to keep these points then the
macro \tkzGetPoints{O'}{M'} allows you to assign the name O' to the center and M' to the point on the circle.
arguments definition examples
pt1,pt2 existing points (O, M)
options examples
translation = from #1 to #2 [translation=from A to B](O,M)
homothety = center #1 ratio #2 [homothety=center A ratio .5](O,M)
reflection = over #1--#2 [reflection=over A--B](O,M)
symmetry = center #1 [symmetry=center A](O,M)
projection = onto #1--#2 [projection=onto A--B](O,M)
rotation = center #1 angle #2 [rotation=center O angle 30](O,M)
inversion = center #1 through #2 [inversion =center O through A](O,M)

The image is only defined and not drawn.

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17. Circles 103

17.3.1. Translation

D
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,3){D}
D′ \tkzDefCircleBy[translation= from B to A](C,D)
C \tkzGetPoints{C'}{D'}
\tkzDrawPoints[teal](A,B,C,D,C',D')
C′ B \tkzDrawSegments[orange,->](A,B)
\tkzDrawCircles(C,D C',D')
\tkzLabelPoints[color=teal](A,B,C,C')
A \tkzLabelPoints[color=teal,above](D,D')
\end{tikzpicture}

17.3.2. Reflection (orthogonal symmetry)

\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex]
D \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,3){D}
\tkzDefCircleBy[reflection = over A--B](C,D)
C \tkzGetPoints{C'}{D'}
\tkzDrawPoints[teal](A,B,C,D,C',D')
B \tkzDrawLine[add =0 and 1][orange](A,B)
\tkzDrawCircles(C,D C',D')
C′ D′ \tkzLabelPoints[color=teal](A,B,C,C')
A \tkzLabelPoints[color=teal,right](D,D')
\end{tikzpicture}

17.3.3. Homothety

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
D \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,3){D}
\tkzDefCircleBy[homothety=center A ratio .5](C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{C'}{D'}
C
\tkzDrawPoints[teal](A,C,D,C',D')
D′
\tkzDrawCircles(C,D C',D')
\tkzLabelPoints[color=teal](A,C,C')
C′
\tkzLabelPoints[color=teal,right](D,D')
\end{tikzpicture}
A

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17.3.4. Symmetry

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
D
\tkzDefPoint(3,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,3){D}
\tkzDefCircleBy[symmetry=center B](C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{C'}{D'}
C \tkzDrawPoints[teal](B,C,D,C',D')
\tkzDrawLines[orange](C,C' D,D')
\tkzDrawCircles(C,D C',D')
\tkzLabelPoints[color=teal](C,C')
\tkzLabelPoints[color=teal,above](D)
C′ \tkzLabelPoints[color=teal,below](D')
\end{tikzpicture}
D′

17.3.5. Rotation

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.5]
D \tkzDefPoint(3,-1){B}
C \tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,3){D}
\tkzDefCircleBy[rotation=center B angle 90](C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{C'}{D'}
D′
\tkzDrawPoints[teal](B,C,D,C',D')
C′ B \tkzLabelPoints[color=teal](B,C,D,C',D')
\tkzDrawCircles(C,D C',D')
\end{tikzpicture}

17.3.6. Inversion

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=3,color=red,fill=red!20]
\tkzSetUpStyle[color=purple,ultra thin]{st1}
\tkzSetUpStyle[color=cyan,ultra thin]{st2}
C D \tkzDefPoint(2,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,2){D}
\tkzDefCircleBy[inversion = center B through A](C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{C'}{D'}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,C',D')
C′ \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D,C',D')
D′ \tkzDrawCircles(B,A)
\tkzDrawCircles[st1](C,D)
A B
\tkzDrawCircles[st2](C',D')
\end{tikzpicture}

18. Intersections

It is possible to determine the coordinates of the points of intersection between two straight lines, a straight line
and a circle, and two circles.
The associated commands have no optional arguments and the user must determine the existence of the inter-
section points himself.

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18.1. Intersection of two straight lines \tkzInterLL

\tkzInterLL(⟨A, B⟩)(⟨C, D⟩)

Defines the intersection point tkzPointResult of the two lines (AB) and (CD). The known points are given in
pairs (two per line) in brackets, and the resulting point can be retrieved with the macro \tkzDefPoint.

18.1.1. Example of intersection between two straight lines

\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-45,scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,5){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,6){C}
\tkzDefPoint(5,2){D}
\tkzDrawLines(A,B C,D)
\tkzInterLL(A,B)(C,D)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=blue](A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawPoint[color=red](I)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2. Intersection of a straight line and a circle \tkzInterLC

As before, the line is defined by a couple of points. The circle is also defined by a couple:

– (O, C) which is a pair of points, the first is the center and the second is any point on the circle.

– (O, r) The r measure is the radius measure.

\tkzInterLC[⟨options⟩](⟨A, B⟩)(⟨O, C⟩) or (⟨O, r⟩) or (⟨O, C, D⟩)

So the arguments are two couples.

options default definition

N N (O,C) determines the circle
R N (O, 1 ) unit 1 cm
with nodes N (O,C,D) CD is a radius
common=pt pt is common point; tkzFirstPoint gives the other point
near tkzFirstPoint is the closest point to the first point of the line

The macro defines the intersection points I and J of the line (AB) and the center circle O with radius r if they
exist; otherwise, an error will be reported in the .log file. with nodes avoids you to calculate the radius which
is the length of [CD]. If common and near are not used then tkzFirstPoint is the smallest angle (angle with
tkzSecondPoint and the center of the circle).

\tkzTestInterLC(⟨O, A⟩)(⟨O′ , B⟩)

So the arguments are two couples which define a line and a circle with a center and a point on the circle. If there
is a non empty intersection between these the line and the circle then the test \iftkzFlagLC gives true.

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18.2.1. test line-circle intersection

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{% x y name
3 /4 /I,
3 /2 /P,
0 /2 /La,
8 /3 /Lb}
\tkzDrawCircle(I,P)
\foreach \i in {1,...,3}{%
\coordinate (Lb) at (8,\i);
\tkzDrawLine(La,Lb)
\tkzTestInterLC(La,Lb)(I,P)
\iftkzFlagLC
\tkzInterLC(La,Lb)(I,P)
\tkzGetPoints{a}{b}
\tkzDrawPoints(a,b)
\fi
}
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.2. Line-circle intersection

In the following example, the drawing of the circle uses two points and the intersection of the straight line and the
̂
circle uses two pairs of points. We will compare the angles D, ̂
E, O and E, D, O. These angles are in opposite direc-
tions. tkzFirstPoint is assigned to the point that forms the angle with the smallest measure (counterclockwise
direction). The counterclockwide angle D, ̂E, O has a measure equal to 360∘ minus the measure of O, ̂ E, D.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
La \tkzInit[xmax=5,ymax=4]
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){O}
E
C \tkzDefPoint(-2,4){La}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){Lb}
\tkzDefPoint(3,3){C}
\tkzInterLC(La,Lb)(O,C) \tkzGetPoints{D}{E}
O
D \tkzMarkAngle[->,size=1.5](E,D,O)
\tkzDrawPolygons[new](O,D,E)
Lb
\tkzMarkAngle[->,size=1.5](D,E,O)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=teal](O,La,Lb,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](D,E)
\tkzDrawLine(La,Lb)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](O,La,Lb,C,D,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.3. Line passing through the center option common

This case is special. You cannot compare the angles. In this case, the option near must be used. tkzFirstPoint
is assigned to the point closest to the first point given for the line. Here we want A to be closest to Lb.

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\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{% x y name
0 /1 /D,
A 6 /0 /B,
Lb
3 /3 /O,
2 /2 /La,
5 /5 /Lb}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,D)
\tkzDrawLine(La,Lb)
O \tkzInterLC[near](Lb,La)(O,D)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{A}
\tkzDrawSegments(O,A)
La
\tkzDrawPoints(O,D,A,La,Lb)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,D,A,La,Lb)
D \end{tikzpicture}

18.2.4. Line-circle intersection with option common

A special case that we often meet, a point of the line is on the circle and we are looking for the other common
point.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,-5/0/A,2/-2/B,0/5/D}
\tkzInterLC[common=A](B,A)(O,D)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawLine(A,C)
A
\tkzDrawPoint(C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
B \end{tikzpicture}
C

18.2.5. Line-circle intersection order of points

The idea is to compare the angles formed with the first defining point of the line, a resultant point and the center
of the circle. The first point is the one that corresponds to the smallest angle.
̂ < BEO.
As you can see BCO ̂ To tell the truth,BEÔ is counterclockwise.

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
E
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/1/A,2/2/B,3/1/D}
\tkzInterLC[common=A](B,D)(O,A) \tkzGetPoints{C}{E}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B,D)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A) \tkzDrawLine(E,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed](B,O O,C)
B
\tkzMarkAngle[->,size=1.5](B,C,O)
D A \tkzDrawSegments[dashed](O,E)
O
\tkzMarkAngle[->,size=1.5](B,E,O)
C \tkzDrawPoints(C,E)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](O,E)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](A,B,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.6. Example with \foreach

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3,rotate=180]
\tkzDefPoint(0,1){J}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\foreach \i in {0,-5,-10,...,-90}{
\tkzDefPoint({2.5*cos(\i*pi/180)},%
{1+2.5*sin(\i*pi/180)}){P}
\tkzInterLC[R](P,J)(O,1)\tkzGetPoints{N}{M}
\tkzDrawSegment[color=orange](J,N)
\tkzDrawPoints[red](N)}
\foreach \i in {-90,-95,...,-175,-180}{
\tkzDefPoint({2.5*cos(\i*pi/180)},%
{1+2.5*sin(\i*pi/180)}){P}
\tkzInterLC[R](P,J)(O,1)\tkzGetPoints{N}{M}
\tkzDrawSegment[color=orange](J,M)
\tkzDrawPoints[red](M)}
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.7. Line-circle intersection with option near

D is the point closest to b.

N
V

A O1 O B O2 C

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\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,12/0/C}
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O_2}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O_2 angle 90](C) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O_1 angle 90](B) \tkzGetPoint{Q}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center B angle 90](C) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzInterLC[near](b,B)(O,A) \tkzGetFirstPoint{D}
\tkzInterCC(D,B)(O,C) \tkzGetPoints{V}{U}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto U--V](O_1) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto U--V](O_2) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,O,O_1,O_2,D,U,V,M,N,b)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[teal](O,C O_1,B O_2,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,C B,D U,V A,D C,D M,B B,N)
\tkzDrawArc(D,U)(V)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,O,O_1,O_2)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](D,U,V,M,N)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.8. More complex example of a line-circle intersection

Figure from http://gogeometry.com/problem/p190_tangent_circle
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}
D \tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
E \tkzDefMidPoint(O,B) \tkzGetPoint{O'}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from=A](O',B)\tkzGetFirstPoint{E}
\tkzInterLC(A,E)(O,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{D}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B](D)
A O O′ B \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDrawCircles(O,B O',B)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,D A,B D,F)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=red,line width=1pt,
opacity=.4](A,O F,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O,O',E,D)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(D,F,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A,B,O,O',E,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.9. Circle defined by a center and a measure, and special cases

Let’s look at some special cases like straight lines tangent to the circle.

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18. Intersections 110

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,8){A} \tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}
A C
\tkzDefPoint(8,8){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,4){D}
I1
\tkzDefPoint(2,4){E} \tkzDefPoint(4,2){F}
K1 \tkzDefPoint(8,4){G}
E1 \tkzInterLC(A,C)(D,G) \tkzGetPoints{I1}{I2}
\tkzInterLC(B,C)(D,G) \tkzGetPoints{J1}{J2}
E D J1 \tkzInterLC[near](A,B)(D,G) \tkzGetPoints{K1}{K2}
\tkzInterLC(E,F)(D,G) \tkzGetPoints{E1}{E2}
F \tkzDrawCircle(D,G)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](I1,J1,K1,K2,E1,E2)
K2 \tkzDrawLines(A,B B,C A,C I2,J2 E1,E2)
B
E2 \tkzDrawPoints[color=blue](A,...,F)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](I2,J2)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](B,D,E,F)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[below=4pt](I1,K1,K2,E2)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](J1,E1)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.2.10. Calculation of radius

With pgfmath and \pgfmathsetmacro
The radius measurement may be the result of a calculation that is not done within the intersection macro, but
before. A length can be calculated in several ways. It is possible of course, to use the module pgfmath and
the macro \pgfmathsetmacro. In some cases, the results obtained are not precise enough, so the following
calculation 0.0002 ÷ 0.0001 gives 1.98 with pgfmath while xfp will give 2.
With xfp and \fpeval:
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(2,2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,4){B}
\tkzDefPoint(4,4){O}
\pgfmathsetmacro\tkzLen{\fpeval{0.0002/0.0001}}
% or \edef\tkzLen{\fpeval{0.0002/0.0001}}
\tkzInterLC[R](A,B)(O, \tkzLen)
\tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,I)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=blue](A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](I,J)
\tkzDrawLine(I,J)
\end{tikzpicture}

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18. Intersections 111

18.2.11. Option with nodes

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,1/1/D,2/0/E}
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterLC[with nodes](D,E)(C,A,B)
\tkzGetPoints{F}{G}
\tkzDrawCircle(C,A)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,G)
\tkzDrawLine(F,G)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.3. Intersection of two circles \tkzInterCC

The most frequent case is that of two circles defined by their center and a point, but as before the option R allows
to use the radius measurements.

\tkzInterCC[⟨options⟩](⟨O, A⟩)(⟨O′ , A′ ⟩) or (⟨O, r⟩)(⟨O′ , r′ ⟩) or (⟨O, A, B⟩) (⟨O′ , C, D⟩)

options default definition

N N OA and O′ A′ are radii, O and O′ are the centers.
R N r and r′ are dimensions and measure the radii.
with nodes N in (A,A,C)(C,B,F) AC and BF give the radii.
common=pt pt is common point; tkzFirstPoint gives the other point.

This macro defines the intersection point(s) I and J of the two center circles O and O′ . If the two circles do not
have a common point then the macro ends with an error that is not handled. If the centers are O and O′ and
̂
the intersections are A and B then the angles O, ̂
A, O′ and O, B, O′ are in opposite directions. tkzFirstPoint is
assigned to the point that forms the clockwise angle.

\tkzTestInterCC(⟨O, A⟩)(⟨O′ , B⟩)

So the arguments are two couples which define two circles with a center and a point on the circle. If there is a
non empty intersection between these two circles then the test \iftkzFlagCC gives true.

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18. Intersections 112

18.3.1. test circle-circle intersection

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{% x y name
0 /0 /A,
2 /0 /B,
4 /0 /I,
1 /0 /P}
\tkzDrawCircle(A,B)
\foreach \i in {1,...,3}{%
\coordinate (P) at (\i,0);
\tkzDrawCircle[new](I,P)
\tkzTestInterCC(A,B)(I,P)
\iftkzFlagCC
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(I,P) \tkzGetPoints{a}{b}
\tkzDrawPoints(a,b)
\fi}
\end{tikzpicture}

18.3.2. circle-circle intersection with common point.

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
B \tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/-1/A,2/2/B}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
O
\tkzDrawCircles(O,B A,B)
\tkzInterCC[common=B](O,B)(A,B)
A
\tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPoint(C)
C
\tkzLabelPoints[above](O,A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.3.3. circle-circle intersection order of points.

The idea is to compare the angles formed with the first center, a resultant point and the center of the second
circle. The first point is the one that corresponds to the smallest angle.
As you can see ODB̂ < OBE ̂

D
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\pgfkeys{/pgf/number format/.cd,fixed relative,
28.05 precision=4}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/-1/A,2/2/B,2/-1/C}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
B E \tkzDrawCircles(O,A B,C)
331.9
\tkzInterCC(O,A)(B,C)\tkzGetPoints{D}{E}
O
\tkzDrawPoints(C,D,E)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,B,C)
C A
\tkzLabelPoints[above](D,E)
\tkzDrawSegments[cyan](D,O D,B)
\tkzMarkAngle[red,->,size=1.5](O,D,B)
\tkzFindAngle(O,D,B) \tkzGetAngle{an}
\tkzLabelAngle(O,D,B){$ \pgfmathprintnumber{\an}$}
\tkzDrawSegments[cyan](E,O E,B)
\tkzMarkAngle[red,->,size=1.5](O,E,B)
\tkzFindAngle(O,E,B) \tkzGetAngle{an}
\tkzLabelAngle(O,E,B){$ \pgfmathprintnumber{\an}$}
\end{tikzpicture}

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18. Intersections 113

18.3.4. Construction of an equilateral triangle.

̂
A, C, B is a clockwise angle

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[trim left=-1cm,scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,1){B}
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A)\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDrawPoint[color=black](C)
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B B,A)
A B
\tkzCompass[color=red](A,C)
\tkzCompass[color=red](B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=s|](A,C B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[](A,B)
\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
\end{tikzpicture}

18.3.5. Segment trisection

The idea here is to divide a segment with a ruler and a compass into three segments of equal length.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){B}
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A) \tkzGetSecondPoint{D}
\tkzInterCC(D,B)(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{A}{C}
\tkzInterCC(D,B)(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{E}{B}
\tkzInterLC[common=D](C,D)(E,D)\tkzGetFirstPoint{F}
\tkzInterLL(A,F)(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzInterLL(O,D)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzInterLL(O,E)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDrawCircles(D,E A,B B,A E,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[](O,F O,B O,D O,E)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,H)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B B,D A,D A,E E,F C,F B,C)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=s|](A,G G,H H,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

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18.3.6. With the option with nodes

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
b
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,0/5/B,5/0/C}
\tkzDefPoint(54:5){F}
a \tkzInterCC[with nodes](A,A,C)(C,B,F)
\tkzGetPoints{a}{e}
\tkzInterCC(A,C)(a,e) \tkzGetFirstPoint{b}
\tkzInterCC(A,C)(b,a) \tkzGetFirstPoint{c}
c \tkzInterCC(A,C)(c,b) \tkzGetFirstPoint{d}
\tkzDrawCircle[new](A,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(a,b,c,d,e)
\tkzDrawPolygon(a,b,c,d,e)
\foreach \vertex/\num in {a/36,b/108,c/180,
e
d/252,e/324}{%
\tkzDrawPoint(\vertex)
d \tkzLabelPoint[label=\num:$\vertex$](\vertex){}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,\vertex)
}
\end{tikzpicture}

18.3.7. Mix of intersections

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale = .7]
\tkzDefPoint(2,2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(-2,2){C}
D \tkzDefPoint(0,4){D}
\tkzDefPoint(4,2){E}
M1 M2
\tkzCircumCenter(A,B,C)\tkzGetPoint{O}
L M3 C O A E \tkzInterCC[R](O,2)(D,2)\tkzGetPoints{M1}{M2}
\tkzInterCC(O,A)(D,O) \tkzGetPoints{1}{2}
\tkzInterLC(A,E)(B,M1)\tkzGetSecondPoint{M3}
\tkzInterLC(O,C)(M3,D)\tkzGetSecondPoint{L}
B
\tkzDrawSegments(C,L)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,E,M1,M2,M3,O,L)
\tkzDrawSegments(O,E)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](C,A D,B)
\tkzDrawPoint(O)
\tkzDrawCircles[new](M3,D B,M2 D,O)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A,B,C,D,E,M1,M2,M3,O,L)
\end{tikzpicture}

18.3.8. Altshiller-Court's theorem

The two lines joining the points of intersection of two orthogonal circles to a point on one of the circles met the
other circle in two diametricaly oposite points. Altshiller p 176

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P Q C

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/P,5/0/Q,3/2/I}
\tkzDefCircle[orthogonal from=P](Q,I)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{E}
\tkzDrawCircles(P,E Q,E)
\tkzInterCC[common=E](P,E)(Q,E) \tkzGetFirstPoint{F}
\tkzDefPointOnCircle[through = center P angle 80 point E]
\tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzInterLC[common=E](A,E)(Q,E) \tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzInterLL(A,F)(C,Q) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 1](P,Q)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 2](A,E)
\tkzDrawSegments(P,E E,F F,C A,F C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(P,Q,E,F,A,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(P,Q,F)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](E,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

19. Angles

19.1. Definition and usage with tkz-euclide

In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common
endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.[Wikipedia]. A ray with tkz-euclide is defined by two points also each
̂ The vertex O is the second point. Their order is important because it
angle is defined with three points like AOB.
is assumed that the angle is specified in the direct order (counterclockwise). In trigonometry and mathematics
in general, plane angles are conventionally measured counterclockwise, starting with 0∘ pointing directly to the
right (or east), and 90∘ pointing straight up (or north)[Wikipedia]. Let us agree that an angle measured counter-
clockwise is positive.

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clockwise counterclockwise

Angles are involved in several macros like \tkzDefPoint,\tkzDefPointBy[rotation = …], \tkzDrawArc and
the next one \tkzGetAngle. With the exception of the last one, all these macros accept negative angles.

B
A

−80∘

80∘

A B
∘
Rotation 80 from (O, A) to (O, B) Rotation −80∘ from (O, A) to (O, B)
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 80] \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle -80]

280∘
B
A

80∘

A B

\tkzFindAngle(A,O,B) gives 80 \tkzFindAngle(A,O,B) gives 280∘

As we can see, the −80∘ rotation defines a clockwise angle but the macro \tkzFindAngle recovers a counter-
clockwise angle.

19.2. Recovering an angle \tkzGetAngle

\tkzGetAngle(⟨name of macro⟩)

Assigns the value in degree of an angle to a macro. The value is positive and between 0∘ and 360∘ . This macro
retrieves \tkzAngleResult and stores the result in a new macro.

arguments example explanation

name of macro \tkzGetAngle{ang} \ang contains the value of the angle.

This is an auxiliary macro that allows you to retrieve the result of the following macro \tkzFindAngle.

19.3. Angle formed by three points

\tkzFindAngle(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

The result is stored in a macro \tkzAngleResult.

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2,pt3) \tkzFindAngle(A,B,C) BA, ⃗⃗⃗
\tkzAngleResult gives the angle (⃗⃗⃗ BC)

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The measure is always positive and between 0∘ and 360∘ . With the usual conventions, a counterclockwise angle
smaller than a straight angle has always a measure between 0∘ and 180∘ , while a clockwise angle smaller than a
straight angle will have a measurement greater than 180∘ . \tkzGetAngle can retrieve the angle.

19.3.1. Verification of angle measurement

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(-1,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,2){B}
\tkzDefEquilateral(A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzFindAngle(B,A,C) \tkzGetAngle{angleBAC}
\edef\angleBAC{\fpeval{round(\angleBAC)}}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
60∘ B
\tkzLabelPoint[right](C){$C$}
A
\tkzLabelAngle(B,A,C){\angleBAC$^\circ$}
\tkzMarkAngle[size=1.5](B,A,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

19.3.2. Determination of the three angles of a triangle

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzset{label angle style/.append style={pos=1.4}}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/a,5/3/b,3/6/c}
60.0∘
\tkzDrawPolygon(a,b,c)
\tkzFindAngle(c,b,a)\tkzGetAngle{angleCBA}
\pgfmathparse{round(1+\angleCBA)}
\let\angleCBA\pgfmathresult
88.0∘
\tkzFindAngle(a,c,b)\tkzGetAngle{angleACB}
\pgfmathparse{round(\angleACB)}
\let\angleACB\pgfmathresult
\tkzFindAngle(b,a,c)\tkzGetAngle{angleBAC}
\pgfmathparse{round(\angleBAC)}
32.0∘ \let\angleBAC\pgfmathresult
\tkzMarkAngle(c,b,a)
\tkzLabelAngle(c,b,a){\tiny $\angleCBA^\circ$}
\tkzMarkAngle(a,c,b)
\tkzLabelAngle(a,c,b){\tiny $\angleACB^\circ$}
\tkzMarkAngle(b,a,c)
\tkzLabelAngle(b,a,c){\tiny $\angleBAC^\circ$}
\end{tikzpicture}

19.3.3. Angle between two circles

We are looking for the angle formed by the tangents at a point of intersection

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.4]
\pgfkeys{/pgf/number format/.cd,%
fixed,precision=1}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,4/2/C}
71.6∘
\tkzDrawCircles(A,C B,C)
\tkzDefLine[tangent at=C](A) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefPointsBy[symmetry = center C](a){d}
\tkzDefLine[tangent at=C](B) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDrawLines[add=1 and 4](a,C C,b)
\tkzFillAngle[fill=teal,opacity=.2%
,size=2](b,C,d)
\tkzFindAngle(b,C,d)\tkzGetAngle{bcd}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.25](b,C,d){%
\tiny $\pgfmathprintnumber{\bcd}^\circ$}
\end{tikzpicture}

19.4. Angle formed by a straight line with the horizontal axis \tkzFindSlopeAngle
Much more interesting than the last one. The result is between -180 degrees and +180 degrees.

\tkzFindSlopeAngle(⟨A,B⟩)

Determines the slope of the straight line (AB). The result is stored in a macro \tkzAngleResult.

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2) \tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B)

\tkzGetAngle can retrieve the result. If retrieval is not necessary, you can use \tkzAngleResult.

19.4.1. How to use \tkzFindSlopeAngle

̂ such that the AD slope is zero. We recover the slope of (AB) and
The point here is that (AB) is the bisector of CAD,
then rotate twice.

