Korean e Beginning to Early Intermediate Pree ot * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2/ * Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points!Preface 4 Unit 3, Particles How to Use This Book 6 @ Noy 68 @ neve a @ neve 74 @ Introduction to the Korean Language @® Nowa, NCopat. Nett 76 1, Korean Sentence Structure. see @na 78 2, Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives... 18 © noo at 3. Connecting Sentences 16 @ nolo 83 4, Sentence Types at © Noiat e 5. Honorific Expressions. 20 © Nowa NRL, NEEL NZI 89 ® noire a1 @nc see @ ner rf ® neon a Getting Ready One 102 @ Oct (to be) 86 & nop @ @ 2c (to exisi/be, to have) 28 © nope. © Numbers cise One 110 @ Dates and Days of the Week. ar © naa. neo! 112 @ Tine 99 © ect a ® naict 1 116 Unit 1, Tenses @ Present Tense A/VA)LICH....42 unit 4., Listing and Contrast @ Present Tense A/V-01/012 45 Oana sail @ Past Tense A/v-2yst012 2 Ova 128 @® Future Tense V-(2)2 01RD... 52 @ av-aiet 405 @® Procressive Tense V-i QHD... 54 @ N42) /2HH ©... oT @® Past Perlect Tense A/V-RY/AROIL ps Unit 5. Time Expressions . DN BO, VR) BO ee BO Unit 2. Negative Expressions Ons, Wen 50 “a @ Word Negation 60 @v-2uw, Ae © 2B AV-O1/012 (A/V-31 BOHR)... 62 ® v-ot/0144 aa © = v-ol/o12 (vz Sse). 65 ON, v4e)= mt.@v2)84 c 146 Q@naves 148 @ van 181 @ N se. v- set 183 Ove). a 187 Unit 6, Ability and Possibility @ v-(9)= + eicyveict 160 @ ve seeysect 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition @ vagjag. 168 @ v-5| oe... 169 © AWV-ol/ojoF sic}atcy 7 @ av-oors sic 174 Banr- 178 ® AN-al Blots SIC} (et AAV-O}/oFs= SICH) 179 Unit 8, Expressions of Hope @ v-z Act. 122 @ AN-w/sioe! Bc 184 Unit 9, Reasons and Causes @ an-ovo1y 2 188 Baroy @ 191 © Nol, a/v-7 azo 198 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting @ v-of/o} FaI2, V-ol/o} FA WOIL? 198. @ V-O/o} BAI, v-ol/o} B72? 201 Unit LL. Trying New Things and Experiences @ v-oi/o} sac} 204 @ v-o)e Ao} gicyveict 207 Unit 12, Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions @ v-(2)27122 © 210 @ v-(2)e7127 @ 212 @ v-(opsalct. 214 ® v-(2)a\moi2? 217 @ v-(2)2427 © 219 Unit 13. Intentions and Plans @ ayv-xaoiz 0. 222 @ vHe)e42. 225 @ ve)2412 @ 228 unit 14, Background Information and Explanations @ We): seul @ 232 @ vee 236 Unit 15. Purpose and Intention @ vee aicyect 238 @ v(9)42 240 ® viejaim act 243 @® NS/S AHA), V-71 SBCA)... 245 @ v-7lz act. 248 Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions @ wn-2)a 252 @ vee. 255 @ AN-ov/o1e, 257Unit 17. Conjecture @ av-zeie ® @ Ane)e= i012 @ @ AW-2)27127 @ @W-2)-elleye 4 Ut Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech @ Bee (9). /-E/-(o)2 N @ w-7 Ox" © A-of/ojaict Unit 19. Expressions of State @ v-7 uc @ @ v-ov/o} zict ® A-ovoiric} @ v-7i sick Unit 20. Confirming Information @ av-(2)c/ex) @ v-= dl welc}/sct ® ayv-aie? Unit 2:L. Discovery and Surprise @ Av-ae/ez2 Oawv-uz Unit 22. Additional Endings @ Ateyrige, v-ug?. @ Ave) fede Unit 23, Quotations @® Direct Quotations @ Indirect Quotations 272 204 287 200 298 304 308 310 312 316 319 ® Indirect Quotation Contracted Forms 322 Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations © ‘— 374i (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘2 S774! (regular Conjugation) @ ‘v' S774 (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘c' 5774 (irregular Conjugation) @ 'B BFF (Irregular Conjugation)... @ ‘2" S774] (regular Conjugation)... 3 @ ‘+' S724] ((rregular Conjugation) Appendix © Good Things to Know ® Answer Key. ® Grammar Explanations in Korean, © Grammar Index.Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)” or “a subject + object + predicate (verb).” AS] 72. Ao] 22. subject + predicate subject + predicate Carol goes. Carol sleeps. ae] ABH ela. alae] =ABA AS el. subject + object + predicate subject ‘object + predicate Eric eats an apple. Eric reads a book in the library. Particles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the particle O| or Jt is used. After an | object, the particle @ or is used. And after an adverbial, the particle Of] or Off7il is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles) | oye] ABE elo2, alo] EAB AS gloia, ee sae sees eel) See While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and acverbials changes depending cn the intention of the speaker. Regardless of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these parts can still be identified because of the particle attached to it. 14Abe «aol Fela. aS EAM] feo] gels, object + eublect + object + adver «+ subject + verb) an apple Eric cats abook inthelibrary Bric reads In addition, when the subject can be clearly understood from the context, it can be omitted. A M9] 7] HR? Wat is Ete doing? B (2°) AHS Feolg, (He is) ating an appie. A oftjol] 71:22 Where do (you) 90? B Sil] 712, {9 90 to schoo! 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives ‘One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus Cf, This form is also called the ‘dictionary form.’ Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 7[Cf (to go), SC (to come), HEF (to eat), and QICt (to wear). ‘When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, Cf is replaced with ‘the appropriate form depending on the speaker's intention. @ Verbs AYU} (gorgoes) 7HCH + LIC} (present formal ending) | 7k tt eae FIAT C} (ao/goes) (referring to a superior/elder) | word stem wordeading | (C}) + —A|- (honorific) + —UsLIC} (present formal ending) (to go) Ee fee = in| AUF (went) KCI) + —t- (past tense) + —ELCt (present formal ending) Introduction to the Korean Language@ Adjectives ECgean Bt 1 word stem word ending (co be good) SUCH (s goo (CH) + SUCH (present formal ending) : EQLPUTT twas goow) ZC) +-Bt- (past tense) + SLC (present formal ending) SASUCH looms be good) B(Ch) + —- (guess) + SUC (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences There ara two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (e.9., 2 |D (and), B12 /B+ (but), “VEAE|| (so/therefore}), anc the other is by using conjunctive endings, (QD) And Conjunctive Adverb Connection Conjunctive Ending Connection (2) But spge] Bo]a, a]z F9]2, It's windy. And i's cold, ufo] Bal #918. It's windy and cols. Conjunctive Adveris Connection Aa SUG, Teale ResUC. Kimohi is spicy. But it tastes good, Conjunctive Ending Connection (3) So/Therefore Kimchi is spicy but tastes good. aa Balt teleuct. Conjunctive Adverb Connection Conjunctive Ending Connection $0] OA, “Ta Zo} Bo] vpahs, Is snowing. Therefore the traffic is bad. sce] 94 Zo} Bo] ven, I's snowing, so the trafic is bad.‘When connecting two sentences with @ conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences, () HiEto| BCH +a + SHS > HE] Ba a2. (2 Balt Ct + —AIBE + Stgloje > Balt Balt ogtoig, @) 0] Qc + OF + Zo] Bo] Hei > to] Shy Zo] Bol a2, 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main sentence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive. Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided into three main types: formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain. The formal polite style —(A) ei LIC is used most in formal or public situations, including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal polite style -O}/012 is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite style, the informal polite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal polite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declerative, interragative, imperative, and propositive), the informal polite style uses the same form for all four types, Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation, For this reason, the informal