A
\begin{tikzpicture}
D
\tkzDefPoint(1,5){A} \tkzDefPoint(5,2){B}
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B)\tkzGetAngle{tkzang}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center A angle \tkzang ](B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center A angle -\tkzang ](B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,C A,D)
B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D)
\tkzCompass[length=1](A,C)
\tkzCompass[delta=10,brown](B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(B,C,D)
C \tkzLabelPoints[above left](A)
\end{tikzpicture}

19.4.2. Use of \tkzFindSlopeAngle and \tkzGetAngle

Here is another version of the construction of a mediator

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\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,2){B}
I
\tkzDefLine[mediator](A,B) \tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzCalcLength(A,B) \tkzGetLength{dAB}
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B) \tkzGetAngle{tkzangle}
\begin{scope}[rotate=\tkzangle]
B \tkzSetUpArc[color=gray,line width=0.2pt,%
/tkzcompass/delta=10]
\tkzDrawArc[R,arc](B,3/4*\dAB)(120,240)
\tkzDrawArc[R,arc](A,3/4*\dAB)(-45,60)
\tkzDrawLine(I,J) \tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
A \end{scope}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,I,J) \tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](I,J)
J \end{tikzpicture}

19.4.3. Another use of \tkzFindSlopeAngle

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
The slope of (AB) is : 45∘
\tkzDefPoint(1,2){A} \tkzDefPoint(3,4){B}
The slope of (AC) is : 0∘ \tkzDefPoint(3,2){C} \tkzDefPoint(3,1){D}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B A,C A,D)
The slope of (AD) is : 333.43∘ \tkzDrawPoints[color=red](A,B,C,D)
B \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D)
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B)\tkzGetAngle{SAB}
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,C)\tkzGetAngle{SAC}
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,D)\tkzGetAngle{SAD}
\pgfkeys{/pgf/number format/.cd,fixed,precision=2}
\tkzText(1,5){The slope of (AB) is :
$\pgfmathprintnumber{\SAB}^\circ$}
A C \tkzText(1,4.5){The slope of (AC) is :
$\pgfmathprintnumber{\SAC}^\circ$}
\tkzText(1,4){The slope of (AD) is :
$\pgfmathprintnumber{\SAD}^\circ$}
D \end{tikzpicture}

20. Random point definition

At the moment there are four possibilities:

1. point in a rectangle;

2. on a segment;

3. on a straight line;

4. on a circle.

20.1. Obtaining random points

This is the new version that replaces \tkzGetRandPointOn.

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\tkzDefRandPointOn[⟨local options⟩]

The result is a point with a random position that can be named with the macro \tkzGetPoint. It is possible to
use tkzPointResult if it is not necessary to retain the results.

options default definition

rectangle=pt1 and pt2 [rectangle=A and B]
segment= pt1--pt2 [segment=A--B]
line=pt1--pt2 [line=A--B]
circle =center pt1 radius dim [circle = center A radius 2]
circle through=center pt1 through pt2 [circle through= center A through B]
disk through=center pt1 through pt2 [disk through=center A through B]

20.1.1. Random point in a rectangle

D C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/3/C}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[rectangle = A and C]
\tkzGetPoint{E}
E
\tkzDefRectangle(A,C)\tkzGetPoints{B}{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon[red](A,...,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,E)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C,D,E)
A B \end{tikzpicture}

20.1.2. Random point on a segment or a line

\begin{tikzpicture}
C
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/2/C}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[segment = A--C]\tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDrawLine(A,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,C) \tkzDrawPoint[red](B)
B \tkzLabelPoints(A,C) \tkzLabelPoints[red](B)
A \end{tikzpicture}

20.1.3. Random point on a circle or a disk

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{3/2/A,1/1/B}
D
\tkzCalcLength(A,B) \tkzGetLength{rAB}
C
\tkzDefRandPointOn[circle = center A radius \rAB]
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[circle through= center A through B]
E
A \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[disk through=center A through B]
B
\tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzDrawCircle(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints[red](C,D,E)
\tkzLabelPoints[red,right](C,D,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

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Drawing and Filling

21. Drawing 122

21. Drawing

tkz-euclide can draw 5 types of objects : point, line or line segment, circle, arc and sector.

21.1. Draw a point or some points

There are two possibilities : \tkzDrawPoint for a single point or \tkzDrawPoints for one or more points.

21.1.1. Drawing points \tkzDrawPoint

\tkzDrawPoint[⟨local options⟩](⟨name⟩)

arguments default definition

name of point no default Only one point name is accepted

The argument is required. The disc takes the color of the circle, but lighter. It is possible to change everything.
The point is a node and therefore it is invariant if the drawing is modified by scaling.

options default definition

TikZ options all TikZ options are valid.
shape circle Possible cross or cross out
size 6 6× \pgflinewidth
color black the default color can be changed

We can create other forms such as cross

By default, point style is defined like this :

\tikzset{point style/.style = {%
draw = black,
inner sep = 0pt,
shape = circle,
minimum size = 3 pt,
fill = black
}
}

21.1.2. Example of point drawings

Note that scale does not affect the shape of the dots. Which is normal. Most of the time, we are satisfied with a
single point shape that we can define from the beginning, either with a macro or by modifying a configuration
file.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(1,3){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDrawPoint[color=red](A)
\tkzDrawPoint[fill=blue!20,draw=blue](B)
\tkzDrawPoint[shape=cross,size=8pt,color=teal](O)
\end{tikzpicture}
It is possible to draw several points at once but this macro is a little slower than the previous one. Moreover, we
have to make do with the same options for all the points.

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 22. Drawing the lines 123

\tkzDrawPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨liste⟩)

arguments default definition

points list no default example \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)

options default definition

shape circle Possible cross or cross out
size 6 6× \pgflinewidth
color black the default color can be changed

M9 Beware of the final s, an oversight leads to cascading errors if you try to draw multiple points. The options are
the same as for the previous macro.

21.1.3. Example

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{1/3/A,4/1/B,0/0/C}
\tkzDrawPoints[size=3,color=red,fill=red!50](A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

22. Drawing the lines

The following macros are simply used to draw, name lines.

22.1. Draw a straight line

To draw a normal straight line, just give a couple of points. You can use the add option to extend the line (This
option is due to Mark Wibrow, see the code below).
The style of a line is by default :

\tikzset{line style/.style = {%
line width = 0.6pt,
color = black,
style = solid,
add = {.2} and {.2}%
}}

with

\tikzset{%
add/.style args={#1 and #2}{
to path={%
($(\tikztostart)!-#1!(\tikztotarget)$)--($(\tikztotarget)!-#2!(\tikztostart)$)%
\tikztonodes}}}

You can modify this style with \tkzSetUpLine see 40.1

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\tkzDrawLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The arguments are a list of two points or three points. It would be possible, as for a half line, to create a style
with \add.
options default definition
TikZ options all TikZ options are valid.
add 0.2 and 0.2 add = kl and kr, …
… … allows the segment to be extended to the left and right.
add defines the length of the line passing through the points pt1 and pt2. Both numbers are percentages. The
styles of Tik Z are accessible for plots.

22.1.1. Examples with add

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmin=-2,xmax=3,ymin=-2.25,ymax=2.25]
\tkzClip[space=.25]
F \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(2,0.5){B}
E \tkzDefPoint(0,-1){C}\tkzDefPoint(2,-0.5){D}
B \tkzDefPoint(0,1){E} \tkzDefPoint(2,1.5){F}
\tkzDefPoint(0,-2){G} \tkzDefPoint(2,-1.5){H}
A
\tkzDrawLine(A,B) \tkzDrawLine[add = 0 and .5](C,D)
D \tkzDrawLine[add = 1 and 0](E,F)
C \tkzDrawLine[add = 0 and 0](G,H)
H \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)
G
\end{tikzpicture}
It is possible to draw several lines, but with the same options.

\tkzDrawLines[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩)

Arguments are a list of pairs of points separated by spaces. The styles of Tik Z are available for the draws.

22.1.2. Example with \tkzDrawLines

\begin{tikzpicture}
C D
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(2,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,2){C}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){D}
\tkzDrawLines(A,B C,D A,C B,D)
A B \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

23. Drawing a segment

There is, of course, a macro to simply draw a segment.

23.1. Draw a segment \tkzDrawSegment

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23. Drawing a segment 125

\tkzDrawSegment[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The arguments are a list of two points. The styles of Tik Z are available for the drawings.
argument example definition
(pt1,pt2) (A,B) draw the segment [A, B]

options example definition

TikZ options all TikZ options are valid.
dim no default dim = {label,dim,option}, …
… … allows you to add dimensions to a figure.
This is of course equivalent to \draw (A)--(B);. You can also use the option add.

23.1.1. Example with point references

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
B
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){B}
\tkzDrawSegment[color=red,thin](A,B)
A \tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.1.2. Example of extending an segment with option add

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[euler](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzDefCircle[euler](A,B,C)\tkzGetPoints{E}{e}
C \tkzDrawCircle[red](E,e)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](A,B A,C B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,E)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

A B

23.1.3. Adding dimensions with option dim new code from Muzimuzhi Z
This code comes from an answer to this question on tex.stackexchange.com (change-color-and-style-of-dimension-
lines-in-tkz-euclide ). The code of dim is based on options of TikZ, you must add the units. You can use now two
styles : dim style and dim fence style. You have several ways to use them. I’ll let you look at the examples
to see what you can do with these styles.

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23. Drawing a segment 126

\tikzset{dim style/.append style={dashed}} % append if you want to keep precedent style.

or
\begin{scope}[ dim style/.append style={orange},
dim fence style/.style={dashed}]

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
A
\tkzDefPoints{0/3/A, 1/-3/B}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={\(l_0\),1cm,right=2mm},
dim style/.append style={red,
dash pattern={on 2pt off 2pt}}](A,B)
l2
l1 \tkzDrawSegment[dim={\(l_1\),2cm,right=2mm},
l0
dim style/.append style={blue}](A,B)
l3
\begin{scope}[ dim style/.style={orange},
dim fence style/.style={dashed}]
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={\(l_2\),3cm,right=2mm}](A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={\(l_3\),-2cm,right=2mm}](A,B)
\end{scope}
B
\tkzLabelPoints[left](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.1.4. Adding dimensions with option dim partI

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2]
\pgfkeys{/pgf/number format/.cd,fixed,precision=2}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3.07,0){B}
7
2.3 \tkzInterCC[R](A,2.37)(B,1.82)
1.8
2

\tkzGetPoints{C}{C'}
\tkzDefCircle[in](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{G}{g}
\tkzDrawCircle(G,g)
A 3.07 B \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzCalcLength(A,B)\tkzGetLength{ABl}
\tkzCalcLength(B,C)\tkzGetLength{BCl}
\tkzCalcLength(A,C)\tkzGetLength{ACl}
\begin{scope}[dim style/.style={dashed,sloped,teal}]
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={\pgfmathprintnumber\BCl,6pt,%
text=red}](C,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={\pgfmathprintnumber\ACl,%
6pt,}](A,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={\pgfmathprintnumber\ABl,%
-6pt,}](A,B)
\end{scope}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B) \tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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23.1.5. Adding dimensions with option dim part II

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,-2/0/A,2/0/B,
-2/4/C,2/4/D,2/-4/E,-2/-4/F}
C D \tkzDrawPolygon(C,...,F)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B)
√5 \tkzDrawPoints(A,...,F,O)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,...,F,O)
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={ $\sqrt{5}$,2cm,}](C,E)
2
A O B \tkzDrawSegment[dim={ $\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}$,1cm,}](O,E)
√5
2 \tkzDrawSegment[dim={ $2$,2cm,left=8pt}](F,C)
1 \tkzDrawSegment[dim={ $1$,1cm,left=8pt}](F,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

F E

23.2. Drawing segments \tkzDrawSegments

If the options are the same we can plot several segments with the same macro.

\tkzDrawSegments[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩)

The arguments are a two-point couple list. The styles of Tik Z are available for the plots.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmin=-1,xmax=3,ymin=-1,ymax=2]
\tkzClip[space=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
B \tkzDefPoint(2,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){C}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
A C \tkzLabelPoints(A,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.2.1. Place an arrow on segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzSetUpStyle[postaction=decorate,
decoration={markings,
mark=at position .5 with {\arrow[thick]{#1}}
}]{myarrow}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,-4){B}
\tkzDrawSegments[myarrow=stealth](A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

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23.3. Drawing line segment of a triangle

23.3.1. How to draw Altitude

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-90]
\tkzDefPoint(0,1){A}
b \tkzDefPoint(2,4){C}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed,K=7](C,A)
Hc
\tkzGetPoint{B}
C \tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic,name=H](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDrawLine[dashed,color=magenta](C,Hc)
\tkzDrawSegment[green!60!black](A,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[green!60!black](C,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[green!60!black](B,A)
c
\tkzLabelPoint[left](A){$A$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
a \tkzLabelPoint[left](Hc){$Hc$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](B,A){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto,swap](B,C){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto,swap](C,A){$b$}
\tkzMarkAngle[size=1,color=cyan,mark=|](C,B,A)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=1,color=cyan,mark=|](A,C,Hc)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=0.75,
B
color=orange,mark=||](Hc,C,B)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=0.75,
color=orange,mark=||](B,A,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(A,C,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(B,Hc,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.4. Drawing a polygon

\tkzDrawPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩)

Just give a list of points and the macro plots the polygon using the Tik Z options present. You can replace
(A, B, C, D, E) by (A, ..., E) and (P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 ) by (P1 , P..., P5 )
arguments example explanation
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3,...⟩) \tkzDrawPolygon[gray,dashed](A,B,C) Drawing a triangle

options default example

Options TikZ ... \tkzDrawPolygon[red,line width=2pt](A,B,C)

23.4.1. \tkzDrawPolygon

\begin{tikzpicture} [rotate=18,scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2.25/0.2/B,2.5/2.75/C,-0.75/2/D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments[style=dashed](A,C B,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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23. Drawing a segment 129

23.4.2. Option two angles

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,0){B}
\tkzDefTriangle[two angles = 50 and 70](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.4](B,A,C){$50^\circ$}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](C,B,A){$70^\circ$}
\end{tikzpicture}

50∘ 70∘

23.4.3. Style of line

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzSetUpLine[line width=5mm,color=teal]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\foreach \i in {0,...,5}{%
\tkzDefPoint({30+60*\i}:4){p\i}}
\tkzDefMidPoint(p1,p3) \tkzGetPoint{m1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(p3,p5) \tkzGetPoint{m3}
\tkzDefMidPoint(p5,p1) \tkzGetPoint{m5}
\tkzDrawPolygon[line join=round](p1,p3,p5)
\tkzDrawPolygon[teal!80,
line join=round](p0,p2,p4)
\tkzDrawSegments(m1,p3 m3,p5 m5,p1)
\tkzDefCircle[R](O,4.8)\tkzGetPoint{o}
\tkzDrawCircle[teal](O,o)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.5. Drawing a polygonal chain

\tkzDrawPolySeg[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩)

Just give a list of points and the macro plots the polygonal chain using the Tik Z options present.
arguments example explanation
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3,...⟩) \tkzDrawPolySeg[gray,dashed](A,B,C) Drawing a triangle

options default example

Options TikZ ... \tkzDrawPolySeg[red,line width=2pt](A,B,C)

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 24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle 130

23.5.1. Polygonal chain

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,3/4/C,2/2/D}
\tkzDrawPolySeg(A,...,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.5.2. The idea is to inscribe two squares in a semi-circle.

A Sangaku look! It is a question of proving that one can inscribe in a half-disc, two squares, and to determine the
length of their respective sides according to the radius.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,8/0/B,4/0/I}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzInterLC(I,C)(I,B) \tkzGetPoints{E'}{E}
\tkzInterLC(I,D)(I,B) \tkzGetPoints{F'}{F}
\tkzDefPointsBy[projection=onto A--B](E,F){H,G}
\tkzDefPointsBy[symmetry = center H](I){J}
\tkzDefSquare(H,J) \tkzGetPoints{K}{L}
\tkzDrawSector(I,B)(A)
\tkzDrawPolySeg(H,E,F,G)
\tkzDrawPolySeg(J,K,L)
\tkzDrawPoints(E,G,H,F,J,K,L)
\end{tikzpicture}

23.5.3. Polygonal chain: index notation

\begin{tikzpicture}
\foreach \pt in {1,2,...,8} {%
\tkzDefPoint(\pt*20:3){P_\pt}}
\tkzDrawPolySeg(P_1,P_...,P_8)
\tkzDrawPoints(P_1,P_...,P_8)
\end{tikzpicture}

24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle

24.1. Draw one circle

\tkzDrawCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩)

M9 Attention you need only two points to define a radius. An additional option R is available to give a measure
directly.

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) (⟨A,B⟩) A center through B

Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z for the tracings...

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
 24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle 131

24.1.1. Circles and styles, draw a circle and color the disc
We’ll see that it’s possible to colour in a disc while tracing the circle.
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){A}
% circle with center O and passing through A
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
% diameter circle $[OA]$
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](O,A) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDrawCircle[new,fill=orange!10,opacity=.5](I,A)
% circle with center O and radius = exp(1) cm
\edef\rayon{\fpeval{0.25*exp(1)}}
\tkzDefCircle[R](O,\rayon) \tkzGetPoint{o}
\tkzDrawCircle[color=orange](O,o)
\end{tikzpicture}

24.2. Drawing circles

\tkzDrawCircles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B C,D …⟩)

M9 Attention, the arguments are lists of two points. The circles that can be drawn are the same as in the previous
macro. An additional option R is available to give a measure directly.

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩) (⟨A,B C,D⟩) List of two points

options default definition

through through circle with two points defining a radius

You do not need to use the default option through. Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z for the
tracings...

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24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle 132

24.2.1. Circles defined by a triangle.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2/0/B,3/2/C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B B,C C,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

A B

24.2.2. Concentric circles.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,1/0/a,2/0/b,3/0/c}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a A,b A,c)
\tkzDrawPoint(A)
\tkzLabelPoints(A)
\end{tikzpicture}

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24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle 133

24.2.3. Exinscribed circles.

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,1/2.5/C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDefCircle[ex](B,C,A)
\tkzGetPoint{J_c} \tkzGetSecondPoint{T_c}
\tkzDrawCircle(J_c,T_c)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and 1](C,A C,B)
\tkzDrawSegment(J_c,T_c)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(J_c,T_c,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,J_c,T_c)
\end{tikzpicture}

24.2.4. Cardioid
Based on an idea by O. Reboux made with pst-eucl (Pstricks module) by D. Rodriguez.
Its name comes from the Greek kardia (heart), in reference to its shape, and was given to it by Johan Castillon
(Wikipedia).
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2,0){A}
\foreach \ang in {5,10,...,360}{%
\tkzDefPoint(\ang:2){M}
\tkzDrawCircle(M,A)
}
\end{tikzpicture}

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24. Draw a circle with \tkzDrawCircle 134

24.3. Drawing semicircle

\tkzDrawSemiCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,A⟩)

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) (⟨O,A⟩) OA= radius
O center A extremity of the semicircle

24.3.1. Use of \tkzDrawSemiCircle

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(6,0){B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[blue](O,B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[red](O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
A O B

24.4. Drawing semicircles

\tkzDrawSemiCircles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B C,D …⟩)

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩) (⟨A,B C,D⟩) List of two points

24.4.1. Use of \tkzDrawSemiCircles : Golden arbelos

A C B

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
25. Draw an ellipse with \tkzDrawEllipse 135

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,10/0/B}
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_0}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{O_1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_2}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\begin{scope}[local bounding box = graph]
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[color=black](O_0,B)
\end{scope}
\useasboundingbox (graph.south west) rectangle (graph.north east);
\tkzClipCircle[out](O_1,C)\tkzClipCircle[out](O_2,B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[draw=none,fill=teal!15](O_0,B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[color=black](O_1,C O_2,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

25. Draw an ellipse with \tkzDrawEllipse

25.1. Draw an ellipse

\tkzDrawEllipse[⟨local options⟩](⟨C,a,b,An⟩)

arguments example explanation

(⟨C,a,b,An⟩) (⟨C,4,2,45⟩) C center; 4 and 2 lengths of half-axis

45 slope of main axis

Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z for the tracings...

25.1.1. Example of drawing an ellipse

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,4){C}
\tkzDrawEllipse[blue](C,4,2,45)
\tkzLabelPoints(C)
\end{tikzpicture}

26. Drawing arcs

26.1. Macro: \tkzDrawArc

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26. Drawing arcs 136

\tkzDrawArc[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩)

This macro traces the arc of center O. Depending on the options, the arguments differ. It is a question of deter-
mining a starting point and an end point. Either the starting point is given, which is the simplest, or the radius
of the arc is given. In the latter case, it is necessary to have two angles. Either the angles can be given directly,
or nodes associated with the center can be given to determine them. The angles are in degrees.

options default definition

towards towards O is the center and the arc from A to (OB)
rotate towards the arc starts from A and the angle determines its length
R towards We give the radius and two angles
R with nodes towards We give the radius and two points
angles towards We give the radius and two points
delta 0 angle added on each side
reverse false inversion of the arc's path, interesting to inverse arrow

Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z for the tracings...

options arguments example

towards (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨pt⟩) \tkzDrawArc[delta=10](O,A)(B)
rotate (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨an⟩) \tkzDrawArc[rotate,color=red](O,A)(90)
R (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨an,an⟩) \tkzDrawArc[R](O,2)(30,90)
R with nodes (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨pt,pt⟩) \tkzDrawArc[R with nodes](O,2)(A,B)
angles (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨an,an⟩) \tkzDrawArc[angles](O,A)(0,90)

Here are a few examples:

26.1.1. Option towards

It’s useless to put towards. In this first example the arc starts from A and goes to B. The arc going from B to A is
different. The salient is obtained by going in the direct direction of the trigonometric circle.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
B \tkzDefPoint(2,-1){A}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center O angle 90](A)
\tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDrawArc[color=orange,<->](O,A)(B)
O \tkzDrawArc(O,B)(A)
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and .5](O,A O,B)
A \tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

26.1.2. Option towards

In this one, the arc starts from A but stops on the right (OB).

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26. Drawing arcs 137

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
B \tkzDefPoint(2,-1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){B}
O \tkzDrawArc[color=blue,->](O,A)(B)
\tkzDrawArc[color=gray](O,B)(A)
A
\tkzDrawArc(O,B)(A)
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and .5](O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

26.1.3. Option rotate

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2,-2){A}
B
\tkzDefPoint(60:2){B}
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and .5](O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate,color=red](O,A)(180)
O \tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
A

26.1.4. Option R

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O}
\tkzSetUpCompass[<->]
\tkzDrawArc[R,color=teal,double](O,3)(270,360)
O
\tkzDrawArc[R,color=orange,double](O,2)(0,270)
\tkzDrawPoint(O)
\tkzLabelPoint[below](O){$O$}
\end{tikzpicture}

26.1.5. Option R with nodes

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2,-1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){B}
\tkzCalcLength(B,A)\tkzGetLength{radius}
\tkzDrawArc[R with nodes](B,\radius)(A,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

26.1.6. Option delta

This option allows a bit like \tkzCompass to place an arc and overflow on either side. delta is a measure in degrees.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
26. Drawing arcs 138

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
D \tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center A angle 60](B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\begin{scope}% style only local
\tkzDefPointBy[symmetry= center C](A)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B A,D)
C
\tkzDrawLine(B,D)
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=orange]
\tkzDrawArc[orange,delta=10](A,B)(C)
\tkzDrawArc[orange,delta=10](B,C)(A)
\tkzDrawArc[orange,delta=10](C,D)(D)
\end{scope}

A B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A,B,C,D)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(D,B,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

26.1.7. Option angles: example 1

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
E \tkzDefPoint(5,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(2.5,0){O}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 60](B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
D \tkzDefPointBy[symmetry=center D](O)
\tkzGetPoint{E}
\begin{scope}
\tkzDrawArc[angles](O,B)(0,180)
A O B \tkzDrawArc[angles,](B,O)(100,180)
\tkzCompass[delta=20](D,E)
\tkzDrawLines(A,B O,E B,E)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O,D,E)
\end{scope}
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A,B,O,D,E)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(O,B,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

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 27. Drawing a sector or sectors 139

26.1.8. Option angles: example 2

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){I}
\tkzDefPoint(0,5){J}
\tkzInterCC(O,I)(I,O)\tkzGetPoints{B}{C}
\tkzInterCC(O,I)(J,O)\tkzGetPoints{D}{A}
\tkzInterCC(I,O)(J,O)\tkzGetPoints{L}{K}
\tkzDrawArc[angles](O,I)(0,90)
\tkzDrawArc[angles,color=gray,
style=dashed](I,O)(90,180)
\tkzDrawArc[angles,color=gray,
style=dashed](J,O)(-90,0)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,K)
\foreach \point in {I,A,B,J,K}{%
\tkzDrawSegment(O,\point)}
\end{tikzpicture}

26.1.9. Option reverse: inversion of the arrow

\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,3/0/U}
\tkzDefPoint(10:1){A}
A
\tkzDefPoint(90:1){B}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawArc[reverse,tkz arrow={Stealth}](O,A)(B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

27. Drawing a sector or sectors

27.1. \tkzDrawSector

M9 Attention the arguments vary according to the options.

\tkzDrawSector[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩)

options default definition

towards towards O is the center and the arc from A to (OB)
rotate towards the arc starts from A and the angle determines its length
R towards We give the radius and two angles
R with nodes towards We give the radius and two points
You have to add, of course, all the styles of TikZ for tracings...
options arguments example
towards (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨pt⟩) \tkzDrawSector(O,A)(B)
rotate (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨an⟩) \tkzDrawSector[rotate,color=red](O,A)(90)
R (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨an,an⟩) \tkzDrawSector[R,color=teal](O,2)(30,90)
R with nodes (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨pt,pt⟩) \tkzDrawSector[R with nodes](O,2)(A,B)

Here are a few examples:

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
27. Drawing a sector or sectors 140

27.1.1. \tkzDrawSector and towards

There’s no need to put towards. You can use fill as an option.
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(-30:1){A}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation = center O angle -60](A)
\tkzDrawSector[teal](O,A)(tkzPointResult)
\begin{scope}[shift={(-60:1)}]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(-30:1){A}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation = center O angle -60](A)
\tkzDrawSector[red](O,tkzPointResult)(A)
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

27.1.2. \tkzDrawSector and rotate

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2/2/A,2/1/B}
\tkzDrawSector[rotate,orange](O,A)(20)
\tkzDrawSector[rotate,teal](O,B)(-20)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.1.3. \tkzDrawSector and R

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2,-1){A}
\tkzDrawSector[R](O,1)(30,90)
\tkzDrawSector[R](O,1)(90,180)
\tkzDrawSector[R](O,1)(180,270)
\tkzDrawSector[R](O,1)(270,360)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.1.4. \tkzDrawSector and R with nodes

In this example I use the option fill but \tkzFillSector is possible.

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27. Drawing a sector or sectors 141

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
C
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(4,-2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,3){C}
\tkzDrawSector[R with nodes,%
fill=teal!20](O,1)(B,C)
B
\tkzDrawSector[R with nodes,%
fill=orange!20](O,1.25)(A,B)
O \tkzDrawSegments(O,A O,B O,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](O)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.1.5. \tkzDrawSector and R with nodes

\begin{tikzpicture} [scale=.4]
3 C
D \tkzDefPoints{-1/-2/A,1/3/B}
S \tkzDefRegPolygon[side,sides=6](A,B)
2 \tkzGetPoint{O}
𝛼
4 \tkzDrawPolygon[fill=black!10, draw=blue](P1,P...,P6)
B \tkzLabelRegPolygon[sep=1.05](O){A,...,F}
\tkzDrawCircle[dashed](O,A)
E
16m

\tkzLabelSegment[above,sloped,
1 midway](A,B){\(A B = 16m\)}
=
AB

5 \foreach \i [count=\xi from 1] in {2,...,6,1}

{%
6 A
F \tkzDefMidPoint(P\xi,P\i)
\path (O) to [pos=1.1] node {\xi} (tkzPointResult) ;
}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[segment = P3--P5]
\tkzGetPoint{S}
\tkzDrawSegments[thick,dashed,red](A,S S,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(P1,P...,P6,S)
\tkzLabelPoint[left,above](S){$S$}
\tkzDrawSector[R with nodes,fill=red!20](S,2)(A,B)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.5](A,S,B){$\alpha$}
\end{tikzpicture}

27.2. Coloring a disc

This was possible with the macro \tkzDrawCircle, but disk tracing was mandatory, this is no longer the case.

\tkzFillCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩)

options default definition

radius radius two points define a radius
R radius a point and the measurement of a radius

You don’t need to put radius because that’s the default option. Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z
for the plots.

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27. Drawing a sector or sectors 142

27.2.1. Yin and Yang

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(-4,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(-2,0){I}
\tkzDefPoint(2,0){J}
\tkzDrawSector[fill=teal](O,A)(B)
\tkzFillCircle[fill=white](J,B)
\tkzFillCircle[fill=teal](I,A)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.2.2. From a sangaku

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){B} \tkzDefPoint(6,0){C}%
\tkzDefSquare(B,C) \tkzGetPoints{D}{A}
\tkzClipPolygon(B,C,D,A)
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,D) \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,D) \tkzGetPoint{Q}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = B](F,A)
\tkzGetPoints{H}{G}
\tkzInterLL(F,G)(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzInterLL(A,J)(F,E) \tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto B--A](K)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C,D)
\tkzFillCircle[red!20](E,B)
\tkzFillCircle[blue!20](M,A)
\tkzFillCircle[green!20](K,Q)
\tkzDrawCircles(B,A M,A E,B K,Q)
\end{tikzpicture}

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27.2.3. Clipping and filling part I

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,2/2/O,3/4/X,4/1/Y,1/0/Z,
0/3/W,3/0/R,4/3/S,1/4/T,0/1/U}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B)\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear normed=at X,K=1](O,X)
\tkzGetPoint{F}
\begin{scope}
\tkzFillCircle[fill=teal!20](O,F)
\tkzFillPolygon[white](A,...,D)
\tkzClipPolygon(A,...,D)
\foreach \c/\t in {S/C,R/B,U/A,T/D}
{\tkzFillCircle[teal!20](\c,\t)}
\end{scope}
\foreach \c/\t in {X/C,Y/B,Z/A,W/D}
{\tkzFillCircle[white](\c,\t)}
\foreach \c/\t in {S/C,R/B,U/A,T/D}
{\tkzFillCircle[teal!20](\c,\t)}
\end{tikzpicture}

27.2.4. Clipping and filling part II

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
C \tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,8/0/B,8/8/C,0/8/D}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzDefMidPoint(D,B) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefMidPoint(I,B) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzInterLC(B,I)(B,C) \tkzGetSecondPoint{K}
b
\tkzDefMidPoint(I,K) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\begin{scope}
E
\tkzFillSector[fill=blue!10](B,C)(A)
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[fill=white](x,B)
a
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{y}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[fill=white](y,C)
\tkzClipCircle(E,B)
\tkzClipCircle(F,B)
A F B \tkzFillCircle[fill=blue!10](B,A)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[thick](F,B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[thick](E,C)
\tkzDrawArc[thick](B,C)(A)
\tkzDrawSegments[thick](A,B B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,E,F)
\tkzLabelPoints[centered](a,b)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,E,F)
\end{tikzpicture}

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27.2.5. Clipping and filling part III

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(1,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(2,0){C} \tkzDefPoint(-3,0){a}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){b} \tkzDefPoint(0,3){c}
\tkzDefPoint(0,-3){d}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipPolygon(a,b,c,d)
\tkzFillCircle[teal!20](A,C)
\end{scope}
\tkzFillCircle[white](A,B)
\tkzDrawCircle[color=red](A,C)
\tkzDrawCircle[color=red](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.3. Coloring a polygon

\tkzFillPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩)

You can color by drawing the polygon, but in this case you color the inside of the polygon without drawing it.

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2,…⟩) (⟨A,B,…⟩)

27.3.1. \tkzFillPolygon

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C} \tkzDefPoint(4,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0,3){B}
\tkzDefSquare(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDefSquare(A,C) \tkzGetPoints{G}{H}
\tkzDefSquare(C,B) \tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzFillPolygon[color = orange!30 ](A,C,G,H)
b
c \tkzFillPolygon[color = teal!40 ](C,B,I,J)
a \tkzFillPolygon[color = purple!20](B,A,E,F)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](A,C,G,H)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](C,B,I,J)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](B,A,E,F)
\tkzLabelSegment[above](C,A){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[right](B,C){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[below left](B,A){$c$}
\end{tikzpicture}

27.4. \tkzFillSector

M9 Attention the arguments vary according to the options.

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\tkzFillSector[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩)

options default definition

towards towards O is the center and the arc from A to (OB)
rotate towards the arc starts from A and the angle determines its length
R towards We give the radius and two angles
R with nodes towards We give the radius and two points

Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z for the tracings...

options arguments example

towards (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨pt⟩) \tkzFillSector(O,A)(B)
rotate (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨an⟩) \tkzFillSector[rotate,color=red](O,A)(90)
R (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨an,an⟩) \tkzFillSector[R,color=blue](O,2)(30,90)
R with nodes (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨pt,pt⟩) \tkzFillSector[R with nodes](O,2)(A,B)

27.4.1. \tkzFillSector and towards

It is useless to put towards and you will notice that the contours are not drawn, only the surface is colored.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(-30:3){A}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation = center O angle -60](A)
\tkzFillSector[fill=purple!20](O,A)(tkzPointResult)
\begin{scope}[shift={(-60:1)}]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(-30:3){A}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation = center O angle -60](A)
\tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzFillSector[color=teal!40](O,A')(A)
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

27.4.2. \tkzFillSector and rotate

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O} \tkzDefPoint(2,2){A}
\tkzFillSector[rotate,color=purple!20](O,A)(30)
\tkzFillSector[rotate,color=teal!40](O,A)(-30)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.5. Colour an angle: \tkzFillAngle

The simplest operation

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\tkzFillAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)

O is the vertex of the angle. OA and OB are the sides. Attention the angle is determined by the order of the points.

options default definition

size 1 this option determines the radius of the coloured angular sector.

Of course, you have to add all the styles of Tik Z, like the use of fill and shade...

27.5.1. Example with size

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2.5/0/A,1.5/2/B}
\tkzFillAngle[size=2, fill=gray!10](A,O,B)
\tkzDrawLines(O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

27.5.2. Changing the order of items

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2.5/0/A,1.5/2/B}
\tkzFillAngle[size=2,fill=gray!10](B,O,A)
\tkzDrawLines(O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/0/A,3/4/B}
% Don't forget {} to get, () to use
\tkzFillAngle[size=4,left color=white,
right color=red!50](A,O,B)
\tkzDrawLines(O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

\tkzFillAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc.

With common options, there is a macro for multiple angles.

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27.5.3. Multiples angles

A D
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/B,8/0/C,0/8/A,8/8/D}
M
\tkzDrawPolygon(B,C,D,A)
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](B,C) \tkzGetPoint{M}
N
\tkzInterLL(D,M)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center N angle -60](D)
P \tkzGetPoint{L}
\tkzInterLL(N,L)(M,B) \tkzGetPoint{P}
Q
\tkzInterLL(M,C)(D,L) \tkzGetPoint{Q}
\tkzDrawSegments(D,N N,L L,D B,M M,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(L,N,P,Q,M,A,D)
B L C \tkzLabelPoints[left](N,P,Q)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](M,A,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(L,B,C)
\tkzMarkAngles(C,B,M B,M,C M,C,B D,L,N L,N,D N,D,L)
\tkzFillAngles[fill=red!20,opacity=.2](C,B,M%
B,M,C M,C,B D,L,N L,N,D N,D,L)
\end{tikzpicture}

28. Controlling Bounding Box

From the PgfManual :

”When you add the clip option, the current path is used for clipping subsequent drawings. Clipping never en-
larges the clipping area. Thus, when you clip against a certain path and then clip again against another path, you
clip against the intersection of both. The only way to enlarge the clipping path is to end the pgfscope in which
the clipping was done. At the end of a pgfscope the clipping path that was in force at the beginning of the scope
is reinstalled.”
First of all, you don’t have to deal with Tik Z the size of the bounding box. Early versions of tkz-euclide did not
control the size of the bounding box, now with tkz-euclide 4 the size of the bounding box is limited.
The initial bounding box after using the macro \tkzInit is defined by the rectangle based on the points (0, 0)
and (10, 10). The \tkzInit macro allows this initial bounding box to be modified using the arguments (xmin,
xmax, ymin, and ymax). Of course any external trace modifies the bounding box. Tik Z maintains that bounding
box. It is possible to influence this behavior either directly with commands or options in Tik Z such as a com-
mand like \useasboundingbox or the option use as bounding box. A possible consequence is to reserve a
box for a figure but the figure may overflow the box and spread over the main text. The following command
\pgfresetboundingbox clears a bounding box and establishes a new one.

28.1. Utility of \tkzInit

However, it is sometimes necessary to control the size of what will be displayed. To do this, you need to have
prepared the bounding box you are going to work in, this is the role of the macro \tkzInit. For some drawings,
it is interesting to fix the extreme values (xmin,xmax,ymin and ymax) and to clip the definition rectangle in
order to control the size of the figure as well as possible.
The two macros that are useful for controlling the bounding box:

– \tkzInit

– \tkzClip

To this, I added macros directly linked to the bounding box. You can now view it, backup it, restore it (see the
section Bounding Box).

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28.2. \tkzInit

\tkzInit[⟨local options⟩]

options default definition

xmin 0 minimum value of the abscissae in cm
xmax 10 maximum value of the abscissae in cm
xstep 1 difference between two graduations in x
ymin 0 minimum y-axis value in cm
ymax 10 maximum y-axis value in cm
ystep 1 difference between two graduations in y

The role of \tkzInit is to define a orthogonal coordinates system and a rectangular part of the plane in which
you will place your drawings using Cartesian coordinates. This macro allows you to define your working envi-
ronment as with a calculator. With tkz-euclide 4 \xstep and \ystep are always 1. Logically it is no longer
useful to use \tkzInit, except for an action like Clipping Out.

28.3. \tkzClip

\tkzClip[⟨local options⟩]

The role of this macro is to make invisible what is outside the rectangle defined by (xmin ; ymin) and (xmax ; ymax).
options default definition
space 1 added value on the right, left, bottom and top of the background

The role of the space option is to enlarge the visible part of the drawing. This part becomes the rectangle defined
by (xmin-space ; ymin-space) and (xmax+space ; ymax+space). space can be negative! The unit is cm and
should not be specified.

The role of this macro is to clip the initial rectangle so that only the paths contained in this rectangle are drawn.
y \begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmax=4, ymax=3]
\tkzDefPoints{-1/-1/A,5/2/B}
\tkzDrawX \tkzDrawY
\tkzGrid
\tkzClip
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

x
It is possible to add a bit of space

\tkzClip[space=1]

28.4. \tkzClip and the option space

This option allows you to add some space around the clipped rectangle.

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\begin{tikzpicture}
y \tkzInit[xmax=4, ymax=3]
\tkzDefPoints{-1/-1/A,5/2/B}
\tkzDrawX \tkzDrawY
\tkzGrid
\tkzClip[space=1]
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

The dimensions of the clipped rectangle are xmin-1, ymin-1, xmax+1 and ymax+1.

28.5. tkzShowBB
The simplest macro.

\tkzShowBB[⟨local options⟩]

This macro displays the bounding box. A rectangular frame surrounds the bounding box. This macro accepts
Tik Z options.

28.5.1. Example with \tkzShowBB

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzInit[ymax=5,xmax=8]
\tkzGrid
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){A}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipBB
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,5) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDrawCircle(A,a)
\tkzShowBB[line width = 4pt,fill=teal!10,%
opacity=.4]
\end{scope}
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,4) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDrawCircle[red](A,b)
\end{tikzpicture}

28.6. tkzClipBB

\tkzClipBB

The idea is to limit future constructions to the current bounding box.

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28. Controlling Bounding Box 150

28.6.1. Example with \tkzClipBB and the bisectors

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmin=-3,xmax=6, ymin=-1,ymax=6]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}\tkzDefPoint(3,1){I}
\tkzDefPoint(1,4){J}
\tkzDefLine[bisector](I,O,J) \tkzGetPoint{i}
\tkzDefLine[bisector out](I,O,J) \tkzGetPoint{j}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,I,J,i,j)
\tkzClipBB
\tkzDrawLines[add = 1 and 2,color=orange](O,I O,J)
\tkzDrawLines[add = 1 and 2](O,i O,j)
\tkzShowBB
\end{tikzpicture}

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29. Clipping different objects

29.1. Clipping a polygon

\tkzClipPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩)

This macro makes it possible to contain the different plots in the designated polygon.

arguments example explanation

(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3,…⟩) (⟨A,B,C⟩)
options default definition
out allows to clip the outside of the object

29.1.1. \tkzClipPolygon

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(1,3){C}
D
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDefPoint(0,2){D}
\tkzDefPoint(2,0){E}
\tkzDrawPoints(D,E)
\tkzLabelPoints(D,E)
\tkzClipPolygon(A,B,C)
E
\tkzDrawLine[new](D,E)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.1.2. \tkzClipPolygon[out]

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){P1}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){P2}
\tkzDefPoint(4,4){P3}
\tkzDefPoint(0,4){P4}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){Q1}
\tkzDefPoint(3,1){Q2}
\tkzDefPoint(3,3){Q3}
\tkzDefPoint(1,3){Q4}
\tkzDrawPolygon(P1,P2,P3,P4)
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipPolygon[out](Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](P1,P2,P3,P4)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPolygon(Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4)
\end{tikzpicture}

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29.1.3. Example: use of Clip for Sangaku in a square

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefPoint(4,8){F}
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](C,D)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto B--C](I)
\tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzInterLL(D,B)(I,J) \tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDefPointBy[symmetry=center K](B)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzClipPolygon(B,C,D,A)
\tkzFillPolygon[color = orange](A,B,C,D)
\tkzFillCircle[color = yellow](M,I)
\tkzFillCircle[color = blue!50!black](F,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.2. Clipping a disc

\tkzClipCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩)

arguments example explanation

(⟨A,B⟩) (⟨A,B⟩) AB radius

options default definition

out allows to clip the outside of the object

It is not necessary to put radius because that is the default option.

29.2.1. Simple clip

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
C
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(2,2){O}
B
\tkzDefPoint(4,4){B} \tkzDefPoint(5,5){C}
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B,C)
O \tkzLabelPoints(O,A,B,C)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzClipCircle(O,A)
A
\tkzDrawLine(A,C)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill=teal!10,opacity=.5](C,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

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29.3. Clip out

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmin=-3,ymin=-2,xmax=4,ymax=3]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(-4,-2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,1){B}
\tkzDefCircle[R](O,2) \tkzGetPoint{o}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B) % to have a good bounding box
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle[out](O,o)
\tkzDrawLines(A,B)
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

29.4. Intersection of disks

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,4/0/A,0/4/B}
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=teal](O,A,B)
\tkzClipPolygon(O,A,B)
\tkzClipCircle(A,O)
\tkzClipCircle(B,O)
\tkzFillPolygon[white](O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

see a more complex example about clipping here : 47.6

29.5. Clipping a sector

M9 Attention the arguments vary according to the options.

\tkzClipSector[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩)

options default definition

towards towards O is the center and the sector starts from A to (OB)
rotate towards The sector starts from A and the angle determines its amplitude.
R towards We give the radius and two angles

You have to add, of course, all the styles of Tik Z for tracings...

options arguments example

towards (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨pt⟩) \tkzClipSector(O,A)(B)
rotate (⟨pt,pt⟩)(⟨angle⟩) \tkzClipSector[rotate](O,A)(90)
R (⟨pt,r⟩)(⟨angle 1,angle 2⟩) \tkzClipSector[R](O,2)(30,90)

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29.5.1. Example 1

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){a}
\tkzDefPoint(12,0){b}
\tkzDefPoint(4,10){c}
\tkzInterCC[R](a,6)(b,8)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{AB1} \tkzGetSecondPoint{AB2}
\tkzInterCC[R](a,6)(c,6)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{AC1} \tkzGetSecondPoint{AC2}
\tkzInterCC[R](b,8)(c,6)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{BC1} \tkzGetSecondPoint{BC2}
\tkzDrawArc(a,AB2)(AB1)
\tkzDrawArc(b,AB1)(AB2)
\tkzDrawArc(a,AC2)(AC1)
\tkzDrawArc(c,AC1)(AC2)
\tkzDrawArc(b,BC2)(BC1)
\tkzDrawArc(c,BC1)(BC2)
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipSector(b,BC2)(BC1)
\tkzFillSector[teal!40!white](c,BC1)(BC2)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipSector(a,AB2)(AB1)
\tkzFillSector[teal!40!white](b,AB1)(AB2)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipSector(a,AC2)(AC1)
\tkzFillSector[teal!40!white](c,AC1)(AC2)
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

29.5.2. Example 2

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2,-1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){B}
\tkzDrawSector[new,dashed](O,A)(B)
\tkzDrawSector[new](O,B)(A)
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipSector(O,B)(A)
\tkzDefSquare(O,B) \tkzGetPoints{B'}{O'}
\tkzDrawPolygon[color=teal,fill=teal!20](O,B,B',O')
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.6. Options from TikZ: trim left or right

See the pgfmanual

29.7. TikZ Controls \pgfinterruptboundingbox and \endpgfinterruptboundingbox

This command temporarily interrupts the calculation of the box and configures a new box. See the pgfmanual

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29. Clipping different objects 155

29.7.1. Example about contolling the bouding box

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,5){A}\tkzDefPoint(5,4){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}\tkzDefPoint(5,1){D}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B C,D A,C)
\pgfinterruptboundingbox
\tkzInterLL(A,B)(C,D)\tkzGetPoint{I}
\endpgfinterruptboundingbox
\tkzClipBB
\tkzDrawCircle(I,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.8. Reverse clip: tkzreverseclip

In order to use this option, a bounding box must be defined.

\tikzset{tkzreverseclip/.style={insert path={
(current bounding box.south west) --(current bounding box.north west)
--(current bounding box.north east) -- (current bounding box.south east)
-- cycle} }}

29.8.1. Example with \tkzClipPolygon[out]

\tkzClipPolygon[out], \tkzClipCircle[out] use this option.

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29. Clipping different objects 156

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzInit[xmin=-5,xmax=5,ymin=-4,ymax=6]
\tkzClip
\tkzDefPoints{-.5/0/P1,.5/0/P2}
\foreach \i [count=\j from 3] in {2,...,7}{%
\tkzDefShiftPoint[P\i]({45*(\i-1)}:1){P\j}}
\tkzClipPolygon[out](P1,P...,P8)
\tkzCalcLength(P1,P5)\tkzGetLength{r}
\begin{scope}[blend group=screen]
\foreach \i in {1,...,8}{%
\tkzDefCircle[R](P\i,\r) \tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzFillCircle[color=teal](P\i,x)}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

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Part V.

Marking
 158

29.9. Mark a segment \tkzMarkSegment

\tkzMarkSegment[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

The macro allows you to place a mark on a segment.

options default definition

pos .5 position of the mark
color black color of the mark
mark none choice of the mark
size 4pt size of the mark
Possible marks are those provided by Tik Z, but other marks have been created based on an idea by Yves Combe.

29.9.1. Several marks

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,4){B}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[color=brown,size=2pt,pos=0.4, mark=z](A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[color=blue,pos=0.2, mark=oo](A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[pos=0.8,mark=s,color=red](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.9.2. Use of mark

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,4){B}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[color=gray,pos=0.2,mark=s|](A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[color=gray,pos=0.4,mark=s||](A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[color=brown,pos=0.6,mark=||](A,B)
\tkzMarkSegment[color=red,pos=0.8,mark=|||](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.10. Marking segments \tkzMarkSegments

\tkzMarkSegments[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩)

Arguments are a list of pairs of points separated by spaces. The styles of Tik Z are available for plots.

29.10.1. Marks for an isosceles triangle

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2/2/A,4/0/B,6/2/C}
\tkzDrawSegments(O,A A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzDrawLine(O,B)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=||,size=6pt](O,A A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

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 159

29.11. Another marking

C′
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}\tkzDefPoint(3,2){B}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){C}\tkzDefPoint(2.5,1){P}
P′
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
B
\tkzDefEquilateral(A,P) \tkzGetPoint{P'}
\tkzDefPointsBy[rotation=center A angle 60](P,B){P',C'}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,P,P')
\tkzDrawPolySeg(P',C',A,P,B)
P \tkzDrawSegment(C,P)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,C',P,P')
A C \tkzMarkSegments[mark=s|,size=6pt,
color=blue](A,P P,P' P',A)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=||,color=orange](B,P P',C')
\tkzLabelPoints(A,C) \tkzLabelPoints[below](P)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](P',C',B)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.12. Mark an arc \tkzMarkArc

\tkzMarkArc[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

The macro allows you to place a mark on an arc. pt1 is the center, pt2 and pt3 are the endpoints of the arc.

options default definition

pos .5 position of the mark
color black color of the mark
mark none choice of the mark
size 4pt size of the mark
Possible marks are those provided by Tik Z, but other marks have been created based on an idea by Yves Combe.

|, ||,|||, z, s, x, o, oo

29.12.1. Several marks

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\pgfmathsetmacro\r{2}
\tkzDefPoint(30:\r){A}
\tkzDefPoint(85:\r){B}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzMarkArc[color=red,mark=||](O,A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(B,A,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.13. Mark an angle mark : \tkzMarkAngle

More delicate operation because there are many options. The symbols used for marking in addition to those of
Tik Z are defined in the file tkz-lib-marks.tex and designated by the following characters:

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 160

|, ||,|||, z, s, x, o, oo

\tkzMarkAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)

O is the vertex. Attention the arguments vary according to the options. Several markings are possible. You can
simply draw an arc or add a mark on this arc. The style of the arc is chosen with the option arc, the radius of the
arc is given by mksize, the arc can, of course, be colored.

options default definition

arc l choice of l, ll and lll (single, double or triple).
size 1 (cm) arc radius.
mark none choice of mark.
mksize 4pt symbol size (mark).
mkcolor black symbol color (mark).
mkpos 0.5 position of the symbol on the arc.

29.13.1. Example with mark = x and with mark =||

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/0/A,3/4/B}
\tkzMarkAngle[size = 4,mark = x,
arc=ll,mkcolor = red,mkpos=.33](A,O,B)
\tkzMarkAngle[size = 2,mark = ||,
arc=ll,mkcolor = blue,mkpos=.66](A,O,B)
\tkzDrawLines(O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

\tkzMarkAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc.

With common options, there is a macro for multiple angles.

29.14. Problem to mark a small angle: Option veclen

The problem comes from the ”decorate” action and from the value used in size in \tkzMarkAngle. The solution
is to enclose the macro \tkzMarkAngle. In the next example without the ”scope” the result is : Latex Error:
Dimension too large.

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 161

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2.5,0){N}
B \tkzDefPoint(-4.2,0.5){M}
C \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 30](N)
M
\tkzGetPoint{B}
O \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle -50](N)
A′ \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzInterLC[common=B](M,B)(O,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzInterLC[common=A](M,A)(O,A) \tkzGetFirstPoint{A'}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,C M,A M,B A,B)
A \tkzDrawCircle(O,N)
\begin{scope}[veclen]
\tkzMarkAngle[mkpos=.2, size=1.2](C,A,M)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPoints(O, A, B, M, B, C, A')
\tkzLabelPoints[right](O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](M,C)
\tkzLabelPoint[below left](A'){$A'$}
\end{tikzpicture}

29.15. Marking a right angle: \tkzMarkRightAngle

\tkzMarkRightAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)

The german option allows you to change the style of the drawing. The option size allows to change the size of
the drawing.

options default definition

german normal german arc with inner point.
size 0.2 side size.