polite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the informal plain style —O}/0J, it is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members, It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Hare we examine the formal polite and informal polite styles only. (4) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) @ Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding (4) i L|C} to the word stem. + AE Bho] Zh, goto + AS eS Bact. Neat bread, Introduction to the Korean Language® Informal Polite Style Declarative informel polite sentences are made by adding —O[/04 to the word stem. + AS Salo] 7E2., | go to schoo + AS WS voje. leatbread. (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Interrogative formal polite sentences are made by adding —(A) 41 L|7)}? to the word stem. + Bao] Wy? Do you goto school? +S Suz? o you eat bread? ® Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/0{2? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). + Bro] 72? otras gaa etoar + WES wo}a? Deyo arora? (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-{2)M2) ® Formal Polite Style Imperative formal polite sentences are made by adding (2) A! A|.2 to the word stem. + Sao] Awe, Please write in your notetsook HS YoOAAl2, Please road the book 18® Informal Polite Style Imperative informal polite sentences can be made by adding —O}/01 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using —(2)Ai]@ in piace of —O}/ 0{ is considered a more polite expression, and therefore (2) M|S2. should be used. + Fao Aaa, Please write in your notebook. + ae Vora, Please red the book (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone else's suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-(2)«AIC}) @® Formal Polite Style Propositive formal polite sentences are made by adding (2) 44 AIC} to the word stem. -(2) AIC} can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to use this expression toward a superior or elder. + Lo ah, Let's meet at 11 o'clock. + FZ)OA] 4S A BALCH Let's eat tunch here, @® Informal Polite Style Propositive informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/O{, just like in the other sentence types described above. + 114Jo] the, Lot's meet at 11 o'slock. = Of7}Al AALS BJO], Let's eat tunch here. The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the veri» 7 ECF (to go). beeen el RSLS auc |. am ani | B47? TBP. Shall (we) go? 7HIA2. THAD, | Go! els. The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context, lane Mel Ce Deyo UN Interrogative Tics rr 7}R., — Let's go. Introduction to the Korean Language5. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speach in conversation according to age, farily relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy). (1) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one's family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, -—(2)Al is added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For ver stems ending in a vowel, —A| is added, and for those ending in a consonant, —2.A is added. (to go) Jk+ -Al + -BLIC} — 7HIUCE Jt + -AK + -A2 > TENS 7h + -Al- + -MOIe > 7MOAe JE + AE + 4{2)2 ioe — 7H OL G2ED (10 read) Sf + -OAR + -H Lic} — Yedeict Sp oA oe > Hous + -OAb + -R012 > HAAR + -SAF + (2)= Aol2 > Hos Aes + AAD AAA] SERS 7}2A]AILCH, Te teacher teaches Korean + Of ZIAAL Aol] 42-410]] 7}4101.2., My father went to Busan lst your (2) Honoring the Listener Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles. (See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)EOE AMA ZAHSILICH, ESM BAH. Et ote, (3) Other Honorifics (formal polite style) {informal polite style) {informal plain style) @ The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding —(2)A| to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific ant Base Form Honorific Form