29.15.1. Example of marking a right angle

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/1/B,0.9/-1.2/P}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto B--A](P) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](P,H)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=blue!20,size=.5,draw](A,H,P)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](A,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=red!20,size=.8](B,H,P)
\tkzDrawPoints[](A,B,P,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

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 162

29.15.2. Example of marking a right angle, german style

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/1/B,0.9/-1.2/P}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto B--A](P) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](P,H)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[german,size=.5,draw](A,H,P)
\tkzDrawPoints[](A,B,P,H)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](A,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[german,size=.8](P,H,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.15.3. Mix of styles

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,1){B}
\tkzDefPoint(2,5){C}
C \tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto B--A](C)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
\tkzDrawLine[add = .5 and .2,color=red](C,H)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[,size=1,color=red](C,H,A)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[german,size=.8,color=blue](B,H,C)
\tkzFillAngle[opacity=.2,fill=blue!20,size=.8](B,H,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,H)
B
H \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,H)
\end{tikzpicture}
A

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 163

29.15.4. Full example

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-90]
\tkzDefPoint(0,1){A}
b \tkzDefPoint(2,4){C}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed,K=7](C,A)
P
\tkzGetPoint{B}
C \tkzDrawSegment[green!60!black](A,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[green!60!black](C,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[green!60!black](B,A)
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic](A,B,C){N,O,P}
\tkzDrawLine[dashed,color=magenta](C,P)
c
\tkzLabelPoint[left](A){$A$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
a \tkzLabelPoint[left](P){$P$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](B,A){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto,swap](B,C){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto,swap](C,A){$b$}
\tkzMarkAngle[size=1,color=cyan,mark=|](C,B,A)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=1,color=cyan,mark=|](A,C,P)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=0.75,color=orange,
B
mark=||](P,C,B)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=0.75,color=orange,
mark=||](B,A,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[german](A,C,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[german](B,P,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

29.16. \tkzMarkRightAngles

\tkzMarkRightAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc.

With common options, there is a macro for multiple angles.

29.17. Angles Library

If you prefer to use Tik Z library angles, you can mark angles with the macro \tkzPicAngle and \tkzPicRightAngle.

\tkzPicAngle[⟨tikz options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)

options example definition

tikz option see below ̂
drawing of the angle AOB.

\tkzPicRightAngle[⟨tikz options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)

options example definition

tikz option see below ̂
drawing of the right angle AOB.
You need to know possible options of the angles library

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 164

29.17.1. Angle with TikZ

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[right,swap](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](B,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C)
𝛼 \tkzPicAngle["$\alpha$",draw=orange,
.
<->,angle eccentricity=1.2,
A B angle radius=1cm](B,A,C)
\tkzPicRightAngle[draw,red,thick,
angle eccentricity=.5,
pic text=.](C,B,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Part VI.

Labelling
30. Labelling 166

30. Labelling

30.1. Label for a point

It is possible to add several labels at the same point by using this macro several times.

\tkzLabelPoint[⟨local options⟩](⟨point⟩){⟨label⟩}

arguments example
point \tkzLabelPoint(A){$A_1$}
options default definition
TikZ options colour, position etc.

Optionally, we can use any style of Tik Z, especially placement with above, right, dots...

30.1.1. Example with \tkzLabelPoint

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(0,3){C}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B B,C C,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoint[left,red](A){$A$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right,blue](B){$B$}
A B \tkzLabelPoint[above,purple](C){$C$}
\end{tikzpicture}

30.1.2. Label and reference

The reference of a point is the object that allows to use the point, the label is the name of the point that will be
displayed.

A1
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(2,0){A}
\tkzDrawPoint(A)
\tkzLabelPoint[above](A){$A_1$}
\end{tikzpicture}

30.2. Add labels to points \tkzLabelPoints

It is possible to place several labels quickly when the point references are identical to the labels and when the
labels are placed in the same way in relation to the points. By default, below right is chosen.

\tkzLabelPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨A1 , A2 , ...⟩)

arguments example result

list of points \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C) Display of A, B and C

This macro reduces the number of lines of code, but it is not obvious that all points need the same label posi-
tioning.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
31. Label for a segment 167

30.2.1. Example with \tkzLabelPoints

\begin{tikzpicture}
C
\tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](30:2){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](30:5){C}
B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}
A

30.3. Automatic position of labels \tkzAutoLabelPoints

The label of a point is placed in a direction defined by a center and a point center. The distance to the point is
determined by a percentage of the distance between the center and the point. This percentage is given by dist.

\tkzLabelPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨A1 , A2 , ...⟩)

arguments example result

list of points \tkzLabelPoint(A,B,C) Display of A, B and C

30.3.1. Label for points with \tkzAutoLabelPoints

Here the points are positioned relative to the center of gravity of A, B, C and O.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){O}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[circle=center O radius 1.5]\tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 100](A)\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 78](A)\tkzGetPoint{B}
A \tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B,C)
O \tkzDrawSegments(C,B B,A A,O O,C)
C
B \tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawPoint(tkzPointResult)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,C,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

31. Label for a segment

\tkzLabelSegment[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩){⟨label⟩}

This macro allows you to place a label along a segment or a line. The options are those of Tik Z for example pos.
argument example definition
label \tkzLabelSegment(A,B){5} label text
(pt1,pt2) (A,B) label along [AB]

options default definition

pos .5 label's position

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
31. Label for a segment 168

31.0.1. First example

a \begin{tikzpicture}
4 \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,0){B}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzLabelSegment[above,pos=.8](A,B){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[below,pos=.2](A,B){$4$}
\end{tikzpicture}

31.0.2. Example : blackboard

\tikzstyle{background rectangle}=[fill=black]
\begin{tikzpicture}[show background rectangle,scale=.4]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){I}
√a \tkzDefPoint(10,0){A}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed,K=4](I,A)
1 a \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefMidPoint(O,A) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzInterLC(I,H)(M,A)\tkzGetPoints{B}{C}
\tkzDrawSegments[color=white,line width=1pt](I,H O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=white](O,I,A,B,M)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[color=white,line width=1pt](A,I,B)
\tkzDrawArc[color=white,line width=1pt,
style=dashed](M,A)(O)
\tkzLabelSegment[white,right=1ex,pos=.5](I,B){$\sqrt{a}$}
\tkzLabelSegment[white,below=1ex,pos=.5](O,I){$1$}
\tkzLabelSegment[pos=.6,white,below=1ex](I,A){$a$}
\end{tikzpicture}

31.0.3. Labels and option : swap

\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-60]
A
b C \tkzSetUpStyle[red,auto]{label style}
\tkzDefPoint(0,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(2,4){C}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed,K=7](C,A)
\tkzGetPoint{B}
P \tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic](A,B,C){N,O,P}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[circum](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawPolygon[green!60!black](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLine[dashed,color=magenta](C,P)
c a \tkzLabelSegment(B,A){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[swap](B,C){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[swap](C,A){$b$}
\tkzMarkAngles[size=1,
color=cyan,mark=|](C,B,A A,C,P)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=0.75,
color=orange,mark=||](P,C,B)
\tkzMarkAngle[size=0.75,
color=orange,mark=||](B,A,C)
B \tkzMarkRightAngles[german](A,C,B B,P,C)
\tkzAutoLabelPoints[center = O,dist= .1](A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoint[below left](P){$P$}
\end{tikzpicture}

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
32. Add labels on a straight line \tkzLabelLine 169

\tkzLabelSegments[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩)

The arguments are a two-point couple list. The styles of Tik Z are available for plotting.

31.0.4. Labels for an isosceles triangle

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2/2/A,4/0/B,6/2/C}
a a
\tkzDrawSegments(O,A A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzDrawLine(O,B)
\tkzLabelSegments[color=red,above=4pt](O,A A,B){$a$}
\end{tikzpicture}

32. Add labels on a straight line \tkzLabelLine

\tkzLabelLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩){⟨label⟩}

arguments default definition

label \tkzLabelLine(A,B){$\Delta$}
options default definition
pos .5 pos is an option for TikZ, but essential in this case…
As an option, and in addition to the pos, you can use all styles of Tik Z, especially the placement with above,
right, …

32.0.1. Example with \tkzLabelLine

An important option is pos, it’s the one that allows you to place the label along the right. The value of pos can be
greater than 1 or negative.
\begin{tikzpicture}
again (𝛿)
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B,1/1/C}
\tkzDefLine[perpendicular=through C,K=-1](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDrawLines(A,B C,c)
\tkzLabelLine[pos=1.25,blue,right](C,c){$(\delta)$}
\tkzLabelLine[pos=-0.25,red,left](C,c){again $(\delta)$}
\end{tikzpicture}

(𝛿)

32.1. Label at an angle : \tkzLabelAngle

\tkzLabelAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)

There is only one option, dist (with or without unit), which can be replaced by the TikZ’s pos option (without
unit for the latter). By default, the value is in centimeters.

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32. Add labels on a straight line \tkzLabelLine 170

options default definition

pos 1 or dist, controls the distance from the top to the label.

It is possible to move the label with all TikZ options : rotate, shift, below, etc.

32.1.1. Example author js bibra stackexchange

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(20:9){B}
\tkzDefPoint(80:5){A}
𝛽 \tkzDefPointsBy[projection=onto B--C](A){a}
10

B \tkzDrawPolygon[thick,fill=yellow!15](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[dashed, red](A,a)
\tkzDrawSegment[style=red, dashed,
𝛼 dim={$10$,15pt,midway,font=\scriptsize,
rotate=90}](A,a)
\tkzMarkAngle(B,C,A)
C
\tkzMarkRightAngle(A,a,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(C,A,B)
\tkzFillAngle[fill=blue!20, opacity=0.5](B,C,A)
\tkzFillAngle[fill=red!20, opacity=0.5](A,B,C)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.25](A,B,C){$\beta$}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=1.25](B,C,A){$\alpha$}
\tkzMarkAngle(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](A)
\end{tikzpicture}

32.1.2. With pos

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/0/A,3/4/B}
\tkzMarkAngle[size = 4,mark = ||,
arc=ll,color = red](A,O,B)%
\tkzDrawLines(O,A O,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=2,draw,circle,
𝛼 fill=blue!10](A,O,B){$\alpha$}
\end{tikzpicture}

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32. Add labels on a straight line \tkzLabelLine 171

32.1.3. pos and \tkzLabelAngles

P
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=30]
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){S}
\tkzDefPoint(7,3){T}
T \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center S angle 60](T)
\tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDefLine[bisector,normed](T,S,P)
\tkzGetPoint{s}
30∘
30∘ \tkzDrawPoints(S,T,P)
\tkzDrawPolygon[color=blue](S,T,P)
\tkzDrawLine[dashed,color=blue,add=0 and 3](S,s)
60∘
\tkzLabelPoint[above right](P){$P$}
\tkzLabelPoints(S,T)
\tkzMarkAngle[size = 1.8,mark = |,arc=ll,
color = blue](T,S,P)
S
\tkzMarkAngle[size = 2.1,mark = |,arc=l,
color = blue](T,S,s)
\tkzMarkAngle[size = 2.3,mark = |,arc=l,
color = blue](s,S,P)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos = 1.5](T,S,P){$60^{\circ}$}%
\tkzLabelAngles[pos = 2.7](T,S,s s,S,P){%
$30^{\circ}$}%
\end{tikzpicture}

\tkzLabelAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc.

With common options, there is a macro for multiple angles.

It finally remains to be able to give a label to designate a circle and if several possibilities are offered, we will see
here \tkzLabelCircle.

32.2. Giving a label to a circle

\tkzLabelCircle[⟨tikz options⟩](⟨O,A⟩)(⟨angle⟩){⟨label⟩}

options default definition

tikz options circle O center through A

We can use the styles from TikZ. The label is created and therefore passed between braces.

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32.2.1. Example

𝒞
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O} \tkzDefPoint(2,0){N}
M
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 50](N)
\tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle -20](N)
\tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 125](N)
P \tkzGetPoint{P'}
\tkzLabelCircle[above=4pt](O,N)(120){$\mathcal{C}$}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,M)
The circle \tkzFillCircle[color=blue!10,opacity=.4](O,M)
𝒞
\tkzLabelCircle[draw,
text width=2cm,text centered,left=24pt](O,M)(-120)%
{The circle\\ $\mathcal{C}$}
\tkzDrawPoints(M,P)\tkzLabelPoints[right](M,P)
\end{tikzpicture}

33. Label for an arc

\tkzLabelArc[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩){⟨label⟩}

This macro allows you to place a label along an arc. The options are those of Tik Z for example pos.
argument example definition
label \tkzLabelArc(A,B){5} label text
(pt1,pt2,pt3) (O,A,B) �
label along the arc AB

options default definition

pos .5 label's position

33.0.1. Label on arc

\begin{tikzpicture}
B
�
AB \tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\pgfmathsetmacro\r{2}
A \tkzDefPoint(30:\r){A}
\tkzDefPoint(85:\r){B}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
O
\tkzDrawPoints(B,A,O)
\tkzLabelArc[right=2pt](O,A,B){$\widearc{AB}$}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

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Part VII.

Complements
 34. Using the compass 174

34. Using the compass

34.1. Main macro \tkzCompass

\tkzCompass[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩)

This macro allows you to leave a compass trace, i.e. an arc at a designated point. The center must be indicated.
Several specific options will modify the appearance of the arc as well as TikZ options such as style, color, line
thickness etc.
You can define the length of the arc with the option length or the option delta.

options default definition

delta 0 (deg) Increases the angle of the arc symmetrically
length 1 (cm) Changes the length (in cm)

34.1.1. Option length

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,1){B}
\tkzInterCC[R](A,4)(B,3)
\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDrawPoint(C)
\tkzCompass[length=1.5](A,C)
\tkzCompass(B,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B A,C B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

34.1.2. Option delta

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){B}
\tkzInterCC[R](A,4)(B,3)
\tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzCompass[delta=20](A,C)
\tkzCompass[delta=20](B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzMarkAngle(A,C,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

34.2. Multiple constructions \tkzCompasss

\tkzCompasss[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4,…⟩)

M9 Attention the arguments are lists of two points. This saves a few lines of code.

options default definition

delta 0 Modifies the angle of the arc by increasing it symmetrically
length 1 Changes the length

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35. The Show 175

34.2.1. Use \tkzCompasss

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoint(2,2){A} \tkzDefPoint(5,-2){B}
\tkzDefPoint(3,4){C} \tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoint[shape=cross out](C)
C \tkzCompasss[new](A,B A,C B,C C,B)
\tkzShowLine[mediator,new,dashed,length = 2](A,B)
i \tkzShowLine[parallel = through C,
A color=purple,length=2](A,B)
\tkzDefLine[mediator](A,B)
\tkzGetPoints{i}{j}
D \tkzDefLine[parallel=through C](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawLines[add=.6 and .6](C,D A,C B,D)
B \tkzDrawLines(i,j) \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,i,j,D)
j
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,i,j,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

35. The Show

35.1. Show the constructions of some lines \tkzShowLine

\tkzShowLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

These constructions concern mediatrices, perpendicular or parallel lines passing through a given point and
bisectors. The arguments are therefore lists of two or three points. Several options allow the adjustment of the
constructions. The idea of this macro comes from Yves Combe.
options default definition
mediator mediator displays the constructions of a mediator
perpendicular mediator constructions for a perpendicular
orthogonal mediator idem
bisector mediator constructions for a bisector
K 1 circle within a triangle
length 1 in cm, length of a arc
ratio .5 arc length ratio
gap 2 placing the point of construction
size 1 radius of an arc (see bisector)

You have to add, of course, all the styles of Tik Z for tracings…

35.1.1. Example of \tkzShowLine and parallel

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{-1.5/-0.25/A,1/-0.75/B,-1.5/2/C}
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through C](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzShowLine[parallel=through C](A,B)
\tkzDrawLine(C,c) \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,c)
\end{tikzpicture}

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35.1.2. Example of \tkzShowLine and perpendicular

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A, 3/2/B, 2/2/C}
\tkzDefLine[perpendicular=through C,K=-.5](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzShowLine[perpendicular=through C,K=-.5,gap=3](A,B)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B](c)
\tkzGetPoint{h}
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=lightgray](A,h,C)
\tkzDrawLines[add=.5 and .5](A,B C,c)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,h,c)
\end{tikzpicture}

35.1.3. Example of \tkzShowLine and bisector

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A, 4/2/B, 1/4/C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=brown,line width=.1 pt]
\tkzDefLine[bisector](B,A,C) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefLine[bisector](C,B,A) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzInterLL(A,a)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto A--B](I)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzShowLine[bisector,size=2,gap=3,blue](B,A,C)
\tkzShowLine[bisector,size=2,gap=3,blue](C,B,A)
\tkzDrawCircle[color=blue,%
line width=.2pt](I,H)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=red!50](I,tkzPointResult)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and -0.3,color=red!50](A,a B,b)
\end{tikzpicture}

35.1.4. Example of \tkzShowLine and mediator

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(2,2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(5,4){B}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\tkzShowLine[mediator,color=orange,length=1](A,B)
B
\tkzGetPoints{i}{j}
\tkzDrawLines[add=-0.1 and -0.1](i,j)
\tkzDrawLines(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below =3pt](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
A

35.2. Constructions of certain transformations \tkzShowTransformation

\tkzShowTransformation[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

These constructions concern orthogonal symmetries, central symmetries, orthogonal projections and trans-
lations. Several options allow the adjustment of the constructions. The idea of this macro comes from Yves
Combe.

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35. The Show 177

options default definition

reflection= over pt1--pt2 reflection constructions of orthogonal symmetry
symmetry=center pt reflection constructions of central symmetry
projection=onto pt1--pt2 reflection constructions of a projection
translation=from pt1 to pt2 reflection constructions of a translation
K 1 circle within a triangle
length 1 arc length
ratio .5 arc length ratio
gap 2 placing the point of construction
size 1 radius of an arc (see bisector)

35.2.1. Example of the use of \tkzShowTransformation

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
B
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O} \tkzDefPoint(2,-2){A}
\tkzDefPoint(70:4){B} \tkzDrawPoints(A,O,B)
C \tkzLabelPoints(A,O,B)
\tkzDrawLine[add= 2 and 2](O,A)
O \tkzDefPointBy[translation=from O to A](B)
H \tkzGetPoint{C}
E \tkzDrawPoint[color=orange](C) \tkzLabelPoints(C)
A \tkzShowTransformation[translation=from O to A,%
length=2](B)
F \tkzDrawSegments[->,color=orange](O,A B,C)
\tkzDefPointBy[reflection=over O--A](B) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzDrawSegment[blue](B,E)
\tkzDrawPoint[color=blue](E)\tkzLabelPoints(E)
\tkzShowTransformation[reflection=over O--A,size=2](B)
\tkzDefPointBy[symmetry=center O](B) \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDrawSegment[color=green](B,F)
\tkzDrawPoint[color=green](F)\tkzLabelPoints(F)
\tkzShowTransformation[symmetry=center O,%
length=2](B)
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto O--A](C)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawSegments[color=magenta](C,H)
\tkzDrawPoint[color=magenta](H)\tkzLabelPoints(H)
\tkzShowTransformation[projection=onto O--A,%
color=red,size=3,gap=-2](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

35.2.2. Another example of the use of \tkzShowTransformation

You’ll find this figure again, but without the construction features.

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36. Protractor 178

I
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,8/0/B,3.5/10/I}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B](I)
\tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzInterLC(I,A)(O,A) \tkzGetPoints{M}{M'}
\tkzInterLC(I,B)(O,A) \tkzGetPoints{N}{N'}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle(M,B)
\tkzDrawSegments(I,A I,B A,B B,M A,N)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(A,M,B A,N,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[style=dashed,color=blue](I,J)
\tkzShowTransformation[projection=onto A--B,
color=red,size=3,gap=-3](I)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](M,N)
N \tkzDrawPoints[color=blue](O,A,B,I,M)
A MO \tkzLabelPoints(O)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](N,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](M,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

36. Protractor

Based on an idea by Yves Combe, the following macro allows you to draw a protractor. The operating principle
is even simpler. Just name a half-line (a ray). The protractor will be placed on the origin O, the direction of the
half-line is given by A. The angle is measured in the direct direction of the trigonometric circle.

36.1. The macro \tkzProtractor

\tkzProtractor[⟨local options⟩](⟨O, A⟩)

options default definition

lw 0.4 pt line thickness
scale 1 ratio: adjusts the size of the protractor
return false trigonometric circle indirect

36.1.1. The circular protractor

Measuring in the forward direction
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
80
70 60 50 40 \tkzDefPoint(2,0){A}\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
30
90
10 0 20 \tkzDefShiftPoint[A](31:5){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](158:5){C}
10
0
11
120

\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
350
160 150 140 130

340 330 320 310

\tkzDrawSegments[color = red,
line width = 1pt](A,B A,C)
\tkzProtractor[scale = 1](A,B)
170

300

\end{tikzpicture}
80
01

29
19

28
00 2
02
70
210 0 60 25 2
240 230 22 0

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36.1.2. The circular protractor, transparent and returned

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
310 300 290 280 270
03
20 26
02 \tkzDefPoint(2,3){A}
33 50
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](31:5){B}
40

24
03

0
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](158:5){C}
5

230
0 3

220
\tkzDrawSegments[color=red,line width=1pt](A,B A,C)
20 10

210 200 190 18

\tkzProtractor[return](A,C)
40 30

\end{tikzpicture}
01
50

70
60

16
0

70 15
140 0
80
0130
0 110 100 9 12

37. Miscellaneous tools and mathematical tools

37.1. Duplicate a segment

This involves constructing a segment on a given half-line of the same length as a given segment.

\tkzDuplicateSegment(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)(⟨pt3,pt4⟩){⟨pt5⟩}

This involves creating a segment on a given half-line of the same length as a given segment . It is in fact the
definition of a point. \tkzDuplicateSegment is the new name of \tkzDuplicateLen.

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2)(pt3,pt4){pt5} \tkzDuplicateSegment(A,B)(E,F){C} AC=EF and C ∈ [AB)

The macro \tkzDuplicateLength is identical to this one.

37.1.1. Use of\tkzDuplicateSegment

C
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2/-3/B,2/5/C}
D
\tkzDuplicateSegment(A,B)(A,C)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,B A,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[teal](A,D)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](A,B,C,D)
A
\tkzLabelPoints[above right=3pt](A,B,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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37.1.2. Proportion of gold with \tkzDuplicateSegment

\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-90,scale=.4]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,10/0/B}
A
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=-.75](B,A)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterLC(B,C)(B,I) \tkzGetSecondPoint{D}
I \tkzDuplicateSegment(B,D)(D,A) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(A,E) \tkzGetPoints{N}{M}
M
\tkzDrawArc[orange,delta=10](D,E)(B)
\tkzDrawArc[orange,delta=10](A,M)(E)
\tkzDrawLines(A,B B,C A,D)
B D C \tkzDrawArc[orange,delta=10](B,D)(I)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,D,C,M,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,B,D,C,M,I)
\end{tikzpicture}

37.1.3. Golden triangle or sublime triangle

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
B \tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/C,0/5/B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C)\tkzGetPoint{H}
F \tkzDuplicateSegment(H,B)(H,A)\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDuplicateSegment(A,D)(A,B)\tkzGetPoint{E}
E
\tkzDuplicateSegment(A,D)(B,A)\tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzInterCC(A,C)(B,G)\tkzGetSecondPoint{F}
G \tkzDrawLine(A,C)
\tkzDrawArc(A,C)(B)
\begin{scope}[arc style/.style={color=gray,%
D A H C style=dashed}]
\tkzDrawArc(H,B)(D)
\tkzDrawArc(A,D)(B)
\tkzDrawArc(B,G)(F)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawSegment[dashed](H,B)
\tkzCompass(B,F)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](A,B,F)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,...,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

37.2. Segment length \tkzCalcLength

There’s an option in Tik Z named veclen. This option is used to calculate AB if A and B are two points.
The only problem for me is that the version of Tik Z is not accurate enough in some cases. My version uses the
xfp package and is slower, but more accurate.

\tkzCalcLength[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

You can store the result with the macro \tkzGetLength for example \tkzGetLength{dAB}
defines the macro \dAB.

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2){name of macro} \tkzCalcLength(A,B) \dAB gives AB in cm

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Only one option

options default example
cm true \tkzCalcLength(A,B) After \tkzGetLength{dAB} \dAB gives AB in cm

37.2.1. Compass square construction

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
D C
\tkzCalcLength(A,B)\tkzGetLength{dAB}
\tkzDefLine[perpendicular=through A](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=-1](B,A)
\tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawLine[add= .6 and .2](A,B)
\tkzDrawLine(A,D)
\tkzShowLine[orthogonal=through A,gap=2](A,B)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(B,A,D)
A B \tkzCompasss(A,D D,C)
\tkzDrawArc[R](B,\dAB)(80,110)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=gray,style=dashed](B,C C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,B,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

37.2.2. Example
The macro \tkzDefCircle[radius](A,B) defines the radius that we retrieve with \tkzGetLength, this result
is in cm.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,-4){B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzCalcLength(M,B)\tkzGetLength{rAB}
\tkzDrawCircle(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
A
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[dashed](A,B)
2.5 \tkzLabelSegment(A,B){$\pgfmathprintnumber{\rAB}$}
\end{tikzpicture}
B

37.3. Transformation from pt to cm or cm to pt

Not sure if this is necessary and it is only a division by 28.45274 and a multiplication by the same number. The
macros are:

\tkzpttocm(⟨number⟩){⟨name of macro⟩}

The result is stored in a macro.

arguments example explanation
(number){name of macro} \tkzpttocm(120){len} \len gives a number of tkznamecm

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37. Miscellaneous tools and mathematical tools 182

You’ll have to use \len along with cm.

37.4. Change of unit

\tkzcmtopt(⟨number⟩){⟨name of macro⟩}

The result is stored in a macro.

arguments example explanation
(number){name of macro} \tkzcmtopt(5){len} \len length in pts

The result can be used with \len pt

37.5. Get point coordinates

\tkzGetPointCoord(⟨A⟩){⟨name of macro⟩}

arguments example explanation

(point){name of macro} \tkzGetPointCoord(A){A} \Ax and \Ay give coordinates for A
Stores in two macros the coordinates of a point. If the name of the macro is p, then \px and \py give the coordinates
of the chosen point with the cm as unit.

37.5.1. Coordinate transfer with \tkzGetPointCoord

y \begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmax=5,ymax=3]
\tkzGrid[sub,orange]
\tkzDrawX \tkzDrawY
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,2){B}
\tkzGetPointCoord(A){a}
\tkzGetPointCoord(B){b}
\tkzDefPoint(\ax,\ay){C}
\tkzDefPoint(\bx,\by){D}
x
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

37.5.2. Sum of vectors with \tkzGetPointCoord

\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex]
\tkzDefPoint(1,4){a}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){b}
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){c}
\tkzDrawSegment[->,red](a,b)
\tkzGetPointCoord(c){c}
\draw[color=blue,->](a) -- ([shift=(b)]\cx,\cy) ;
\draw[color=purple,->](b) -- ([shift=(b)]\cx,\cy) ;
\tkzDrawSegment[->,blue](a,c)
\tkzDrawSegment[->,purple](b,c)
\end{tikzpicture}

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37.6. Swap labels of points

\tkzSwapPoints(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2) \tkzSwapPoints(A,B) now A has the coordinates of B
The points have exchanged their coordinates.

37.6.1. Use of \tkzSwapPoints

\begin{tikzpicture}
A
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,5/-1/A,2/2/B}
\tkzSwapPoints(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,B)
O
\end{tikzpicture}

37.7. Dot Product

In Euclidean geometry, the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used.

\tkzDotProduct(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

The dot product of two vectors u⃗ = [a, b] and v⃗ = [a′ , b′ ] is defined as: u⃗ ⋅ v⃗ = aa′ + bb′
u⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
pt1pt2 v⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
pt1pt3
arguments example explanation
(pt1,pt2,pt3) \tkzDotProduct(A,B,C) the result is ⃗⃗⃗ AB ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
AC
The result is a number that can be retrieved with \tkzGetResult.

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37.7.1. Simple example

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{-2/-3/A,4/0/B,1/3/C}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--B](C)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawSegment(C,H)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(C,H,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[vector style](A,B A,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,H) \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
B \tkzDotProduct(A,B,C) \tkzGetResult{pabc}
H % \pgfmathparse{round(10*\pabc)/10}
\let\pabc\pgfmathresult
\node at (1,-3) {$\overrightarrow{PA}\cdot \overrightarrow{PB}=\pab
\tkzDotProduct(A,H,B) \tkzGetResult{phab}
% \pgfmathparse{round(10*\phab)/10}
\let\phab\pgfmathresult
⃗⃗⃗
PA ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
PB = 0.2 \node at (1,-4) {$PA \times PH = \phab $};
A
\end{tikzpicture}
PA × PH = 0.2

37.7.2. Cocyclic points

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{1/2/O,5/2/B,2/2/P,3/3/Q}
\tkzInterLC[common=B](O,B)(O,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{A}
D
\tkzInterLC[common=B](P,Q)(O,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,B)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,P)
B \tkzLabelPoints(P)
A P \tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](B,D)
\tkzDotProduct(P,A,B) \tkzGetResult{pab}
\pgfmathparse{round(10*\pab)/10}
\let\pab\pgfmathresult
\tkzDotProduct(P,C,D) \tkzGetResult{pcd}
C \pgfmathparse{round(10*\pcd)/10}
\let\pcd\pgfmathresult
\node at (1,-3) {%
⃗⃗⃗ PB = ⃗⃗⃗
PA ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗ PC ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
PD $\overrightarrow{PA}\cdot \overrightarrow{PB} =
⃗⃗⃗ \overrightarrow{PC}\cdot \overrightarrow{PD}$};
PA ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
PB = −15.0
\node at (1,-4)%
⃗⃗⃗
PC ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
PD = −15.0 {$\overrightarrow{PA}\cdot \overrightarrow{PB}=\pab$};
\node at (1,-5){%
$\overrightarrow{PC}\cdot \overrightarrow{PD} =\pcd$};
\end{tikzpicture}

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37.8. Power of a point with respect to a circle

\tkzPowerCircle(⟨pt1⟩)(⟨pt2,pt3⟩)

arguments example explanation

(pt1)(pt2,pt3) \tkzPowerCircle(A)(O,M) power of A with respect to the circle (O,A)
The result is a number that represents the power of a point with respect to a circle.

37.8.1. Power from the radical axis

In this example, the radical axis (EF) has been drawn. A point H has been chosen on (EF) and the power of the
point H with respect to the circle of center A has been calculated as well as PS2 . You can check that the power of
H with respect to the circle of center C as well as HS′2 , HT2 , HT′2 give the same result.
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{-1/0/A,0/5/B,5/-1/C,7/1/D}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B C,D)
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,B)(C,D) \tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDrawLine[add=1 and 2](E,F)
\tkzDefPointOnLine[pos=1.5](E,F)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = H](A,B)
Power ≈ 16.682420 ≈ 16.682439 \tkzGetPoints{T}{T'}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = H](C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{S}{S'}
\tkzDrawSegments(H,T H,T' H,S H,S')
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F,H,T,T',S,S')
\tkzPowerCircle(H)(A,B) \tkzGetResult{pw}
\tkzDotProduct(H,S,S) \tkzGetResult{phtt}
\node {Power $\approx \pw \approx \phtt$};
\end{tikzpicture}

37.9. Radical axis

In geometry, the radical axis of two non-concentric circles is the set of points whose power with respect to the
circles are equal. Here \tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,B)(C,D) gives the radical axis of the two circles 𝒞 (A, B) and
𝒞 (C, D).

\tkzDefRadicalAxis(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)(⟨pt3,pt4⟩)

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2)(pt3,pt4) \tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,B)(C,D) Two circles with centers A and C
The result is two points of the radical axis.

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37.9.1. Two circles disjointed

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{-1/0/A,0/2/B,4/-1/C,4/0/D}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B C,D)
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,B)(C,D)
\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDrawLine[add=1 and 2](E,F)
\tkzDrawLine[add=.5 and .5](A,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

37.10. Two intersecting circles

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{-1/0/A,0/2/B,3/-1/C,3/-2/D}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,C B,D)
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,C)(B,D)
\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F)
B
\tkzDrawLine[add=.25 and .5](E,F)
E
\tkzDrawLine[add=.25 and .25](A,B)
A \end{tikzpicture}
C

D
F

37.11. Two externally tangent circles

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,6/0/C}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,B C,B)
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,B)(C,B)
\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
E \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,E,F)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,E,F)
\tkzDrawLine[add=1 and 1](E,F)
A B C \tkzDrawLine[add=.5 and .5](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
F

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37.12. Two circles tangent internally

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B,5/0/C}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,C B,C)
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,C)(B,C)
\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
F \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,E,F)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A,B,C,E,F)
\tkzDrawLine[add=1 and 1](E,F)
A B C \tkzDrawLine[add=.5 and .5](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}
E

37.12.1. Three circles

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.4]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/a,7/-1/B,3/-1/b,5/-4/C,2/-
4/c}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a B,b C,c)
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,a)(B,b) \tkzGetPoints{i}{j}
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(A,a)(C,c) \tkzGetPoints{k}{l}
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(C,c)(B,b) \tkzGetPoints{m}{n}
\tkzDrawLines[new](i,j k,l m,n)
\end{tikzpicture}

37.13. \tkzIsLinear, \tkzIsOrtho

\tkzIsLinear(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2,pt3) \tkzIsLinear(A,B,C) A, B, C aligned ?
\tkzIsLinear allows to test the alignment of the three points pt1,pt2,pt3.

\tkzIsOrtho(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩)

arguments example explanation

(pt1,pt2,pt3) \tkzIsOrtho(A,B,C) (AB) ⟂ (AC) ?
\tkzIsOrtho allows to test the orthogonality of lines (pt1pt2) and (pt1pt3).

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37.13.1. Use of \tkzIsOrtho and \tkzIsLinear

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{1/-2/A,5/0/B}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center O angle 60](B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center O angle 60](A)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,O)
\tkzIsOrtho(C,A,B)
\iftkzOrtho
\tkzDrawPolygon[blue](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints[blue](A,B,C,D)
\else
\tkzDrawPoints[red](A,B,C,D)
\fi
\tkzIsLinear(O,C,D)
\iftkzLinear
\tkzDrawSegment[orange](C,D)
\fi
\end{tikzpicture}

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 Part VIII.

Working with style

38. Predefined styles 190

38. Predefined styles

The way to proceed will depend on your use of the package. A method that seems to me to be correct is to use as
much as possible predefined styles in order to separate the content from the form. This method will be the right
one if you plan to create a document (like this documentation) with many figures. We will see how to define a
global style for a document. We will see how to use a style locally.
The file tkz-euclide.cfg contains the predefined styles of the main objects. Among these the most important
are points, lines, segments, circles, arcs and compass traces. If you always use the same styles and if you create
many figures then it is interesting to create your own styles . To do this you need to know what features you can
modify. It will be necessary to know some notions of Tik Z.
The predefined styles are global styles. They exist before the creation of the figures. It is better to avoid changing
them between two figures. On the other hand these styles can be modified in a figure temporarily. There the
styles are defined locally and do not influence the other figures.
For the document you are reading here is how I defined the different styles.

\tkzSetUpColors[background=white,text=black]
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=2,color=teal]
\tkzSetUpLine[line width=.4pt,color=teal]
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=orange, line width=.4pt,delta=10]
\tkzSetUpArc[color=gray,line width=.4pt]
\tkzSetUpStyle[orange]{new}

The macro \tkzSetUpColors allows you to set the background color as well as the text color. If you don’t use
it, the colors of your document will be used as well as the fonts. Let’s see how to define the styles of the main
objects.

39. Points style

This is how the points are defined :

\tikzset{point style/.style = {%
draw = \tkz@euc@pointcolor,
inner sep = 0pt,
shape = \tkz@euc@pointshape,
minimum size = \tkz@euc@pointsize,
fill = \tkz@euc@pointcolor}}

It is of course possible to use \tikzset but you can use a macro provided by the package. You can use the macro
\tkzSetUpPoint globally or locally,
Let’s look at this possibility.

39.1. Use of \tkzSetUpPoint

\tkzSetUpPoint[⟨local options⟩]

options default definition

color black point color
size 3 point size
fill black!50 inside point color
shape circle point shape circle, cross or cross out

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39.1.1. Global style or local style

First of all here is a figure created with the styles of my documentation, then the style of the points is modified
within the environment tikzspicture.
You can use the macro \tkzSetUpPoint globally or locally, If you place this macro in your preamble or before
your first figure then the point style will be valid for all figures in your document. It will be possible to use another
style locally by using this command within an environment tikzpicture.
Let’s look at this possibility.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B,3/2/C,3/1/D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C)
A B \end{tikzpicture}

39.1.2. Local style

The style of the points is modified locally in the second figure

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=4,color=red,fill=red!20]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B,3/2/C,3/1/D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoint[shape=cross out,thick](D)
A B
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

39.1.3. Style and scope

The points get back the initial style. Point D has a new style limited by the environment scope. It is also possible
to use {...} orThe points get back the initial style. Point D has a new style limited by the environment scope. It
is also possible to use {...} or \begingoup ... \endgroup.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/0/B,3/2/C,3/1/D}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\begin{scope}
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=4,color=red,fill=red!20]
A B \tkzDrawPoint(D)
\end{scope}
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C)
\end{tikzpicture}

39.1.4. Simple example with \tkzSetUpPoint

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzSetUpPoint[shape = cross out,color=blue]
\tkzDefPoint(2,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

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40. Lines style 192

39.1.5. Use of \tkzSetUpPoint inside a group

\begin{tikzpicture}
B
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2/4/B,4/0/C,3/2/D}
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B A,C A,D)
{\tkzSetUpPoint[shape=cross out,
fill= teal!50,
size=4,color=teal]
D
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)}
\tkzSetUpPoint[fill= teal!50,size=4,
color=teal]
\tkzDrawPoints(C,D)
A C
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

40. Lines style

You have several possibilities to change the style of a line. You can modify the style of a line with \tkzSetUpLine
or directly modify the style of the lines with \tikzset{line style/.style = ... }
Reminder about line width : There are a number of predefined styles that provide more “natural” ways of set-
ting the line width. You can also redefine these styles.
predefined style value of line width
ultra thin 0.1 pt
very thin 0.2 pt
thin 0.4 pt
semithick 0.6 pt
thick 0.8 pt
very thick 1.2 pt
ultra thick 1.6 pt

40.1. Use of \tkzSetUpLine

It is a macro that allows you to define the style of all the lines.

\tkzSetUpLine[⟨local options⟩]

options default definition

color black colour of the construction lines
line width 0.4pt thickness of the construction lines
style solid style of construction lines
add .2 and .2 changing the length of a line segment

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40. Lines style 193

40.1.1. Change line width

A
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzSetUpLine[line width=1pt]
\begin{scope}[rotate=-90]
\tkzDefPoints{0/6/A,10/0/B,10/6/C}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto B--A](C)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzMarkRightAngle[size=.4,
fill=teal!20](B,C,A)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[size=.4,
fill=orange!20](B,H,C)
c b \tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[new](C,H)
\end{scope}
\tkzLabelSegment[below](C,B){$a$}
H \tkzLabelSegment[right](A,C){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[left](A,B){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[color=red](C,H){$h$}
h
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](H)
\tkzLabelPoints(B,C)
B a C \tkzLabelPoints[above](A)
\end{tikzpicture}

40.1.2. Change style of line

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\tikzset{line style/.style = {color = gray,
I
style=dashed}}
\tkzDefPoints{1/0/A,4/0/B,1/1/C,5/1/D}
\tkzDefPoints{1/2/E,6/2/F,0/4/A',3/4/B'}
\tkzCalcLength(C,D)
\tkzGetLength{rCD}
A′ B′
\tkzCalcLength(E,F)
\tkzGetLength{rEF}
E F \tkzInterCC[R](A',\rCD)(B',\rEF)
C D \tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzDrawLine(A',B')
J A B
\tkzCompass(A',B')
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B C,D E,F)
\tkzDefCircle[R](A',\rCD) \tkzGetPoint{a'}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B',\rEF)\tkzGetPoint{b'}
\tkzDrawCircles(A',a' B',b')
\begin{scope}
\tkzSetUpLine[color=red]
\tkzDrawSegments(A',I B',I)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F,A',B',I,J)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,D,E,F,A',B',I,J)
\end{tikzpicture}

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40.1.3. Example 3: extend lines

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzSetUpLine[add=.5 and .5]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,1/3/C}
\tkzDrawLines(A,B B,C A,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[red,thick](A,B,C)
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=4,circle,color=red,fill=red!20]
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

41. Arc style

41.1. The macro \tkzSetUpArc

\tkzSetUpArc[⟨local options⟩]

options default definition

color black colour of the lines
line width 0.4pt thickness of the lines
style solid style of construction lines

41.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpArc

\begin{tikzpicture}
D
\def\r{3} \def\angle{200}
\tkzSetUpArc[delta=10,color=purple,line width=.2pt]
C \tkzSetUpLabel[font=\scriptsize,red]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(\angle:\r){A}
X \tkzInterCC(O,A)(A,O) \tkzGetPoints{C'}{C}
\tkzInterCC(O,A)(C,O) \tkzGetPoints{D'}{D}
\tkzInterCC(O,A)(D,O) \tkzGetPoints{X'}{X}
O \tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawArc(A,C')(C)
A
\tkzDrawArc(C,O)(D)
\tkzDrawArc(D,O)(X)
\tkzDrawLine[add=.1 and .1](A,X)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A)
\tkzSetUpPoint[size=3,color=purple,fill=purple!10]
C′ \tkzDrawPoints(C,C',D,X)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](O,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](C')
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](X)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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42. Compass style, configuration macro \tkzSetUpCompass 195

42. Compass style, configuration macro \tkzSetUpCompass

The following macro will help to understand the construction of a figure by showing the compass traces necessary
to obtain certain points.

42.1. The macro \tkzSetUpCompass

\tkzSetUpCompass[⟨local options⟩]

options default definition

color black colour of the construction lines
line width 0.4pt thickness of the construction lines
style solid style of lines : solid, dashed,dotted,...
delta 0 changes the length of the arc

42.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpCompass

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=red,delta=15]
\tkzDefPoint(1,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint(6,1){B}
\tkzInterCC[R](A,4)(B,4) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzCompass(A,C)
\tkzCompass(B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

42.1.2. Use of \tkzSetUpCompass with \tkzShowLine

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzSetUpStyle[bisector,size=2,gap=3]{showbi}
\tkzSetUpCompass[color=teal,line width=.3 pt]
\tkzDefPoints{0/1/A, 8/3/B, 3/6/C}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDefLine[bisector](B,A,C) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefLine[bisector](C,B,A) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzShowLine[showbi](B,A,C)
\tkzShowLine[showbi](C,B,A)
\tkzInterLL(A,a)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--B](I)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawCircle[new](I,H)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](I,H)
\tkzDrawLines[add=0 and .2,new](A,I B,I)
\end{tikzpicture}

43. Label style

43.1. The macro \tkzSetUpLabel

The macro \tkzSetUpLabel is used to define the style of the point labels.

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44. Own style 196

\tkzSetUpStyle[⟨local options⟩]

The options are the same as those of Tik Z

43.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpLabel

y \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzSetUpLabel[font=\scriptsize,red]
\tkzSetUpStyle[line width=1pt,teal]{XY}
\tkzInit[xmin=-3,xmax=3,ymin=-3,ymax=3]
B(0, 1) \tkzDrawX[noticks,XY]
\tkzDrawY[noticks,XY]
C(−1, 0) A(1, 0) \tkzDefPoints{1/0/A,0/1/B,-1/0/C,0/-1/D}
x \tkzDrawPoints[teal,fill=teal!30,size=6](A,...,D)
\tkzLabelPoint[above right](A){$A(1,0)$}
D(0, −1) \tkzLabelPoint[above right](B){$B(0,1)$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above left](C){$C(-1,0)$}
\tkzLabelPoint[below left](D){$D(0,-1)$}
\end{tikzpicture}

44. Own style

You can set your own style with \tkzSetUpStyle

44.1. The macro \tkzSetUpStyle

\tkzSetUpStyle[⟨local options⟩]

The options are the same as those of Tik Z

44.1.1. Use of \tkzSetUpStyle

\begin{tikzpicture}
A
\tkzSetUpStyle[color=blue!20!black,fill=blue!20]{mystyle}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
O \tkzDefPoint(0,1){A}
\tkzDrawPoints(O) % general style
\tkzDrawPoints[mystyle,size=4](A) % my style
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

45. How to use arrows

In some countries, arrows are used to indicate the parallelism of lines, to represent half-lines or the sides of an
angle (rays).
Here are some examples of how to place these arrows. tkz-euclide loads a library called arrows.meta.
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
This library is used to produce different styles of arrow heads. The next examples use some of them.

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45. How to use arrows 197

45.1. Arrows at endpoints on segment, ray or line

Stealth, Triangle, To, Latex and …which can be combined with reversed. That’s easy to place an arrow at
one or two endpoints.

1. -Triangle and Segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[-Triangle](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

2. Stealth-Stealth and Segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[Stealth-Stealth](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

3. Latex-Latex and Line

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawLine[red,Latex-Latex](A,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

4. To-To and Segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[To-To](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

5. Latex-Late and Segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[Latex-Latex](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

6. Latex- and Segment

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[Latex-](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

7. -Latex and Segments

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B,5/-2/C}
\tkzDrawSegments[-Latex](A,B A,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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45. How to use arrows 198

45.1.1. Scaling an arrow head

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[{Latex[scale=2]}-{Latex[scale=2]}](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

45.1.2. Using vector style

\tikzset{vector style/.style={>=Latex,->}}
You can redefine this style.
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/0/B}
\tkzDrawSegment[vector style](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

45.2. Arrows on middle point of a line segment

Arrows on lines are used to indicate that those lines are parallel. It depends on the country, in France we prefer
to indicate outside the figure that (A, B) ∥ (D, C). The code is an adaptation of an answer by Muzimuzhi Z on the
site tex.stackexchange.com.
Syntax:

– tkz arrow (Latex by default)

– tkz arrow=<arrow end tip>

– tkz arrow=<arrow end tip> at <pos> (<pos> = .5 by default)

– tkz arrow={<arrow end tip>[<arrow options>] at <pos>} option possible scale

Example usages:

\tkzDrawSegment[tkz arrow=Stealth] (A,B)

\tkzDrawSegment[tkz arrow={To[scale=3] at .4}](A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[tkz arrow={Latex[scale=5,blue] at .6}](A,B)

45.2.1. In a parallelogram

D C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B,4/2/C}
\tkzDefParallelogram(A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawSegments[tkz arrow](A,B D,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(B,C D,A)
A B \tkzLabelPoints(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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45.2.2. A line parallel to another one

\begin{tikzpicture}
C
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B,1/2/C}
\tkzDefPointWith[colinear= at C](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawSegments[tkz arrow=Triangle](A,B C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C)
A B
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

45.2.3. Arrow on a circle

It is possible to place an arrow on the first quarter of a circle. A rotation allows you to move the arrow.
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B}
\begin{scope}[rotate=150]
\tkzDrawCircle[tkz arrow={Latex[scale=2,red]}](A,B)
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

45.3. Arrows on all segments of a polygon

Some users of my package have asked me to be able to place an arrow on each side of a polygon. I used a style
proposed by Paul Gaborit on the site tex.stackexchange.com.
\tikzset{tkz arrows/.style=
{postaction={on each path={tkz arrow={Latex[scale=2,color=black]}}}}}
You can change this style. With tkz arrows you can an arrow on each segment of a polygon

45.3.1. Arrow on each segment with tkz arrows

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon[tkz arrows](A,...,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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45.3.2. Using tkz arrows with a circle

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,3/0/B}
\tkzDrawCircle[tkz arrows](A,B)
\end{tikzpicture}

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Examples
46. Different authors 202

46. Different authors

46.1. Code from Andrew Swan

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\def\radius{4}
D \def\angle{40}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\htan}{tan(\angle)}
C \tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(0,\radius){F}
\tkzDefPoint(\radius,0){B}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center A angle \angle](B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
tan x
\tkzDefLine[perpendicular=through B,K=1](A,B)
sin x \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzInterLL(A,C)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDefLine[perpendicular=through C,K=-1](A,B)
x \tkzGetPoint{c}
A B \tkzInterLL(C,c)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{E}
1
\tkzDrawSector[fill=blue,opacity=0.1](A,B)(C)
\tkzDrawArc[thin](A,B)(F)
\tkzMarkAngle(B,A,C)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](B,A,C){$x$}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(C,B)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed,thin](C,E)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](D)
\begin{scope}[/pgf/decoration/raise=5pt]
\draw [decorate,decoration={brace,mirror,
amplitude=10pt},xshift=0pt,yshift=-4pt]
(A) -- (B) node [black,midway,yshift=-20pt]
{\footnotesize $1$};
\draw [decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=10pt},
xshift=4pt,yshift=0pt]
(D) -- (B) node [black,midway,xshift=27pt]
{\footnotesize $\tan x$};
\draw [decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=10pt},
xshift=4pt,yshift=0pt]
(E) -- (C) node [black,midway,xshift=-27pt]
{\footnotesize $\sin x$};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

46.2. Example: Dimitris Kapeta

̂ is too small. An-
You need in this example to use mkpos=.2 with \tkzMarkAngle because the measure of CAM
other possiblity is to use \tkzFillAngle.

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𝒞
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(2.5,0){N}
B \tkzDefPoint(-4.2,0.5){M}
C \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle 30](N)
M
\tkzGetPoint{B}
O \tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center O angle -50](N)
A′ \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzInterLC[common=B](M,B)(O,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzInterLC[common=A](M,A)(O,A) \tkzGetFirstPoint{A'}
\tkzMarkAngle[mkpos=.2, size=0.5](A,C,B)
A \tkzMarkAngle[mkpos=.2, size=0.5](A,M,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,C M,A M,B A,B)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,N)
\tkzLabelCircle[above left](O,N)(120){%
$\mathcal{C}$}
\begin{scope}[veclen]
\tkzMarkAngle[mkpos=.2, size=1.2](C,A,M)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPoints(O, A, B, M, B, C)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](O,A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](M,C)
\tkzLabelPoint[below left](A'){$A'$}
\end{tikzpicture}

46.3. Example : John Kitzmiller

AC BD
Prove that = .
CE DF
Another interesting example from John, you can see how to use some extra options like
decoration and postaction from Tik Z with tkz-euclide.