FIC (to sleep) FBRAICH BCH (to die) Soppict | ‘BOICt (to speak) SHSSiAIct Ge47ICt (to take) SA47 {CF FIC (to ear) SAICVSAC UC (ro exist) AIAICE | DHAICE (o drink) Alc SICt (0 have) sia | + of7]UAI4] Aol] ot AaB. + Ya Aidt glean? ® Some nouns have honorific counterparts. ‘Mother is not home right now. Do you have time tomorow? | Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form LO! (age) Aa Al (biedhday) Atal [steam ae ada: | perme | it (meal/food) ex O18 (name) ae ‘AE (person) = Of (wife) 1 atopy), aA) pale, i Balas ease? Grandpa, please have some dinner. How is your wife? Introduction to the Korean Languags® Honorific particles can be used after nouns indicating people, O/7ts AA B/E AE — oll7ii(Stell) > 7a + BAY] APA ASS BUCH, — Myyoungersibiing gives a present io a tiend aopiziay) aFola| ABS FAS, Grandpa gives a present to a irend. AS B71S Sora. LIke strauberies. BU] AAE B71S HOPSHA|A, Grandma kos strawberries. @ Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the suffix). Base Form Honorific Form | Base Form Honoritic Form 4844 (teaches) ati} ‘i (professor) ae} APS (president) AB SEAL (doctor) Mare) BAL (pastor) Site) BB (director) aed + AS ARS So] Woah. ‘Our compsny presicent is a generous person. + Shy, 71581 44 zRhUch, Pastor, thank you for your prayer. © Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form BIC (to speak) geeelch BE (to ask) ofsct AEC (ro give) Seict ESCH/BHLICE (ro meet) act Shall we speak with Dad? Please give this book to Grancipa.© The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status. LEA 1 Sa] 8] ow Bt SH Woras + AE AAS Solela, Iaeo heard that news. + Aa Ao] Ss Se] Oa. Please stop by ourhoues sometime. + BARI EBC E] Ao] QISUT} chit inave something to tol you (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics @ In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as 4! (you), L| (you), “1 (heshim), LL} (she/hey), and = (they/ them) “ASL A, O}A] SLA AE AS Visto]? ae AZ Kx) Rohoio, epyrt 2 Ay} A Aare aps BALA. Kx) SMa x) "Yoko, did you see Jacjun at work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was locking for Yoko (you), So Yoko (you) need to give Jaejun (him) a call* SA is a mutual title of address used mainly between husband and wife, and therefore it is not used to address anyone ther than one’s spouse. Similarly, LY is @ mutual title used only among close friends. + OLB, oF Alo] UGE ABHHOL A? o2 ce yu cat ms + YE 2s Fah]? \What ara you going ta do today? Introduction tothe Korean Language 2@® Special expressions such as YBt0| 0/87] =|? (What is your name?) and AA|7+ O}BAl S|A|2? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you don't know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status than you. + Hop z), PO] PBA] SAA? () sirietdery, may ask yourname? Bop, lee] Ak? (x) + APA SANT OBA EPIL? (0) Me President (of a company), may | esk your aga? Aped Uol7t # atole2? (x) ® In most cases, the word 4f is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker. A AAA), BOA] GA} OFA] EPA|2? carol, how old is your grandfather? B Sa] US cAoyaa, (0) He will be 75 years old this year Se] PEr}s op ya2, (x) @ The two honorific forms of SC} are EAC and ZAICh ‘When the giver is younger than the receiver, then £2JC} is used, but when the actor is older than the recipient of the action, 3=A|C} is used, + UE AES oj] E Bola, gees resent mon, + OPAL AA Ui] AES FALO1.A, om ones pecettome + LK: SMe] ABS FYOLA, ane aprsetto my ite terteCVaa litem ters lehy @ OICt (to be) @ Ct (to exist/be, to have) © Numbers @® Dates and Days of the Week @ Time> Seay? © HAA?) on What's this? o Slateluct. © Slate] 2.) Ws a chair, > ey ARM? © et ARCA?) Is she Korean? ul, Ss AR cy, (= SF Abe.) Yos, she's Korean. o > ole] ahy74? (= efrjaa?) wih ory asda, (= ereloha It's Korea, o Grammar Focus