A B

C G D

E F

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5,decoration={markings,
mark=at position 3cm with {\arrow[scale=2]{>}}}]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/E, 6/0/F, 0/1.8/P, 6/1.8/Q, 0/3/R, 6/3/S}
\tkzDrawLines[postaction={decorate}](E,F P,Q R,S)
\tkzDefPoints{3.5/3/A, 5/3/B}
\tkzDrawSegments(E,A F,B)
\tkzInterLL(E,A)(P,Q) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterLL(B,F)(P,Q) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](E,F)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](C)
\tkzDrawSegments[style=dashed](A,F)
\tkzInterLL(A,F)(P,Q) \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](D,G)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=teal, line width=3pt, opacity=0.4](A,C A,G)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=magenta, line width=3pt, opacity=0.4](C,E G,F)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=teal, line width=3pt, opacity=0.4](B,D)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=magenta, line width=3pt, opacity=0.4](D,F)
\end{tikzpicture}

46.4. Example 1: from Indonesia

D C F

A B

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2/0/B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center D angle 45](C)\tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefSquare(G,D)\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzInterLL(B,C)(E,F)\tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzFillPolygon[gray!10](D,E,H,C,D)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,...,D)\tkzDrawPolygon(D,...,G)
\tkzDrawSegment(B,E)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=|,size=3pt,color=gray](A,B B,C C,D D,A E,F F,G G,D D,E)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=||,size=3pt,color=gray](B,E E,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](A,D)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](B,C,F,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](G)\tkzLabelPoints[below](E)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(D,A,B D,G,F)
\end{tikzpicture}

46.5. Example 2: from Indonesia

\begin{tikzpicture}[pol/.style={fill=brown!40,opacity=.2},
seg/.style={tkzdotted,color=gray}, hidden pt/.style={fill=gray!40},
mra/.style={color=gray!70,tkzdotted,/tkzrightangle/size=.2},scale=2]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,2.5/0/B,1.33/0.75/D,0/2.5/E,2.5/2.5/F}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through D](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{I1}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through B](A,D) \tkzGetPoint{I2}
\tkzInterLL(D,I1)(B,I2) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through E](A,D) \tkzGetPoint{I3}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through D](A,E) \tkzGetPoint{I4}
\tkzInterLL(E,I3)(D,I4) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through F](E,H) \tkzGetPoint{I5}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through H](E,F) \tkzGetPoint{I6}
\tkzInterLL(F,I5)(H,I6) \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefMidPoint(G,H) \tkzGetPoint{P} \tkzDefMidPoint(G,C) \tkzGetPoint{Q}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{R} \tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{S}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,E) \tkzGetPoint{T} \tkzDefMidPoint(E,H) \tkzGetPoint{U}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,D) \tkzGetPoint{M} \tkzDefMidPoint(D,C) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzInterLL(B,D)(S,R)\tkzGetPoint{L} \tkzInterLL(H,F)(U,P) \tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through K](D,H) \tkzGetPoint{I7}
\tkzInterLL(K,I7)(B,D) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzFillPolygon[pol](P,Q,R,S,T,U)
\tkzDrawSegments[seg](K,O K,L P,Q R,S T,U C,D H,D A,D M,N B,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(E,H B,C G,F G,H G,C Q,R S,T U,P H,F)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,F,E)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,E,F,G,H,P,Q,R,S,T,U,K) \tkzDrawPoints[hidden pt](M,N,O,D)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[mra](L,O,K)
\tkzMarkSegments[mark=|,size=1pt,thick,color=gray](A,S B,S B,R C,R
Q,C Q,G G,P H,P E,U H,U E,T A,T)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=.3](K,L,O){$\alpha$}
\tkzLabelPoints[below](O,A,S,B) \tkzLabelPoints[above](H,P,G)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](T,E) \tkzLabelPoints[right](C,Q)
\tkzLabelPoints[above left](U,D,M) \tkzLabelPoints[above right](L,N)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](F,R) \tkzLabelPoints[below left](K)
\end{tikzpicture}

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H P G

U K

E
F

D N
C

M O 𝛼
L R

A S B

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46.6. Illustration of the Morley theorem by Nicolas François

tc

sa sb

tb ta
sc
C

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[ymin=-3,ymax=5,xmin=-5,xmax=7]
\tkzClip
\tkzDefPoints{-2.5/-2/A,2/4/B,5/-1/C}
\tkzFindAngle(C,A,B) \tkzGetAngle{anglea}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center A angle 1*\anglea/3](C) \tkzGetPoint{TA1}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center A angle 2*\anglea/3](C) \tkzGetPoint{TA2}
\tkzFindAngle(A,B,C) \tkzGetAngle{angleb}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center B angle 1*\angleb/3](A) \tkzGetPoint{TB1}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center B angle 2*\angleb/3](A) \tkzGetPoint{TB2}
\tkzFindAngle(B,C,A) \tkzGetAngle{anglec}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center C angle 1*\anglec/3](B) \tkzGetPoint{TC1}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation=center C angle 2*\anglec/3](B) \tkzGetPoint{TC2}
\tkzInterLL(A,TA1)(B,TB2) \tkzGetPoint{U1}
\tkzInterLL(A,TA2)(B,TB1) \tkzGetPoint{V1}
\tkzInterLL(B,TB1)(C,TC2) \tkzGetPoint{U2}
\tkzInterLL(B,TB2)(C,TC1) \tkzGetPoint{V2}
\tkzInterLL(C,TC1)(A,TA2) \tkzGetPoint{U3}
\tkzInterLL(C,TC2)(A,TA1) \tkzGetPoint{V3}
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C U1,U2,U3 V1,V2,V3)
\tkzDrawLines[add=2 and 2,very thin,dashed](A,TA1 B,TB1 C,TC1 A,TA2 B,TB2 C,TC2)
\tkzDrawPoints(U1,U2,U3,V1,V2,V3)
\tkzLabelPoint[left](V1){$s_a$} \tkzLabelPoint[right](V2){$s_b$}
\tkzLabelPoint[below](V3){$s_c$} \tkzLabelPoint[above left](A){$A$}
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](B,C) \tkzLabelPoint(U1){$t_a$}
\tkzLabelPoint[below left](U2){$t_b$} \tkzLabelPoint[above](U3){$t_c$}
\end{tikzpicture}

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46.7. Gou gu theorem / Pythagorean Theorem by Zhao Shuang

Gou gu theorem / Pythagorean Theorem by Zhao Shuang

Pythagoras was not the first person who discovered this theorem around the world. Ancient China dis-
covered this theorem much earlier than him. So there is another name for the Pythagorean theorem in
China, the Gou-Gu theorem. Zhao Shuang was an ancient Chinese mathematician. He rediscovered the
“Gou gu therorem”, which is actually the Chinese version of the “Pythagorean theorem”. Zhao Shuang
used a method called the “cutting and compensation principle”, he created a picture of “Pythagorean
Round Square” Below the figure used to illustrate the proof of the “Gou gu theorem.” (code from Nan
Geng)

D
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(4,0){A'}
\tkzInterCC[R](A, 5)(A', 3)
c \tkzGetSecondPoint{B}
a \tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzCalcLength(A,A') \tkzGetLength{lA}
b \tkzCalcLength(A',B) \tkzGetLength{lB}
C \pgfmathparse{\lA-\lB}
′ ′
C B
\tkzInterLC[R](A,A')(A',\pgfmathresult)
A A′ \tkzGetFirstPoint{D'}
D′
\tkzDefSquare(D',A')\tkzGetPoints{B'}{C'}
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through D](D,D')
\tkzGetPoint{d}
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through A](A,A')
\tkzGetPoint{a}
B \tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through C](C,C')
\tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzInterLL(D,d)(C,c) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzInterLL(D,d)(A,a) \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDefSquare(E,F)\tkzGetPoints{G}{H}
\tkzDrawPolygons[fill=teal!10](A,B,A' B,C,B'
C,D,C' A,D',D)
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C,D E,F,G,H)
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=green!10](A',B',C',D')
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$a$,-10pt,}](D,C')
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$b$,-10pt,}](C,C')
\tkzDrawSegment[dim={$c$,-10pt,}](C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints[size=2](A,B,C,D,A',B',C',D')
\tkzLabelPoints[left](A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below](B)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](D)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](A')
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](B')
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](C')
\tkzLabelPoints[below](D')
\end{tikzpicture}

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46.8. Reuleaux-Triangle

Reuleaux-triangle by Stefan Kottwitz

A well-known classic field of mathematics is geometry. You may know Euclidean geometry from school,
with constructions by compass and ruler. Math teachers may be very interested in drawing geometry
constructions and explanations. Underlying constructions can help us with general drawings where we
would need intersections and tangents of lines and circles, even if it does not look like geometry. So, here,
we will remember school geometry drawings. We will use the tkz-euclide package, which works on top
of TikZ. We will construct an equilateral triangle. Then we extend it to get a Reuleaux triangle, and add
annotations. The code is fully explained in the LaTeX Cookbook, Chapter 10, Advanced Mathematics,
Drawing geometry pictures. Stefan Kottwitz

C
use
hypoten

𝛼
AE Reuleaux
𝛽 triangle
oapd
jpao
cse
intet

Thales circle
D
90∘

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\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(4,1){B}
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{F}{E}
\tkzDrawCircles[dashed](A,B B,A)
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C A,E,D)
\tkzCompasss[color=red, very thick](A,C B,C A,D B,D)
\begin{scope}
\tkzSetUpArc[thick,delta=0]
\tkzDrawArc[fill=blue!10](A,B)(C)
\tkzDrawArc[fill=blue!10](B,C)(A)
\tkzDrawArc[fill=blue!10](C,A)(B)
\end{scope}
\tkzMarkAngles(D,A,E A,E,D)
\tkzFillAngles[fill=yellow,opacity=0.5](D,A,E A,E,D)
\tkzMarkRightAngle[size=0.65,fill=red!20,opacity=0.2](A,D,E)
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.7](D,A,E){$\alpha$}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.8](A,E,D){$\beta$}
\tkzLabelAngle[pos=0.5,xshift=-1.4mm](A,D,D){$90^\circ$}
\begin{scope}[font=\small]
\tkzLabelSegment[below=0.6cm,align=center](A,B){Reuleaux\\triangle}
\tkzLabelSegment[above right,sloped](A,E){hypotenuse}
\tkzLabelSegment[below,sloped](D,E){opposite}
\tkzLabelSegment[below,sloped](A,D){adjacent}
\tkzLabelSegment[below right=4cm](A,E){Thales circle}
\end{scope}
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A)
\tkzLabelPoints(B,D)
\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
\tkzLabelPoints(E)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,E)

\end{tikzpicture}

47. Some interesting examples

47.1. Square root of the integers

Square root of the integers

How to get 1, √2, √3 with a rule and a compass.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){a0}
\tkzDrawSegment(O,a0)
\foreach \i [count=\j] in {0,...,16}{%
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal normed](a\i,O)
\tkzGetPoint{a\j}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\c}{5*\i}
\tkzDrawPolySeg[fill=teal!\c](a\i,a\j,O)}
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.2. About right triangle

About right triangle

We have a segment [AB] and we want to determine a point C such that AC = 8 cm and ABC is a right
triangle in B.

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
C
\tkzDefPoint["$A$" left](2,1){A}
\tkzDefPoint["$B$" right](6,4){B}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal,K=-1](B,A)
\tkzDrawLine[add = .5 and .5](B,tkzPointResult)
\tkzInterLC[R](B,tkzPointResult)(A,8)
\tkzGetPoints{J}{C}
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
B \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C)
\tkzCompass(A,C)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawLine[color=gray,style=dashed](A,C)
A \tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
\end{tikzpicture}

47.3. Archimedes
Archimedes

This is an ancient problem proved by the great Greek mathematician Archimedes . The figure below
shows a semicircle, with diameter AB. A tangent line is drawn and touches the semicircle at B. An other
tangent line at a point, C, on the semicircle is drawn. We project the point C on the line segment [AB]
on a point D. The two tangent lines intersect at the point T. Prove that the line (AT) bisects (CD)

A I D B

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}\tkzDefPoint(6,0){D}
\tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}\tkzDefPoint(4,0){I}
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through D](A,D)
\tkzInterLC[R](D,tkzPointResult)(I,4) \tkzGetSecondPoint{C}
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through C](I,C) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDefLine[orthogonal=through B](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzInterLL(C,c)(B,b) \tkzGetPoint{T}
\tkzInterLL(A,T)(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDrawArc(I,B)(A)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,B A,T C,D I,C) \tkzDrawSegment[new](I,C)
\tkzDrawLine[add = 1 and 0](C,T) \tkzDrawLine[add = 0 and 1](B,T)
\tkzMarkRightAngle(I,C,T)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,I,D,C,T)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,I,D) \tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,T)
\tkzMarkSegment[pos=.25,mark=s|](C,D) \tkzMarkSegment[pos=.75,mark=s|](C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.3.1. Square and rectangle of same area; Golden section

Book II, proposition XI _Euclid’s Elements_

To construct Square and rectangle of same area.

C B

G H
I

D E A F

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){D} \tkzDefPoint(8,0){A}
\tkzDefSquare(D,A) \tkzGetPoints{B}{C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(D,A) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzInterLC(D,A)(E,B)\tkzGetSecondPoint{F}
\tkzInterLC[near](B,A)(A,F)\tkzGetFirstPoint{G}
\tkzDefSquare(A,F)\tkzGetFirstPoint{H}
\tkzInterLL(C,D)(H,G)\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!10](I,G,B,C)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!10](A,F,H,G)
\tkzDrawArc[angles](E,B)(0,120)
\tkzDrawSemiCircle(A,F)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,F E,B H,I F,H)
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C,D)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A,E,D,F,I)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,B,G,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.3.2. Steiner Line and Simson Line

Steiner Line and Simson Line

Consider the triangle ABC and a point M on its circumcircle. The projections of M on the sides of the
triangle are on a line (Steiner Line), The three closest points to M on lines AB, AC, and BC are collinear.
It’s the Simson Line.

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75,rotate=-20]
P
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){B}
P′ \tkzDefPoint(2,4){A} \tkzDefPoint(7,0){C}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
I \tkzCalcLength(O,A)
\tkzGetLength{rOA}
A
\tkzDefShiftPoint[O](40:\rOA){M}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[O](60:\rOA){N}
H N \tkzDefTriangleCenter[orthic](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{H}
M \tkzDefSpcTriangle[orthic,name=H](A,B,C){a,b,c}
B \tkzDefPointsBy[reflection=over A--B](M,N){P,P'}
Q′ J
\tkzDefPointsBy[reflection=over A--C](M,N){Q,Q'}
\tkzDefPointsBy[reflection=over C--B](M,N){R,R'}
Q
\tkzDefMidPoint(M,P)\tkzGetPoint{I}
K \tkzDefMidPoint(M,Q)\tkzGetPoint{J}
C
\tkzDefMidPoint(M,R)\tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDrawSegments[new](P,R M,P M,Q M,R N,P'%
N,Q' N,R' P',R' I,K)
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C)
R
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,H,M,N,P,Q,R,P',Q',R',I,J,K)
R′ \tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,H,M,N,P,Q,R,P',Q',R',I,J,K)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.4. Lune of Hippocrates

Lune of Hippocrates

From wikipedia : In geometry, the lune of Hippocrates, named after Hippocrates of Chios, is a lune
bounded by arcs of two circles, the smaller of which has as its diameter a chord spanning a right angle on
the larger circle.In the first figure, the area of the lune is equal to the area of the triangle ABC. Hippocrates
of Chios (ancient Greek mathematician,)

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmin=-2,xmax=5,ymin=-1,ymax=6]
\tkzClip % allows you to define a bounding box
% large enough
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=green!5](A,B,C)
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle[out](B,A)
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,A) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[fill=teal!5](M,C)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawArc[delta=0](B,C)(A)
\end{tikzpicture}

47.5. Lunes of Hasan Ibn al-Haytham

Lune of Hippocrates

From wikipedia : the Arab mathematician Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized name Alhazen) showed
that two lunes, formed on the two sides of a right triangle, whose outer boundaries are semicircles and
whose inner boundaries are formed by the circumcircle of the triangle, then the areas of these two lunes
added together are equal to the area of the triangle. The lunes formed in this way from a right triangle
are known as the lunes of Alhazen.

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5,rotate=180]
\tkzInit[xmin=-1,xmax=11,ymin=-4,ymax=7]
\tkzClip
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,8/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[pythagore,swap](A,B)
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=green!5](A,B,C)
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,A) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle[out](I,A)
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,A) \tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[fill=teal!5](x,A)
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{y}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[fill=teal!5](y,B)
\end{scope}
\tkzSetUpCompass[/tkzcompass/delta=0]
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,A) \tkzGetPoint{z}
\tkzDrawSemiCircle(z,A)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.6. About clipping circles

About clipping circles

The problem is the management of the bounding box. First you have to define a rectangle in which the
figure will be inserted. This is done with the first two lines.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmin=0,xmax=6,ymin=0,ymax=6]
\tkzClip
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A, 6/0/B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,D) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle[out](M,B) \tkzClipCircle[out](P,D)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](M,N,P,O)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle[out](N,A) \tkzClipCircle[out](O,C)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](M,N,P,O)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle(P,C) \tkzClipCircle(N,A)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](N,P,D)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle(O,C) \tkzClipCircle(P,C)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](P,C,O)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle(M,B) \tkzClipCircle(O,B)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](O,B,M)
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle(N,A) \tkzClipCircle(M,A)
\tkzFillPolygon[teal!20](A,M,N)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawSemiCircles(M,B N,A O,C P,D)
\tkzDrawPolygons(A,B,C,D M,N,P,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.7. Similar isosceles triangles

Similar isosceles triangles

The following is from the excellent site Descartes et les Mathématiques. I did not modify the text and
I am only the author of the programming of the figures. http://debart.pagesperso-orange.fr/
seconde/triangle.html

The following is from the excellent site Descartes et les Mathématiques. I did not modify the text and I am only
the author of the programming of the figures.
http://debart.pagesperso-orange.fr/seconde/triangle.html
Bibliography:

– Géométrie au Bac - Tangente, special issue no. 8 - Exercise 11, page 11

– Elisabeth Busser and Gilles Cohen: 200 nouveaux problèmes du ”Monde” - POLE 2007 (200 new problems
of ”Le Monde”)

– Affaire de logique n° 364 - Le Monde February 17, 2004

Two statements were proposed, one by the magazine Tangente and the other by Le Monde.

Editor of the magazine ”Tangente” : Two similar isosceles triangles AXB and BYC are constructed with main ver-
tices X and Y, such that A, B and C are aligned and that these triangles are ”indirect”. Let 𝛼 be the angle at vertex
̂
A ̂ We then construct a third isosceles triangle XZY similar to the first two, with main vertex Z and ”in-
XB = BYC.
direct”. We ask to demonstrate that point Z belongs to the straight line (AC).

Editor of ”Le Monde” : We construct two similar isosceles triangles AXB and BYC with principal vertices X and Y,
̂
such that A, B and C are aligned and that these triangles are ”indirect”. Let 𝛼 be the angle at vertex A ̂
XB = BYC.
The point Z of the line segment [AC] is equidistant from the two vertices X and Y.
At what angle does he see these two vertices?

The constructions and their associated codes are on the next two pages, but you can search before looking. The
programming respects (it seems to me ...) my reasoning in both cases.

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47.8. Revised version of "Tangente"

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8,rotate=60]
\tkzDefPoint(6,0){X} \tkzDefPoint(3,3){Y}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[X](-110:6){A} \tkzDefShiftPoint[X](-70:6){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[Y](-110:4.2){A'} \tkzDefShiftPoint[Y](-70:4.2){B'}
\tkzDefPointBy[translation= from A' to B ](Y) \tkzGetPoint{Y}
\tkzDefPointBy[translation= from A' to B ](B') \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterLL(A,B)(X,Y) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefMidPoint(X,Y) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](I,Y)
\tkzInterLL(I,tkzPointResult)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{Z}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](X,Y,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,X)
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and 1.5](A,C) \tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and 3](X,Y)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,X B,X B,Y C,Y) \tkzDrawSegments[color=red](X,Z Y,Z)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,X,Y,O,Z)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,Z) \tkzLabelPoints[above right](X,Y,O)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.9. "Le Monde" version

A B Z C

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(9,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(1.5,2){X}
\tkzDefPoint(6,4){Y}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](X,Y,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefMidPoint(X,Y) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](I,Y) \tkzGetPoint{i}
\tkzDrawLines[add = 2 and 1,color=orange](I,i)
\tkzInterLL(I,i)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{Z}
\tkzInterLC(I,i)(O,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{M}
\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](B,Z) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,B)
\tkzDrawLines[add = 0 and 2,color=orange](B,b)
\tkzDrawSegments(A,X B,X B,Y C,Y A,C X,Y)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=red](X,Z Y,Z)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,X,Y,Z,M,I)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,Z)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](X,Y,M,I)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.10. Triangle altitudes

Triangle altitudes

From Wikipedia : The following is again from the excellent site Descartes et les Mathématiques
(Descartes and the Mathematics). http://debart.pagesperso-orange.fr/geoplan/geometrie_
triangle.html. The three altitudes of a triangle intersect at the same H-point.

B′

C′
H

C A′ B

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C} \tkzDefPoint(7,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(5,6){A}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzInterLC(A,C)(I,B)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{B'}
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(I,B)
\tkzGetSecondPoint{C'}
\tkzInterLL(B,B')(C,C') \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzInterLL(A,H)(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](A,B',C') \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawArc(I,B)(C)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawCircle[color=red](O,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=orange](B,B' C,C' A,A')
\tkzMarkRightAngles(C,B',B B,C',C C,A',A)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,A',B',C',H)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](A,B',C',H)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](B,C,A')
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.11. Altitudes - other construction

A O P B

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A} \tkzDefPoint(8,0){B}
\tkzDefPoint(5,6){C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B)\tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection=onto A--B](C) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzInterLC[common=A](C,A)(O,A)
\tkzGetFirstPoint{M}
\tkzInterLC(C,B)(O,A)
\tkzGetSecondPoint{N}
\tkzInterLL(B,M)(A,N)\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](I,C)\tkzGetPoint{y}
\tkzDrawCircles(x,A y,C)
\tkzDrawSegments(C,A C,B A,B B,M A,N)
\tkzMarkRightAngles[fill=brown!20](A,M,B A,N,B A,P,C)
\tkzDrawSegment[style=dashed,color=orange](C,P)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,B,P)
\tkzLabelPoint[left](M){$M$}
\tkzLabelPoint[right](N){$N$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above right](I){$I$}
\tkzDrawPoints[color=red](M,N,P,I)
\tkzDrawPoints[color=brown](O,A,B,C)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.12. Three circles in an Equilateral Triangle

Three circles in an Equilateral Triangle

From Wikipedia : In geometry, the Malfatti circles are three circles inside a given triangle such that each
circle is tangent to the other two and to two sides of the triangle. They are named after Gian Francesco
Malfatti, who made early studies of the problem of constructing these circles in the mistaken belief that
they would have the largest possible total area of any three disjoint circles within the triangle. Below is
a study of a particular case with an equilateral triangle and three identical circles.

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.8]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,8/0/B,0/4/a,8/4/b,8/8/c}
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzInterLL(A,N)(M,a) \tkzGetPoint{Ia}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto A--B](Ia)
\tkzGetPoint{ha}
\tkzInterLL(B,P)(M,b) \tkzGetPoint{Ib}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto A--B](Ib)
\tkzGetPoint{hb}
\tkzInterLL(A,c)(M,C) \tkzGetPoint{Ic}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection = onto A--C](Ic)
\tkzGetPoint{hc}
\tkzInterLL(A,Ia)(B,Ib) \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{D}{E}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzClipBB
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[gray,dashed](M,B A,M
A,B B,A G,Ia)
\tkzDrawCircles[gray](Ia,ha Ib,hb Ic,hc)
\tkzDrawPolySeg(A,E,D,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,G,Ia,Ib,Ic)
\tkzDrawSegments[gray,dashed](C,M A,N B,P
M,a M,b A,a a,b b,B A,D Ia,ha)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.13. Law of sines

Law of sines

From wikipedia : In trigonometry, the law of sines, sine law, sine formula, or sine rule is an equation
relating the lengths of the sides of a triangle (any shape) to the sines of its angles.

C
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,5/1/B,2/6/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[circum](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefPointBy[symmetry= center O](B)
D \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDrawPolygon[color=brown](A,B,C)
a
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
b \tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,O)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed](B,D A,D)
O
\tkzLabelPoint[left](D){$D$}
\tkzLabelPoint[below](A){$A$}
\tkzLabelPoint[above](C){$C$}
B \tkzLabelPoint[right](B){$B$}
\tkzLabelPoint[below](O){$O$}
c \tkzLabelSegment(B,C){$a$}
A \tkzLabelSegment[left](A,C){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment(A,B){$c$}
\end{tikzpicture}
In the triangle ABC

a b c
= = (1)
sin A sin B sin C

Ĉ=D ̂
c
= sin D = sin C (2)
2R
Then
c
= 2R
sin C

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47.14. Flower of Life

Book IV, proposition XI _Euclid’s Elements_

Sacred geometry can be described as a belief system attributing a religious or cultural value to many of
the fundamental forms of space and time. According to this belief system, the basic patterns of existence
are perceived as sacred because in contemplating them one is contemplating the origin of all things. By
studying the nature of these forms and their relationship to each other, one may seek to gain insight into
the scientific, philosophical, psychological, aesthetic and mystical laws of the universe. The Flower of
Life is considered to be a symbol of sacred geometry, said to contain ancient, religious value depicting
the fundamental forms of space and time. In this sense, it is a visual expression of the connections life
weaves through all mankind, believed by some to contain a type of Akashic Record of basic information
of all living things.

One of the beautiful arrangements of circles found at the Temple of Osiris at Abydos, Egypt (Rawles 1997).
Weisstein, Eric W. ”Flower of Life.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FlowerofLife.html

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzSetUpLine[line width=2pt,color=teal!80!black]
\tkzSetUpCompass[line width=2pt,color=teal!80!black]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O} \tkzDefPoint(2.25,0){A}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\foreach \i in {0,...,5}{
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center O angle 30+60*\i](A)\tkzGetPoint{a\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {a\i} angle 120](O)\tkzGetPoint{b\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {a\i} angle 180](O)\tkzGetPoint{c\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {c\i} angle 120](a\i)\tkzGetPoint{d\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {c\i} angle 60](d\i)\tkzGetPoint{f\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {d\i} angle 60](b\i)\tkzGetPoint{e\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {f\i} angle 60](d\i)\tkzGetPoint{g\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {d\i} angle 60](e\i)\tkzGetPoint{h\i}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center {e\i} angle 180](b\i)\tkzGetPoint{k\i}
\tkzDrawCircle(a\i,O)
\tkzDrawCircle(b\i,a\i)
\tkzDrawCircle(c\i,a\i)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate](f\i,d\i)(-120)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate](e\i,d\i)(180)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate](d\i,f\i)(180)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate](g\i,f\i)(60)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate](h\i,d\i)(60)
\tkzDrawArc[rotate](k\i,e\i)(60)
}
\tkzClipCircle(O,f0)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.15. Pentagon in a circle

Book IV, proposition XI _Euclid’s Elements_

To inscribe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon in a given circle.