O|C} attaches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. O|C} is used to express. that the subject and predicate are the same thing. O|C} can also be used to specify something. The formal descriptive form is QJLIC}, and its interrogative form is Q{L|27+? The corresponding informal forms, Oj|S2/0[0j|S2, are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms, with the interrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: Oi|$27/0|01/2? When the preceding noun ends in @ vowel, Oil is used, and when the noun ends in a consonant, O[O/[® is used. The negative form of O|C} is OFLICH. (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) Informal Polite Style Formal Polite Style ern angie m ayrel | CWA anlar Aceon uct AMAtOlOllg. AUILICE : SsetLich. Hae. ABolol2. | UBIQILICR : SPBRILICE Acilel2, | SHHolol2. | O/HLIILICE + S}ueiLichIn Conversation A Seley? a 7HESICH, A pau i, Preach, TAL? AT a, FO] O}cjo]2? AZ]e12., o o > wo > Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using Olch. AAA 8 4), All ATR B mh ATE B ul, 7 4 a eral a AA ‘A What is this? B tsa bag, A Are you a student? 8 Yes, I'ma student ‘A Who is that? 8 That's my frend. ‘A Where is your hometown? B Seoul Getting Ready 277H7t VA $04 goa, © 77k 214} Sol euch.) ‘There's a dog on the chair. 2] Ao} Al Nola. = 3-2] Ao] Ale] Bsc.) ‘Our house is in Sinchon. Yt ASF ola, (44 aa} Ne) Ihave a boyfriend, Grammar Focus 1 QUCt expresses the existence or location of something and means ‘to be located ir/on’ in English. Although SiC is typically used in the form of ‘NO|/7I Niplace)OHl SICH’, the order of the subject and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: ‘N(place)Oll NO|/7} Q4C}.” The opposite of Q{Ct is BACH. When 'NOl] RICH expresses a place, the following location nouns can be used. of, Fl, A, OH & 2), & (SBR, 225), 7Scil, Atol, ot Ht 0g A @ Sat ofa (= AH) eae oae A on top of the desk under the desk in front of the desk behind the deskome @ ay Be Omg Bs beside the desk left of the desk right of the desk og rea) owe eu4 oon the desk inside the house outside the house as fe D AS Poll BEI B02. ‘The computer is on the desk. @ AHS Obl (= AAS Boll) 77+ WO. The shoes are under the desk. ® AAs Boll Sixt} Qloi2_ ‘The chair is in front of the desk. @ AS Fol] ASO] Blois. ‘The bookshelf is behind the desk. © AS Hol] S+51a2 SAW! LOS. The plant and coat hanger are beside the desk. © WS ARO Sst0| Qoj2. The plant is to the left of the desk. OAS SEKI VA0|7} Woi2. ‘The coat hanger is to the right of the desk. @ SHZ7} L2O] AtO|oll 24410] QI. The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger. @ Ma 7tSalall PBo] og. The teddy bear is on the desk. © F Sto Aor} Qloje ‘The dag is inside the house. ® B Soll DAO|7} Qoj2. ‘The cat is outside the house. 2 QJCtis also used in the form ‘NOI/7} QICF to express possession, meaning ‘to have’ in English The opposite of 2ICfis RACH (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation} Ue AH 7t Mork. Flo] Glo}. I have an older sister. don’t have 2 younger sibling AAA O18. AF OL. | heve a bicycle. | don't have a carIn Conversation A Ao} o}x]o] Qo? 1A Whereis the book? B PE ete Yo}a, 8 Hes inmy A 2ao] olcjo]] glo]2? ‘4 Where isthe bank? B thi ej] gloia, 2 It's next to the school. A REF AFI} Qo}a? ‘A Do you have any Korean friends? BU), Mt AP Vela, 8 Yes, Ihave Korean friends. A AREF YR? A Do you have a computer? BU), Wok, B Yes, Ihave one. Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the example. Hu] 41 & of] Won. @ Beale BB] a, 2 Ve 4 of Ale 7} Dora, @ #| AFH 7PFO] Vols. (a) 7PS 9] Ae] 218, © ALES] 7H of] Lore. (6) 1814 ¥I7} REF 2012, 30Sino-Korean Numbers, e oO 1 n o 5 a 6 gwalulalaflale|siale i =z|a W 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 jaa jom | ae fa | ee | ae ae) ge ze 1,000 | 10,000 | 100,000 1,000,000 # | ot | apt | wet Grammar Focus There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers, and the other is by using native Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as telephone numbers, bus route numbers, height, weight, address numbers, years, months, minutes, seconds, and prices. Se shovo-a703-3278) a SYS As Sfol] dole wget ou MeIOIE| as Ma! Bet 278 ere ojmtalal 2 Tee Jaleh gates iMG = wel aa al ONmaraiet Getting Ready 37<=> mae ® In Korean, large numbers are read based on units of ten thousand (2!) instead of thousands (4), ‘Thus, 354,790 is interpreted as 35,4970 and read as 358: 4970 (— APJOBE AEETAIA)). Similarly, 6,354,790 is interpreted as 635,4790 and read as 6352! 4790 (+ Seiaraloot Apa pwHalS)), | + 28354790 —» 2635/4790 ORS Se APSR @ Whena number larger than 1 begins with 1, the initial 1 (2) is not pronounced. +10; A (wo) 110: SA (BUILT) + 1,110: SIR (Blas) 711,110: BE ato (Qe IH 2) @ 16, 26, 36 ~- 96 are pronounced [4/5] [0145] [4455] .. FANE © Cis pronounced as either Z or @. When appearing in telephone numbers, 3 is used. + BO0E-8254 — Seeel[0l] BOLLAE + 010-783-0274 — BUS AEAI(ON] BolasAr © There are two ways to read telephone numbers, + 7604-3577 — GeBAlsIlol] AOA2! — SSRIMAy Sol[ol] aouratyal et * In this case 9| is pronounced [Oj], not [2[} In Conversation A AHBAlo] B Bo]o.e? A What loors the office on? B IFO, FS) 5 The 3th floor. A ABS} Hoa? ‘4 What's your phone number? B 019-8729-95094]|2., 2 Its 019-8720.9600, (SAF Bal SI [ell] HLS A BWHAS ea? ‘A What bus do you take? B 705 HAS EFA, (48 e) 8 [take bus number 705. A Ao] Supe]. 2? ‘8 How much is the book? B 25,000¢o]42, (Otte al) B I's 25,000 won.Write the following numbers in Korean as shown in the example. 4 WaPAS7} Hel.a? —_ : 8 2734-3698e]o]]2., BS apolola, @ a 4 Fulas}} geia? B UY), U1, 010-738—3509441.2., ( )al2.. QA SHAR AE TAkg)l2? & MAST (kg) }o9. ( aE (ke) 12. (a) A 7)7} 8 Ale] E}e|(m)].2? 8 17541E|a]E|(cm)e] 2, ( Yale} ]ENcm) 9], (a) A Ala}7} Sue)? B 62,0008) >12, ( eojea. Native Korean Numbers ESS ee ae ee 8) SES) ME A) eu)) cht | os ee || © | 50 | 60 wet pear) Me | oe | at | ole Getting ReadyGrammar Focus" Native Korean numbers are used to exoress time and units. They are generally used along with unit nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns include 2, Of2|, 7H, Af, 1, and Zh In these cases, the Korean numbers that precede these nouns are written in slighty different forms: StL} becomes St (S}44 St Si), & becomes | (7H F ael), 4 becomes Al] (AA] All ZH, 4 becomes Li] (Bet Ui] #), and AB becomes AP (Att AG 7H), ete. SHLt + 7H avi Al A+ a Che + 7H ots! 474 we + 7H OF +H OS + 7H e+ Stl + 7H SE + 7H AS 17H Agel 47 Age +74 stot = Hh ut chs OA a7 oF 7H | ong 2H | a7 et 74 27Unit Nouns | = | 4 1| #2 te toe | sa | ét2H te 2) OF ee soa | sa | sa | se | 3 Me a= Moe | wa MH 4s 4 4a we ul ola] 4a 7h wel s aia | awe | cata | awa | cam | cae | 6 OF OS | Oo | oA | OW | oe 7 @83 we geo! | ee daa | ws 8 ose | ose | ofc | ofl ost ay | OFS at 9) OFS Oe = Ons of Os B OS 7H os St | we ae @ ofe ee | aH es wes | gee | metorl ge gate 2 Ata age | apo | ape ABH oABY 2 a8 = ofa a 7H a8 In Conversation f A 7S°] B Bola? ‘A How many family members do you have? 8 22] ASS y] Bojopa, 1 Wo ae a family of four A Fo] A Arojoy.a? A How eld are your younger siblings? BES ABA Hola. 1B My younger brother is 23, anc my younger sister is 20. AF aol, A 47) ABH Al] 7H, Bet SEY ZEAL, A Please give me ("tl take/buy) these three apples and ‘one coke. BY), Be 2aSul eie)ic} 1B Okay, your total is 5,600 won. Getting Ready 5Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank. =) PPE olz7} m5 goa (1) AHF ele. (2) Be)s}219] eae ee @ 2\aet____ i, AB gol2, (4) Bey 7 pone ASS (5) 4] E go1k., Bo] So] Shots,20104 54 74 S2e \o9/ 201081 -} ' 2 (what Year?) 201014: O|MA) 1, 1998K4: SGMMHLAIE A, 1864: SALA ' G1? (What