D3 D2

C O I A

D4 D1

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(5,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0,5){B}
\tkzDefPoint(-5,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(0,-5){D}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,O) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzInterLC(I,B)(I,A) \tkzGetPoints{F}{E}
\tkzInterCC(O,C)(B,E) \tkzGetPoints{D3}{D2}
\tkzInterCC(O,C)(B,F) \tkzGetPoints{D4}{D1}
\tkzDrawArc[angles](B,E)(180,360)
\tkzDrawArc[angles](B,F)(220,340)
\tkzDrawLine[add=.5 and .5](B,I)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](O,A) \tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzDrawCircle(x,A)
\tkzDrawSegments(B,D C,A)
\tkzDrawPolygon[new](D,D1,D2,D3,D4)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,D,O)
\tkzDrawPoints[new](E,F,I,D1,D2,D4,D3)
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](A,...,D,O)
\tkzLabelPoints[new,below right](I,E,F,D1,D2,D4,D3)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.16. Pentagon in a square

Pentagon in a square

: To inscribe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon in a given square.

T I D E C

N P

M
Q

A B

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,-5/-5/A,5/-5/B}
\tkzDefSquare(A,B) \tkzGetPoints{C}{D}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{F}
\tkzDefMidPoint(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{G}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,D) \tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzInterLC(D,C)(E,B) \tkzGetSecondPoint{T}
\tkzDefMidPoint(D,T) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzInterCC[with nodes](O,D,I)(E,D,I) \tkzGetSecondPoint{H}
\tkzInterLC(O,H)(O,E) \tkzGetSecondPoint{M}
\tkzInterCC(O,E)(E,M) \tkzGetFirstPoint{Q}
\tkzInterCC[with nodes](O,O,E)(Q,E,M) \tkzGetFirstPoint{P}
\tkzInterCC[with nodes](O,O,E)(P,E,M) \tkzGetFirstPoint{N}
\tkzCompasss(O,H E,H)
\tkzDrawArc(E,B)(T)
\tkzDrawPolygons[purple](A,B,C,D M,E,Q,P,N)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,E)
\tkzDrawSegments(T,I O,H E,H E,F G,K)
\tkzDrawPoints(T,M,Q,P,N,I)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,O,N,P,Q,M,H)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](C,D,E,I,T)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.17. Hexagon Inscribed

Hexagon Inscribed

To inscribe a regular hexagon in a given equilateral triangle perfectly inside it (no boarders).

47.17.1. Hexagon Inscribed version 1

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\pgfmathsetmacro{\c}{6}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,\c/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointBy[homothety=center A ratio 1./3](B)
\tkzGetPoint{c1}
\tkzInterLC(B,C)(I,c1) \tkzGetPoints{a1}{a2}
\tkzInterLC(A,C)(I,c1) \tkzGetPoints{b1}{b2}
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(I,c1) \tkzGetPoints{c1}{c2}
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawCircle[thin,orange](I,c1)
\tkzDrawPolygon[red,thick](a2,a1,b2,b1,c2,c1)
\end{tikzpicture}

47.17.2. Hexagon Inscribed version 2

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5]
\pgfmathsetmacro{\c}{6}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,\c/0/B}
\tkzDefTriangle[equilateral](A,B)\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[centroid](A,B,C)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointsBy[rotation= center I%
angle 60](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=teal!20,opacity=.5](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[fill=purple!20,opacity=.5](a,b,c)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.18. Power of a point with respect to a circle

Power of a point with respect to a circle

MA × MB = MT2 = MO2 − OT2

T
A

M O

\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{2}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xO}{6}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xE}{\xO-\r}%
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/M,\xO/0/O,\xE/0/E}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](M,O)
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzInterCC(I,O)(O,E) \tkzGetPoints{T}{T'}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[O](45:2){B}
\tkzInterLC(M,B)(O,E) \tkzGetPoints{A}{B}
\tkzDrawCircle(O,E)
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[dashed](I,O)
\tkzDrawLine(M,O)
\tkzDrawLines(M,T O,T M,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,T)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](A,B,O,M,T)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.19. Radical axis of two non-concentric circles

Radical axis of two non-concentric circles

From Wikipedia : In geometry, the radical axis of two non-concentric circles is the set of points whose
power with respect to the circles are equal. For this reason the radical axis is also called the power line
or power bisector of the two circles. The notation radical axis was used by the French mathematician
M. Chasles as axe radical.

b′

a
H

a′ b
A

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/2/B,2/3/K}
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,1)\tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B,2)\tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDefCircle[R](K,3)\tkzGetPoint{k}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a B,b)
\tkzDrawCircle[dashed,new](K,k)
\tkzInterCC(A,a)(K,k) \tkzGetPoints{a}{a'}
\tkzInterCC(B,b)(K,k) \tkzGetPoints{b}{b'}
\tkzDrawLines[new,add=2 and 2](a,a')
\tkzDrawLines[new,add=1 and 1](b,b')
\tkzInterLL(a,a')(b,b') \tkzGetPoint{X}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--B](X) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,H,X,a,b,a',b')
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
\tkzDrawLine[add= 1 and 2,new](X,H)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,H,X,a,b,a',b')
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.20. External homothetic center

External homothetic center

From Wikipedia : Given two nonconcentric circles, draw radii parallel and in the same direction. Then
the line joining the extremities of the radii passes through a fixed point on the line of centers which
divides that line externally in the ratio of radii. This point is called the external homothetic center, or
external center of similitude (Johnson 1929, pp. 19-20 and 41).

M′

A T′

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/2/B,2/3/K}
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,1)\tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B,2)\tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a B,b)
\tkzDrawLine(A,B)
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](60:1){M}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[B](60:2){M'}
\tkzInterLL(A,B)(M,M') \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = O](B,M') \tkzGetPoints{X}{T'}
\tkzDefLine[tangent from = O](A,M) \tkzGetPoints{X}{T}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,O,T,T',M,M')
\tkzDrawLines[new](O,B O,T' O,M')
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,M B,M')
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,O,T,T',M,M')
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.21. Tangent lines to two circles

Tangent lines to two circles

For two circles, there are generally four distinct lines that are tangent to both if the two circles are outside
each other. For two of these, the external tangent lines, the circles fall on the same side of the line; the
external tangent lines intersect in the external homothetic center

T′

F
B
E

a′
T

A a

\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{1}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\R}{2}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\rt}{\R-\r}%
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/2/B,2/3/K}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzInterLC[R](A,B)(B,\rt) \tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzInterCC(I,B)(B,F) \tkzGetPoints{a}{a'}
\tkzInterLC[R](B,a)(B,\R) \tkzGetPoints{X'}{T'}
\tkzDefLine[tangent at=T'](B) \tkzGetPoint{h}
\tkzInterLL(T',h)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzInterLC[R](O,T')(A,\r) \tkzGetPoints{T}{T}
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,\r) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B,\R) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B,\rt) \tkzGetPoint{c}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a)
\tkzDrawCircles[orange](B,b B,c)
\tkzDrawCircle[orange,dashed](I,B)
\tkzDrawPoints(O,A,B,a,a',E,F,T',T)
\tkzDrawLines(O,B A,a B,T' A,T)
\tkzDrawLines[add= 1 and 8](T',h)
\tkzLabelPoints(O,A,B,a,a',E,F,T,T')
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.22. Tangent lines to two circles with radical axis

Tangent lines to two circles with radical axis

As soon as two circles are not concentric, we can construct their radical axis, the set of points of equal
power with respect to the two circles. We know that the radical axis is a line orthogonal to the line of the
centers. Note that if we specify P and Q as the points of contact of one of the common exterior tangents
with the two circles and D and E as the points of the circles outside [AB], then (DP) and (EQ) intersect
on the radical axis of the two circles. We will show that this property is always true and that it allows
us to construct common tangents, even when the circles have the same radius.

M
Q
E

P H

A
X
D

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\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,4/2/B,2/3/K}
\tkzDefCircle[R](A,1) \tkzGetPoint{a}
\tkzDefCircle[R](B,3) \tkzGetPoint{b}
\tkzInterCC[R](A,1)(K,3) \tkzGetPoints{a}{a'}
\tkzInterCC[R](B,3)(K,3) \tkzGetPoints{b}{b'}
\tkzInterLL(a,a')(b,b') \tkzGetPoint{X}
\tkzDefPointBy[projection= onto A--B](X) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterLC[R](A,B)(B,3) \tkzGetPoints{b1}{E}
\tkzInterLC[R](A,B)(A,1) \tkzGetPoints{D}{a2}
\tkzDefMidPoint(D,E) \tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDrawCircle[orange](I,D)
\tkzInterLC(X,H)(I,D) \tkzGetPoints{M}{M'}
\tkzInterLC(M,D)(A,D) \tkzGetPoints{P}{P'}
\tkzInterLC(M,E)(B,E) \tkzGetPoints{Q'}{Q}
\tkzInterLL(P,Q)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDrawCircles(A,a B,b)
\tkzDrawSegments[orange](A,P I,M B,Q)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,D,E,M,I,O,P,Q,X,H)
\tkzDrawLines(O,E M,D M,E O,Q)
\tkzDrawLine[add= 3 and 4,orange](X,H)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,D,E,M,I,O,P,Q,X,H)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.23. Middle of a segment with a compass

Tangent lines to two circles with radical axis

This example involves determining the middle of a segment, using only a compass.

B
M
A

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefRandPointOn[circle= center A radius 4] \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center A angle 180](B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzInterCC(A,B)(B,A) \tkzGetPoints{I}{I'}
\tkzInterCC(A,I)(I,A) \tkzGetPoints{J}{B}
\tkzInterCC(B,A)(C,B) \tkzGetPoints{D}{E}
\tkzInterCC(D,B)(E,B) \tkzGetPoints{M}{M'}
\tkzSetUpArc[color=orange,style=solid,delta=10]
\tkzDrawArc(C,D)(E)
\tkzDrawArc(B,E)(D)
\tkzDrawCircle[color=teal,line width=.2pt](A,B)
\tkzDrawArc(D,B)(M)
\tkzDrawArc(E,M)(B)
\tkzCompasss[color=orange,style=solid](B,I I,J J,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,D,E,M)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,M)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.24. Definition of a circle _Apollonius_

Definition of a circle _Apollonius_

From Wikipedia : Apollonius showed that a circle can be defined as the set of points in a plane that
have a specified ratio of distances to two fixed points, known as foci. This Apollonian circle is the basis
of the Apollonius pursuit problem. ... The solutions to this problem are sometimes called the circles of
Apollonius.

Explanation
A circle is the set of points in a plane that are equidistant from a given point O. The distance r from the center
is called the radius, and the point O is called the center. It is the simplest definition but it is not the only one.
Apollonius of Perga gives another definition : The set of all points whose distances from two fixed points are in a
constant ratio is a circle.
With tkz-euclide is easy to show you the last definition

A B K1

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
% Firstly we defined two fixed point.
% The figure depends of these points and the ratio K
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){B}
% tkz-euclide.sty knows about the apollonius's circle
% with K=2 we search some points like I such as IA=2 x IB
\tkzDefCircle[apollonius,K=2](A,B) \tkzGetPoints{K1}{k}
\tkzDefPointOnCircle[through= center K1 angle 30 point k]
\tkzGetPoint{I}
\tkzDefPointOnCircle[through= center K1 angle 280 point k]
\tkzGetPoint{J}
\tkzDrawSegments[new](A,I I,B A,J J,B)
\tkzDrawCircle[color = teal,fill=teal!20,opacity=.4](K1,k)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,K1,I,J)
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzLabelPoints[below,font=\scriptsize](A,B,K1,I,J)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.25. Application of Inversion : Pappus chain

Pappus chain

From Wikipedia In geometry, the Pappus chain is a ring of circles between two tangent circles investi-
gated by Pappus of Alexandria in the 3rd century AD.

\begin{tikzpicture}[ultra thin]
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xB}{6}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xC}{9}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xD}{(\xC*\xC)/\xB}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xJ}{(\xC+\xD)/2}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{\xD-\xJ}%
\pgfmathsetmacro{\nc}{16}%
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,\xB/0/B,\xC/0/C,\xD/0/D}
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](A,C) \tkzGetPoint{x}
\tkzDrawCircle[fill=teal!30](x,C)
\tkzDefCircle[diameter](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{y}
\tkzDrawCircle[fill=teal!30](y,B)
\foreach \i in {-\nc,...,0,...,\nc}
{\tkzDefPoint(\xJ,2*\r*\i){J}
\tkzDefPoint(\xJ,2*\r*\i-\r){H}
\tkzDefCircleBy[inversion = center A through C](J,H)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill=teal](tkzFirstPointResult,tkzSecondPointResult)}
\end{tikzpicture}

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47.26. Book of lemmas proposition 1 Archimedes

Book of lemmas proposition 1 Archimedes

If two circles touch at A, and if [CD], [EF] be parallel diameters in them, A, C and E are aligned.

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.75]
A
x \tkzDefPoints{0/0/O_1,0/1/O_2,0/3/A}
\tkzDefPoint(15:3){F}
D \tkzDefPointBy[symmetry=center O_1](F) \tkzGetPoint{E}
O2 \tkzDefLine[parallel=through O_2](E,F) \tkzGetPoint{x}
F
C \tkzInterLC(x,O_2)(O_2,A) \tkzGetPoints{D}{C}
O1 \tkzDrawCircles(O_1,A O_2,A)
\tkzDrawSegments[orange](O_1,A E,F C,D)
E
\tkzDrawSegments[purple](A,E A,F)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,O_1,O_2,E,F,x,C,D)
\tkzLabelPoints(A,O_1,O_2,E,F,x,C,D)
\end{tikzpicture}
̂
(CD) ∥ (EF) (AO1 ) is secant to these two lines so A0 ̂
2 C = A01 E.
̂2 =
̂1 = CA0
Since the triangles AO2 C and AO1 E are isosceles the angles at the base are equal widehatAC02 = AE0
̂
EA01 . Thus A,C and E are aligned

47.27. Book of lemmas proposition 6 Archimedes

Book of lemmas proposition 6 Archimedes

Let AC, the diameter of a semicircle, be divided at B so that AC/AB = 𝜙 or in any ratio. Describe semi-
circles within the first semicircle and on AB, BC as diameters, and suppose a circle drawn touching the
all three semicircles. If GH be the diameter of this circle, to find relation between GH and AC.

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\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,12/0/C}
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{B}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefMidPoint(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{O_1}
\tkzDefMidPoint(B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O_2}
\tkzDefExtSimilitudeCenter(O_1,A)(O_2,B) \tkzGetPoint{M_0}
\tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter(O,A)(O_1,A) \tkzGetPoint{M_1}
\tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter(O,C)(O_2,C) \tkzGetPoint{M_2}
\tkzInterCC(O_1,A)(M_2,C) \tkzGetFirstPoint{E}
\tkzInterCC(O_2,C)(M_1,A) \tkzGetSecondPoint{F}
\tkzInterCC(O,A)(M_0,B) \tkzGetFirstPoint{D}
\tkzInterLL(O_1,E)(O_2,F) \tkzGetPoint{O_3}
\tkzDefCircle[circum](E,F,B) \tkzGetPoint{0_4}
\tkzInterLC(A,D)(O_1,A) \tkzGetFirstPoint{I}
\tkzInterLC(C,D)(O_2,B) \tkzGetSecondPoint{K}
\tkzInterLC[common=D](A,D)(O_3,D) \tkzGetFirstPoint{G}
\tkzInterLC[common=D](C,D)(O_3,D) \tkzGetFirstPoint{H}
\tkzInterLL(C,G)(B,K) \tkzGetPoint{M}
\tkzInterLL(A,H)(B,I) \tkzGetPoint{L}
\tkzInterLL(L,G)(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzInterLL(M,H)(A,C) \tkzGetPoint{P}
\tkzDrawCircles[red,thin](O_3,F)
\tkzDrawCircles[new,thin](0_4,B)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[teal](O,C O_1,B O_2,C)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[green](M_2,C)
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[green,swap](M_1,A)
\tkzDrawSegment(A,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[new](O_1,O_3 O_2,O_3)
\tkzDrawSegments[new,very thin](B,H C,G A,H G,N H,P)
\tkzDrawSegments[new,very thin](B,D A,D C,D G,H I,B K,B B,G)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,M_1,M_2,E,O_3,F,D,0_4,O_1,O_2,I,K,G,H,L,P,N,M)
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize](A,B,C,M_1,M_2,F,O_1,O_2,I,K,G,H,L,M,N)
\tkzLabelPoints[font=\scriptsize,right](E,O_3,D,0_4,P)
\end{tikzpicture}

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47. Some interesting examples 242

O3
G H
I

E
L
F K
04
M

P
A O1 M1 N B M2 O2 C

Let GH be the diameter of the circle which is parallel to AC, and let the circle touch the semicircles on AC, AB, BC
in D, E, F respectively.
Then, by Prop. 1 A,G and D are aligned, ainsi que D, H and C.
For a like reason A E and H are aligned, C F and Gare aligned, as also are B E and G, B F and H.
Let (AD) meet the semicircle on [AC] at I, and let (BD) meet the semicircle on [BC] in K. Join CI, CK meeting AE,
BF in L, M, and let GL, HM produced meet AB in N, P respectively.
Now, in the triangle AGB, the perpendiculars from A, C on the opposite sides meet in L. Therefore by the proper-
ties of triangles, (GN) is perpendicular to (AC). Similarly (HP) is perpendicular to (BC).
Again, since the angles at I, K, D are right, (CK) is parallel to (AD), and (CI) to (BD).
Therefore

AB AL AN BC CM PC
= = and = =
BC LH NP AB MG NP
hence

AN NP
= so NP2 = AN × PC
NP PC
Now suppose that B divides [AC] according to the divine proportion that is :
AB AC
𝜙= = then AN = 𝜙NPand NP = 𝜙PC
BC AB
We have

AC = AN + NP + PC either AB + BC == AN + NP + PC or (𝜙 + 1)BC = AN + NP + PC

we get

(𝜙 + 1)BC = 𝜙NP + NP + PC = (𝜙 + 1)NP + PC = 𝜙(𝜙 + 1)PC + PC = 𝜙 2 + 𝜙 + 1)PC

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47. Some interesting examples 243

as
𝜙2 = 𝜙 + 1 then (𝜙 + 1)BC = 2(𝜙 + 1)PC i.e. BC = 2PC
That is, p is the middle of the segment BC.
Part of the proof from https://www.cut-the-knot.org

47.28. "The" Circle of APOLLONIUS

The Apollonius circle of a triangle _Apollonius_

The circle which touches all three excircles of a triangle and encompasses them is often known as ”the”
Apollonius circle (Kimberling 1998, p. 102)

Explanation
The purpose of the first examples was to show the simplicity with which we could recreate these propositions.
With TikZ you need to do calculations and use trigonometry while with tkz-euclide you only need to build
simple objects
But don’t forget that behind or far above tkz-euclide there is TikZ. I’m only creating an interface between TikZ
and the user of my package.
The last example is very complex and it is to show you all that we can do with tkz-euclide.

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47. Some interesting examples 244

F′ a

Ac

A′′

C′
Za
Bc
Ja

Yb

F′ b Fa
Jb
Fb K O

N Sp Q

A′
Ba Xb A Mc B Xa Ab
Fc
Yc

Zc

Jc

Ca Cb

F′ c

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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.6]
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/A,6/0/B,0.8/4/C}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[euler](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{N}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[circum](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{O}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[lemoine](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{K}
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoint{H}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[excentral,name=J](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[centroid,name=M](A,B,C){a,b,c}
\tkzDefCircle[in](Ma,Mb,Mc) \tkzGetPoint{Sp} % Sp Spieker center
\tkzDefProjExcenter[name=J](A,B,C)(a,b,c){Y,Z,X}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through Za](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{Xc}
\tkzInterLL(Za,Xc)(C,B) \tkzGetPoint{C'}
\tkzDefLine[parallel=through Zc](B,C) \tkzGetPoint{Ya}
\tkzInterLL(Zc,Ya)(A,B) \tkzGetPoint{A'}
\tkzDefPointBy[reflection= over Ja--Jc](C')\tkzGetPoint{Ab}
\tkzDefPointBy[reflection= over Ja--Jc](A')\tkzGetPoint{Cb}
\tkzInterLL(K,O)(N,Sp) \tkzGetPoint{Q}
\tkzInterLC(A,B)(Q,Cb) \tkzGetFirstPoint{Ba}
\tkzInterLC(A,C)(Q,Cb) \tkzGetPoints{Ac}{Ca}
\tkzInterLC(B,C')(Q,Cb) \tkzGetFirstPoint{Bc}
\tkzInterLC[next to=Ja](Ja,Q)(Q,Cb) \tkzGetFirstPoint{F'a}
\tkzInterLC[next to=Jc](Jc,Q)(Q,Cb) \tkzGetFirstPoint{F'c}
\tkzInterLC[next to=Jb](Jb,Q)(Q,Cb) \tkzGetFirstPoint{F'b}
\tkzInterLC[common=F'a](Sp,F'a)(Ja,F'a) \tkzGetFirstPoint{Fa}
\tkzInterLC[common=F'b](Sp,F'b)(Jb,F'b) \tkzGetFirstPoint{Fb}
\tkzInterLC[common=F'c](Sp,F'c)(Jc,F'c) \tkzGetFirstPoint{Fc}
\tkzInterLC(Mc,Sp)(Q,Cb) \tkzGetFirstPoint{A''}
\tkzDefCircle[euler](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{E}{e}
\tkzDefCircle[ex](C,A,B) \tkzGetPoints{Ea}{a}
\tkzDefCircle[ex](A,B,C) \tkzGetPoints{Eb}{b}
\tkzDefCircle[ex](B,C,A) \tkzGetPoints{Ec}{c}
% Calculations are done, now you can draw, mark and label
\tkzDrawCircles(Q,Cb E,e)%
\tkzDrawCircles(Eb,b Ea,a Ec,c)
\tkzDrawPolygon(A,B,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed](A,A' C,C' A',Zc Za,C' B,Cb B,Ab A,Ca)
\tkzDrawSegments[dashed](C,Ac Ja,Xa Jb,Yb Jc,Zc)
\begin{scope}
\tkzClipCircle(Q,Cb) % We limit the drawing of the lines
\tkzDrawLine[add=5 and 12,orange](K,O)
\tkzDrawLine[add=12 and 28,red!50!black](N,Sp)
\end{scope}
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,K,Ja,Jb,Jc,Q,N,O,Sp,Mc,Xa,Xb,Yb,Yc,Za,Zc)
\tkzDrawPoints(A',C',A'',Ab,Cb,Bc,Ca,Ac,Ba,Fa,Fb,Fc,F'a,F'b,F'c)
\tkzLabelPoints(Ja,Jb,Jc,Q,Xa,Xb,Za,Zc,Ab,Cb,Bc,Ca,Ac,Ba,F'b)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](O,K,F'a,Fa,A'')
\tkzLabelPoints[below](B,F'c,Yc,N,Sp,Fc,Mc)
\tkzLabelPoints[left](A',C',Fb)
\tkzLabelPoints[right](C)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](A)
\tkzLabelPoints[above right](Yb)
\tkzDrawSegments(Fc,F'c Fb,F'b Fa,F'a)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=green!50!black](Mc,N Mc,A'' A'',Q)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=red,dashed](Ac,Ab Ca,Cb Ba,Bc Ja,Jc A',Cb C',Ab)
\tkzDrawSegments[color=red](Cb,Ab Bc,Ac Ba,Ca A',C')
\tkzMarkSegments[color=red,mark=|](Cb,Ab Bc,Ac Ba,Ca)
\tkzMarkRightAngles(Jc,Zc,A Ja,Xa,B Jb,Yb,C)
\tkzDrawSegments[green,dashed](A,F'a B,F'b C,F'c)
\end{tikzpicture}

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Part X.

FAQ
48. FAQ 247

48. FAQ

48.1. Most common errors

For the moment, I’m basing myself on my own, because having changed syntax several times, I’ve made a number
of mistakes. This section is going to be expanded. With version 4.05 new problems may appear.

– The mistake I make most often is to forget to put an ”s” in the macro used to draw more than one object:
like \tkzDrawSegment(s) or \tkzDrawCircle(s) ok like in this example \tkzDrawPoint(A,B) when you
need \tkzDrawPoints(A,B);

– Don’t forget that since version 4 the unit is obligatorily the ”cm” it is thus necessary to withdraw the unit like
here \tkzDrawCircle[R](O,3cm) which becomes \tkzDrawCircle[R](O,3). The traditional options of
TikZ keep their units examplebelow right = 12pt on the other hand one will write size=1.2 to position
an arc in \tkzMarkAngle;

– The following error still happens to me from time to time. A point that is created has its name in brackets
while a point that is used either as an option or as a parameter has its name in braces.
Example \tkzGetPoint(A)When defining an object, use braces and not brackets, so write: \tkzGetPoint{A};

– The changes in obtaining the points of intersection between lines and circles sometimes exchange the
solutions, this leads either to a bad figure or to an error.

– \tkzGetPoint{A} in place of \tkzGetFirstPoint{A}. When a macro gives two points as results, either
we retrieve these points using \tkzGetPoints{A}{B}, or we retrieve only one of the two points, using
\tkzGetFirstPoint{A} or \tkzGetSecondPoint{A}. These two points can be used with the reference
tkzFirstPointResult or tkzSecondPointResult. It is possible that a third point is given as
tkzPointResult;

– Mixing options and arguments; all macros that use a circle need to know the radius of the circle. If the
radius is given by a measure then the option includes a R.

– The angles are given in degrees, more rarely in radians.

– If an error occurs in a calculation when passing parameters, then it is better to make these calculations
before calling the macro.

– Do not mix the syntax of pgfmath and xfp. I’ve often chosen xfp but if you prefer pgfmath then do your
calculations before passing parameters.

– Error ”dimension too large” : In some cases, this error occurs. One way to avoid it is to use the ”veclen”
option. When this option is used in an scope, the ”veclen” function is replaced by a function dependent
on ”xfp”. Do not use intersection macros in this scope. For example, an error occurs if you use the macro
\tkzDrawArc with too small an angle. The error is produced by the decoration library when you want to
place a mark on an arc. Even if the mark is absent, the error is still present.

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index

\add, 123
\ang, 115
\Ax, 181
\Ay, 181

\coordinate, 32

\dAB, 179, 180

\Delta, 168
\draw (A)--(B);, 124

\endpgfinterruptboundingbox, 153
Environment
scope, 34, 190
tikzpicture, 190
tikzspicture, 190

\foreach, 107
\fpeval, 109

\iftkzFlagCC, 110
\iftkzFlagLC, 104

\len, 180, 181

Operating System
Windows, 16

Package
pgfmath, 246
tkz-elements, 15, 16
tkz-euclide, 146
xfp, 16, 32, 34, 179, 246
\pgfinterruptboundingbox, 153
\pgflinewidth, 121, 122
\pgfmathsetmacro, 109
\pgfresetboundingbox, 146
\px, 181
\py, 181

\rAB, 39
\rAp, 48

standalone, 21

TeX Distributions
MiKTeX, 16
TeXLive, 16
TikZ Library
babel, 26
decoration, 246
\tikzset, 189
tkz-euclide: options
lua, 16
mini, 16
\tkzAngleResult, 115, 117
\tkzAutoLabelPoints, 166
\tkzCalcLength, 179, 180
Index 249

\tkzCalcLength: arguments
(pt1,pt2){name of macro}, 179
\tkzCalcLength: options
cm, 180
\tkzCalcLength[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 179
\tkzCentroid, 41
\tkzClip, 26, 146, 147
\tkzClip: options
space, 147
\tkzClipBB, 148, 149
\tkzClipCircle[out], 154
\tkzClipCircle, 94, 151
\tkzClipCircle: arguments
(⟨A,B⟩), 151
\tkzClipCircle: options
out, 151
\tkzClipCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩), 151
\tkzClipPolygon[out], 150, 154
\tkzClipPolygon, 150
\tkzClipPolygon: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3,…⟩), 150
\tkzClipPolygon: options
out, 150
\tkzClipPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩), 150
\tkzClipSector(O,A)(B), 152
\tkzClipSector[R](O,2)(30,90), 152
\tkzClipSector[rotate](O,A)(90), 152
\tkzClipSector, 152
\tkzClipSector: options
R, 152
rotate, 152
towards, 152
\tkzClipSector[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩), 152
\tkzClip[⟨local options⟩], 147
\tkzcmtopt, 181
\tkzcmtopt: arguments
(number){name of macro}, 181
\tkzcmtopt(⟨number⟩){⟨name of macro⟩}, 181
\tkzCompass, 136, 173
\tkzCompass: options
delta, 173
length, 173
\tkzCompasss, 173, 174
\tkzCompasss: options
delta, 173
length, 173
\tkzCompasss[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4,…⟩), 173
\tkzCompass[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩), 173
\tkzDefBarycentricPoint, 40, 42
\tkzDefBarycentricPoint: arguments
(pt1=𝛼1 ,pt2=𝛼2 ,…), 40
\tkzDefBarycentricPoint(⟨pt1=𝛼1 ,pt2=𝛼2 ,…⟩), 40
\tkzDefCircle[radius](A,B), 180
\tkzDefCircle, 94
\tkzDefCircle: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 94
\tkzDefCircle: options
K, 94

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 250

R, 94
apollonius, 94
circum, 94
diameter, 94
euler or nine, 94
ex, 94
in, 94
orthogonal from, 94
orthogonal through, 94
spieker, 94
\tkzDefCircleBy, 101
\tkzDefCircleBy: arguments
pt1,pt2, 101
\tkzDefCircleBy: options
homothety, 101
inversion, 101
projection , 101
reflection, 101
rotation , 101
symmetry , 101
translation, 101
\tkzDefCircleBy[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 101
\tkzDefCirclesBy, 101
\tkzDefCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩) or (⟨A,B,C⟩), 94
\tkzDefEquiPoints, 45
\tkzDefEquiPoints: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 45
\tkzDefEquiPoints: options
/compass/delta, 45
dist, 45
from=pt, 45
show, 45
\tkzDefEquiPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 45
\tkzDefExtSimilitudeCenter, 41
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(A,C), 40
\tkzDefGoldenRatio, 39, 40
\tkzDefGoldenRatio: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 40
\tkzDefGoldenRatio(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 40
\tkzDefGoldenRectangle, 91
\tkzDefGoldenRectangle: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 91
\tkzDefGoldenRectangle(⟨point,point⟩), 91
\tkzDefGoldRectangle, 91
\tkzDefHarmonic, 44
\tkzDefHarmonic: options
both, 44
ext, 44
int, 44
\tkzDefHarmonic[⟨options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,k⟩), 44
\tkzDefIntSimilitudeCenter, 41
\tkzDefLine, 70
\tkzDefLine: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 70
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 70
(⟨pt1⟩), 70
\tkzDefLine: options
K, 71

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 251

altitude, 71
bisector out, 71
bisector, 71
euler, 71
mediator, 71
normed, 71
orthogonal=through…, 71
parallel=through…, 71
perpendicular=through…, 71
symmedian, 71
tangent at, 71
tangent from, 71
\tkzDefLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 70
\tkzDefMidArc, 45
\tkzDefMidArc: arguments
pt1, pt2, pt3, 45
\tkzDefMidArc(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 45
\tkzDefMidPoint, 20, 39
\tkzDefMidPoint: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 39
\tkzDefMidPoint(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 39
\tkzDefParallelogram, 91
\tkzDefParallelogram: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 91
\tkzDefParallelogram(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 91
\tkzDefPoint, 32, 33, 39, 104, 115
\tkzDefPoint: arguments
(𝛼:d), 33
(x, y), 33
{ref}, 33
\tkzDefPoint: options
label, 33
shift, 33
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation = …], 115
\tkzDefPointBy, 56
\tkzDefPointBy: arguments
pt, 56
\tkzDefPointBy: options
homothety, 56
inversion negative, 56
inversion, 56
projection , 56
reflection, 56
rotation in rad, 56
rotation with nodes, 56
rotation , 56
symmetry , 56
translation, 56
\tkzDefPointBy[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt⟩), 56
\tkzDefPointOnCircle, 48, 49
\tkzDefPointOnCircle: options
R in rad, 48
R, 48
through in rad, 48
through, 48
\tkzDefPointOnCircle[⟨local options⟩], 48
\tkzDefPointOnLine, 47
\tkzDefPointOnLine: arguments

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 252

pt1,pt2, 47
\tkzDefPointOnLine: options
pos=nb, 47
\tkzDefPointOnLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩), 47
\tkzDefPoints{0/0/O,2/2/A}, 36
\tkzDefPoints, 32, 36
\tkzDefPoints: arguments
xi /yi /ri , 36
\tkzDefPoints: options
shift, 36
\tkzDefPointsBy, 56, 64
\tkzDefPointsBy: arguments
(⟨list of points⟩){⟨list of pts⟩}, 64
\tkzDefPointsBy: options
homothety = center #1 ratio #2, 64
inversion = center #1 through #2, 64
inversion negative = center #1 through #2, 64
projection = onto #1--#2, 64
reflection = over #1--#2, 64
rotation = center #1 angle #2, 64
rotation in rad = center #1 angle #2, 64
rotation with nodes = center #1 from #2 to #3, 64
symmetry = center #1, 64
translation = from #1 to #2, 64
\tkzDefPointsBy[⟨local options⟩](⟨list of points⟩){⟨list of points⟩}, 64
\tkzDefPoints[⟨local options⟩]{⟨x1 /y1 /n1 , x2 /y2 /r2 , ...⟩}, 36
\tkzDefPointWith, 65
\tkzDefPointWith: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 65
\tkzDefPointWith: options
K, 65
colinear normed= at #1, 65
colinear= at #1, 65
linear normed, 65
linear, 65
orthogonal normed, 65
orthogonal, 65
\tkzDefPointWith(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 65
\tkzDefPoint[⟨local options⟩](⟨x, y⟩){⟨ref⟩} or (⟨𝛼:d⟩){⟨ref⟩}, 33
\tkzDefProjExcenter[name=J](A,B,C)(a,b,c){Y,Z,X}, 98
\tkzDefProjExcenter, 98
\tkzDefProjExcenter: arguments
(pt1=𝛼1 ,pt2=𝛼2 ,…), 98
\tkzDefProjExcenter: options
name, 98
\tkzDefProjExcenter[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B,C⟩)(⟨a,b,c⟩){⟨X,Y,Z⟩}, 98
\tkzDefRadicalAxis, 184
\tkzDefRadicalAxis: arguments
(pt1,pt2)(pt3,pt4), 184
\tkzDefRadicalAxis(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)(⟨pt3,pt4⟩), 184
\tkzDefRandPointOn, 119
\tkzDefRandPointOn: options
circle =center pt1 radius dim, 119
circle through=center pt1 through pt2, 119
disk through=center pt1 through pt2, 119
line=pt1--pt2, 119
rectangle=pt1 and pt2, 119
segment= pt1--pt2, 119

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 253

\tkzDefRandPointOn[⟨local options⟩], 119

\tkzDefRectangle, 90
\tkzDefRectangle: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 90
\tkzDefRectangle(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 90
\tkzDefRegPolygon, 92
\tkzDefRegPolygon: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 92
\tkzDefRegPolygon: options
Options TikZ, 92
center, 92
name, 92
sides, 92
side, 92
\tkzDefRegPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 92
\tkzDefShiftPoint, 34, 35
\tkzDefShiftPoint: arguments
(𝛼:d), 35
(x, y), 35
{ref}, 35
\tkzDefShiftPoint: options
[pt], 35
\tkzDefShiftPoint[⟨Point⟩](⟨x, y⟩){⟨ref⟩} or (⟨𝛼:d⟩){⟨ref⟩}, 35
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter, 41
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)(⟨pt3,pt4⟩), 41
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter: options
ext, 41
int, 41
\tkzDefSimilitudeCenter[⟨options⟩](⟨O,A⟩)(⟨O',B⟩), 41
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,name=M_](A,B,C){A,B,C}, 81
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial,name=M](A,B,C){_A,_B,_C}, 81
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[medial](A,B,C){a,b,c}, 81
\tkzDefSpcTriangle, 81
\tkzDefSpcTriangle: options
centroid or medial, 81
euler, 81
ex or excentral, 81
extouch, 81
feuerbach, 81
in or incentral, 81
intouch or contact, 81
name, 81
orthic, 81
symmedial, 81
tangential, 81
, 81
\tkzDefSpcTriangle[⟨local options⟩](⟨p1,p2,p3⟩){⟨r1,r2,r3⟩}, 81
\tkzDefSquare, 89, 90
\tkzDefSquare: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 89
\tkzDefSquare(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 89
\tkzDefTriangle, 76, 77
\tkzDefTriangle: options
cheops, 77
egyptian, 77
equilateral, 77
euclid, 77

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 254

golden, 77
gold, 77
half, 77
isosceles right, 77
pythagoras, 77
pythagore, 77
school, 77
sublime, 77
swap, 77
two angles= #1 and #2, 77
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[ortho](B,C,A), 50
\tkzDefTriangleCenter, 50
\tkzDefTriangleCenter: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 50
\tkzDefTriangleCenter: options
centroid, 50
circum, 50
euler, 50
ex, 50
feuerbach, 50
gergonne, 50
grebe, 50
in, 50
lemoine, 50
median, 50
mittenpunkt, 50
nagel, 50
orthic, 50
ortho, 50
spieker, 50
symmedian, 50
\tkzDefTriangleCenter[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B,C⟩), 50
\tkzDefTriangle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩), 77
\tkzDotProduct, 182
\tkzDotProduct: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 182
\tkzDotProduct(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 182
\tkzDrawArc[angles](O,A)(0,90), 135
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](O,A)(B), 135
\tkzDrawArc[R with nodes](O,2)(A,B), 135
\tkzDrawArc[R](O,2)(30,90), 135
\tkzDrawArc[rotate,color=red](O,A)(90), 135
\tkzDrawArc, 115, 134, 135, 246
\tkzDrawArc: options
R with nodes, 135
R, 135
angles, 135
delta, 135
reverse, 135
rotate, 135
towards, 135
\tkzDrawArc[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩), 135
\tkzDrawCircle(s), 246
\tkzDrawCircle[R](O,3), 246
\tkzDrawCircle[R](O,3cm), 246
\tkzDrawCircle, 94, 129, 140
\tkzDrawCircle: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 129

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 255

\tkzDrawCircles, 130
\tkzDrawCircles: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩), 130
\tkzDrawCircles: options
through, 130
\tkzDrawCircles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B C,D …⟩), 130
\tkzDrawCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩), 129
\tkzDrawEllipse, 134
\tkzDrawEllipse: arguments
(⟨C,a,b,An⟩), 134
\tkzDrawEllipse[⟨local options⟩](⟨C,a,b,An⟩), 134
\tkzDrawLine, 123
\tkzDrawLine: options
TikZ options, 123
…, 123
add, 123
\tkzDrawLines, 123
\tkzDrawLines[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩), 123
\tkzDrawLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) , 123
\tkzDrawPoint(A,B), 246
\tkzDrawPoint, 121
\tkzDrawPoint: arguments
name of point, 121
\tkzDrawPoint: options
TikZ options, 121
color, 121
shape, 121
size, 121
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B), 246
\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C), 122
\tkzDrawPoints, 121, 122
\tkzDrawPoints: arguments
points list, 122
\tkzDrawPoints: options
color, 122
shape, 122
size, 122
\tkzDrawPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨liste⟩), 122
\tkzDrawPoint[⟨local options⟩](⟨name⟩), 121
\tkzDrawPolygon, 127
\tkzDrawPolygon: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3,...⟩), 127
\tkzDrawPolygon: options
Options TikZ, 127
\tkzDrawPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩), 127
\tkzDrawPolySeg, 128
\tkzDrawPolySeg: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3,...⟩), 128
\tkzDrawPolySeg: options
Options TikZ, 128
\tkzDrawPolySeg[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩), 128
\tkzDrawSector(O,A)(B), 138
\tkzDrawSector[R with nodes](O,2)(A,B), 138
\tkzDrawSector[R,color=teal](O,2)(30,90), 138
\tkzDrawSector[rotate,color=red](O,A)(90), 138
\tkzDrawSector, 138–140
\tkzDrawSector: options
R with nodes, 138

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 256

R, 138
rotate, 138
towards, 138
\tkzDrawSector[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩), 138
\tkzDrawSegment(s), 246
\tkzDrawSegment, 123, 124
\tkzDrawSegment: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 124
\tkzDrawSegment: options
TikZ options, 124
…, 124
dim, 124
\tkzDrawSegments, 126
\tkzDrawSegments[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩), 126
\tkzDrawSegment[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 124
\tkzDrawSemiCircle, 133
\tkzDrawSemiCircle: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 133
\tkzDrawSemiCircles, 133
\tkzDrawSemiCircles: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩), 133
\tkzDrawSemiCircles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B C,D …⟩), 133
\tkzDrawSemiCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,A⟩), 133
\tkzDuplicateLen, 178
\tkzDuplicateLength, 178
\tkzDuplicateSegment, 178, 179
\tkzDuplicateSegment: arguments
(pt1,pt2)(pt3,pt4){pt5}, 178
\tkzDuplicateSegment(⟨pt1,pt2⟩)(⟨pt3,pt4⟩){⟨pt5⟩}, 178
\tkzFillAngle, 144, 145, 201
\tkzFillAngle: options
size, 145
\tkzFillAngles, 145
\tkzFillAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc., 145
\tkzFillAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩), 145
\tkzFillCircle, 94, 140
\tkzFillCircle: options
R, 140
radius, 140
\tkzFillCircle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,B⟩), 140
\tkzFillPolygon, 143
\tkzFillPolygon: arguments
(⟨pt1,pt2,…⟩), 143
\tkzFillPolygon[⟨local options⟩](⟨points list⟩), 143
\tkzFillSector(O,A)(B), 144
\tkzFillSector[R with nodes](O,2)(A,B), 144
\tkzFillSector[R,color=blue](O,2)(30,90), 144
\tkzFillSector[rotate,color=red](O,A)(90), 144
\tkzFillSector, 139, 143, 144
\tkzFillSector: options
R with nodes, 144
R, 144
rotate, 144
towards, 144
\tkzFillSector[⟨local options⟩](⟨O,…⟩)(⟨…⟩), 144
\tkzFindAngle, 115
\tkzFindAngle: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 115

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 257

\tkzFindAngle(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 115
\tkzFindSlopeAngle, 117, 118
\tkzFindSlopeAngle: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 117
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(⟨A,B⟩), 117
\tkzGetAngle, 115–117
\tkzGetAngle: arguments
name of macro, 115
\tkzGetAngle(⟨name of macro⟩), 115
\tkzGetFirstPoint{A}, 246
\tkzGetFirstPoint{Jb}, 97
\tkzGetFirstPoint{M} , 38
\tkzGetFirstPoint, 38, 89
\tkzGetFirstPoint: arguments
ref1, 38
\tkzGetFirstPoint{⟨ref1⟩}, 38
\tkzGetLength{dAB}, 179, 180
\tkzGetLength, 39, 94, 179, 180
\tkzGetLength: arguments
name of a macro, 39
\tkzGetLength{⟨name of a macro⟩}, 39
\tkzGetPoint(A), 246
\tkzGetPoint{A}, 246
\tkzGetPoint{C}, 65
\tkzGetPoint{M} , 38
\tkzGetPoint{M}, 56
\tkzGetPoint, 20, 38–40, 50–52, 65, 70, 77, 91, 94, 95, 119
\tkzGetPoint: arguments
ref, 38
\tkzGetPointCoord, 181
\tkzGetPointCoord: arguments
(point){name of macro}, 181
\tkzGetPointCoord(⟨A⟩){⟨name of macro⟩}, 181
\tkzGetPoints{A}{B}, 246
\tkzGetPoints{M,N} , 38
\tkzGetPoints{O'}{M'}, 101
\tkzGetPoints{z1}{z2}, 100
\tkzGetPoints, 38, 70, 89–91, 94, 101
\tkzGetPoints: arguments
{ref1,ref2}, 38
\tkzGetPoints{⟨ref1⟩}{⟨ref2⟩}, 38
\tkzGetPoint{⟨ref⟩}, 38
\tkzGetRandPointOn, 118
\tkzGetResult, 182
\tkzGetSecondPoint{A}, 246
\tkzGetSecondPoint{M} , 39
\tkzGetSecondPoint{Tb}, 97
\tkzGetSecondPoint, 39, 89
\tkzGetSecondPoint: arguments
ref2, 39
\tkzGetSecondPoint{⟨ref2⟩}, 39
\tkzGetVectxy, 70
\tkzGetVectxy: arguments
(point){name of macro}, 70
\tkzGetVectxy(⟨A, B⟩){⟨text⟩}, 70
\tkzInit, 21, 26, 146, 147
\tkzInit: options
xmax, 147

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 258

xmin, 147
xstep, 147
ymax, 147
ymin, 147
ystep, 147
\tkzInit[⟨local options⟩], 147
\tkzInterCC, 38, 110
\tkzInterCC: options
N, 110
R, 110
common=pt, 110
with nodes, 110
\tkzInterCC[⟨options⟩](⟨O, A⟩)(⟨O′ , A′ ⟩) or (⟨O, r⟩)(⟨O′ , r′ ⟩) or (⟨O, A, B⟩) (⟨O′ , C, D⟩), 110
\tkzInterLC, 104
\tkzInterLC: options
N, 104
R, 104
common=pt, 104
near, 104
with nodes, 104
\tkzInterLC[⟨options⟩](⟨A, B⟩)(⟨O, C⟩) or (⟨O, r⟩) or (⟨O, C, D⟩), 104
\tkzInterLL, 104
\tkzInterLL(⟨A, B⟩)(⟨C, D⟩), 104
\tkzIsLinear, 186, 187
\tkzIsLinear: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 186
\tkzIsLinear(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 186
\tkzIsOrtho, 186, 187
\tkzIsOrtho: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 186
\tkzIsOrtho(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 186
\tkzLabelAngle, 168
\tkzLabelAngle: options
pos, 169
\tkzLabelAngles, 170
\tkzLabelAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc., 170
\tkzLabelAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩), 168
\tkzLabelArc(A,B){5}, 171
\tkzLabelArc, 171
\tkzLabelArc: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 171
label, 171
\tkzLabelArc: options
pos, 171
\tkzLabelArc[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩){⟨label⟩}, 171
\tkzLabelCircle, 94, 170
\tkzLabelCircle: options
tikz options, 170
\tkzLabelCircle[⟨tikz options⟩](⟨O,A⟩)(⟨angle⟩){⟨label⟩}, 170
\tkzLabelLine(A,B), 168
\tkzLabelLine, 168
\tkzLabelLine: arguments
label, 168
\tkzLabelLine: options
pos, 168
\tkzLabelLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩){⟨label⟩}, 168
\tkzLabelPoint(A){$A_1$}, 165
\tkzLabelPoint(A,B,C), 166

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 259

\tkzLabelPoint, 165
\tkzLabelPoint: arguments
point, 165
\tkzLabelPoint: options
TikZ options, 165
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C), 165
\tkzLabelPoints, 165, 166
\tkzLabelPoints: arguments
list of points, 165, 166
\tkzLabelPoints[⟨local options⟩](⟨A1 , A2 , ...⟩), 165, 166
\tkzLabelPoint[⟨local options⟩](⟨point⟩){⟨label⟩}, 165
\tkzLabelSegment(A,B){5}, 166
\tkzLabelSegment, 166
\tkzLabelSegment: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 166
label, 166
\tkzLabelSegment: options
pos, 166
\tkzLabelSegments, 168
\tkzLabelSegments[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩), 168
\tkzLabelSegment[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩){⟨label⟩}, 166
\tkzMarkAngle, 158, 159, 201, 246
\tkzMarkAngle: options
arc, 159
mark, 159
mkcolor, 159
mkpos, 159
mksize, 159
size, 159
\tkzMarkAngles, 159
\tkzMarkAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc., 159
\tkzMarkAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩), 159
\tkzMarkArc, 158
\tkzMarkArc: options
color, 158
mark, 158
pos, 158
size, 158
\tkzMarkArc[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 158
\tkzMarkRightAngle, 160
\tkzMarkRightAngle: options
german, 160
size, 160
\tkzMarkRightAngles, 162
\tkzMarkRightAngles[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩)(⟨A',O',B'⟩)etc., 162
\tkzMarkRightAngle[⟨local options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩), 160
\tkzMarkSegment, 157
\tkzMarkSegment: options
color, 157
mark, 157
pos, 157
size, 157
\tkzMarkSegments, 157
\tkzMarkSegments[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...⟩), 157
\tkzMarkSegment[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 157
\tkzPermute, 88
\tkzPermute: arguments
(pt1,pt2,pt3), 88

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 260

\tkzPermute(⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 88
\tkzPicAngle, 162
\tkzPicAngle: options
tikz option, 162
\tkzPicAngle[⟨tikz options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩), 162
\tkzPicRightAngle, 162
\tkzPicRightAngle: options
tikz option, 162
\tkzPicRightAngle[⟨tikz options⟩](⟨A,O,B⟩), 162
\tkzPowerCircle, 184
\tkzPowerCircle: arguments
(pt1)(pt2,pt3), 184
\tkzPowerCircle(⟨pt1⟩)(⟨pt2,pt3⟩), 184
\tkzProtractor, 177
\tkzProtractor: options
lw, 177
return, 177
scale, 177
\tkzProtractor[⟨local options⟩](⟨O, A⟩), 177
\tkzpttocm, 180
\tkzpttocm: arguments
(number){name of macro}, 180
\tkzpttocm(⟨number⟩){⟨name of macro⟩}, 180
\tkzSetUpArc, 193
\tkzSetUpArc: options
color, 193
line width, 193
style, 193
\tkzSetUpArc[⟨local options⟩], 193
\tkzSetUpColors, 189
\tkzSetUpCompass, 194
\tkzSetUpCompass: options
color, 194
delta, 194
line width, 194
style, 194
\tkzSetUpCompass[⟨local options⟩], 194
\tkzSetUpLabel, 194, 195
\tkzSetUpLine, 122, 191
\tkzSetUpLine: options
add, 191
color, 191
line width, 191
style, 191
\tkzSetUpLine[⟨local options⟩], 191
\tkzSetUpPoint, 189–191
\tkzSetUpPoint: options
color, 189
fill, 189
shape, 189
size, 189
\tkzSetUpPoint[⟨local options⟩], 189
\tkzSetUpStyle, 195
\tkzSetUpStyle[⟨local options⟩], 195
\tkzShowBB, 148
\tkzShowBB[⟨local options⟩], 148
\tkzShowLine, 174, 175, 194
\tkzShowLine: options

tkz-euclide AlterMundus
Index 261

K, 174
bisector, 174
gap, 174
length, 174
mediator, 174
orthogonal, 174
perpendicular, 174
ratio, 174
size, 174
\tkzShowLine[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 174
\tkzShowTransformation, 175, 176
\tkzShowTransformation: options
K, 176
gap, 176
length, 176
projection=onto pt1--pt2, 176
ratio, 176
reflection= over pt1--pt2, 176
size, 176
symmetry=center pt, 176
translation=from pt1 to pt2, 176
\tkzShowTransformation[⟨local options⟩](⟨pt1,pt2⟩) or (⟨pt1,pt2,pt3⟩), 175
\tkzSwapPoints, 182
\tkzSwapPoints: arguments
(pt1,pt2), 182
\tkzSwapPoints(⟨pt1,pt2⟩), 182
\tkzTestInterCC, 110
\tkzTestInterCC(⟨O, A⟩)(⟨O′ , B⟩), 110
\tkzTestInterLC, 104
\tkzTestInterLC(⟨O, A⟩)(⟨O′ , B⟩), 104

\useasboundingbox, 146

\Vx, 70
\Vy, 70

\xstep, 147

\ystep, 147

tkz-euclide AlterMundus