Month?) a | 2a sa aa | sa | ea 7a sa om | tom | na] 128 mee aa | | ce | ee | ae | ee | ee | Atal | seal] sore O48I? (What Day?) ra | aa | se | ae sa [ead | 7a | ea | oa | ton we | og | aw am | ow | ge) a | | J) we) ze | ae | We Hel feet) tae! | 1421 | teu | 16a 1721 | eyalel dlolel | slate! | dated | jos | wae deel Aste) ae | at os tee | 1921 | 203 | are | 22u | 23m | ae | 25a | } 2681 278) | 28@ | 29% | 30m | 3121 oe Ojaleiel | olasorel Or | Ole sated] o1No! | ay SEE ORE Oj Ate areal | ate 2 22? (what Day of the Week?) 2. oe. | ace wee | gga 329 429) 2a Bea =oqg ie a = Getting ReadIn Conversation * A 2250] 14ZJ0]oj]2.7 A What's today’s date? B 52 5a(OM Sahojoa, B It's May 5. A 230] FA Qelojo 2? ‘A What day of the week is today? B S}2.eolol].A, 8 It's Tuasday, A UA] SERVO a? ‘A When did you get meried? B 2001 |S Wail SE Rola, 8 We got married in 2001 © The Korean words for June and October are read and written as # and A|®, respectively, not 3H and 412 @ When asking ‘what year; 2 is used, and when asking ‘what month, 98 2! is used. However, when asking ‘what day, 0/21 is used in place of #2. + 230] BIO |OH2? (2<) — S50} Of8I0|O1L? (C) What is today’s cate? Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean. 2009,6.6.() : 2a 1987, 11.15,(@) : ag 2013,10.10,(8) + RAeal Mal 4) els Al ott AI YOO ost AL org Al ei Al aloe aAlae gz ee BAe & Grammar Focus In Korean, hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the particle Oll is attached to the end of the time noun. SHIP. MY 2a(AM)Although the literal meanings of 224 and 3 are ‘before noon’ and ‘after neon’, respectively, in Korean 2% Is typically used to mean the morning hours while 2: is used to mean the afternoon hours. Furthermore, time can also be subdivided into smaller units, including A! (daybreak), Of (morning), 4A! (noon, lunchtime), 7144 (evening), and ‘gf (night). In Conversation © K 12) a Ag B Ala? 1 What time ist row? B 24 Ob} A] 4] Holo|®, 210 A.M.) 8 tts 2:10in the morning. a ala B Ala? 1 What time ist row? BFA AS ala, B It's ten minutes to two. (= A) 24] Bo] o}.2.) (1:50) A B Ajo Bojuy.a? ‘A What time clo you wake up? B Ob’ eat 4)ol] ele t2, (7:00) B I-wake up at 7:00 in the morning. Look at the pictures and wirte the appropriate time in the blanks. ay (2) SADEA a) (5) m (8)Tenses @ Present Tense A/V—-(A) LIC} @ Present Tense A/V-01/2 © Past Tense A/V-2t/Yo2 © Future Tense V-(2)2 AGL © @ Progressive Tense V—Z2 Ct @ © Past Perfect Tense A/V-%/MMALahaa? Good evening. 94) AQ, ‘This is the 9 o'clock news, ap az deur? Do you have any questions? AAS Bal WZ? What's your opinion of this? 8 Saud, | think it's good. Grammar Focus ‘The present tense of the formal polite style in Korean is made by adding —(A)t4L|C}. It is used ‘mainly in formal or public situations such as in the military, news broadcasts, presentations, meetings. and lectures Were RS cna PR ose orks Reon oS ree) cue ac LICE — ZLIC} (Declarative) Pele R Cun sey HLM? — ZIL{7}? (Interrogative) ~HUCE — SUCH (Declarative) HUM? — BUI? (nterrogative) ar} 42eich oy BUS = BIBLE oxteat yee est sats foeay | SUD? — HEL? nterrogativey ee ech, SHIEH = BESLICE ecierative) tooy | aguante — etl? anerogaive Base Form Declarative Interrogative ich | uct aL? Ends in Vowel OMe} ouBUCE oes 7712 + Lich oict euct aun eee oct otic ont ini? "otc aiSuch BHSLIN ich Haut Suni? Ends in Consonant ict RSL ict “-RgLIN? a + -8Uct | sung ict | geuer auetin? ict gate aeini? * Irregular form: In Conversation > absnof ZU? 4, Boy) zh. oR egy}? ul, eeu. a 28a? 2 ul, See euch. o o> A Are you going to school? B Yes, 'm going to school. ‘4 Do you eat breakfast? 5 Yes, | eat breakfast. ‘A Do you exercise? B Yes, | exercise. 4.Tenses 43ogous Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. 1 1) A yum? A thin? 8 4, theics, 9 2eMue, erty “4 _(258icl) (i) y A meas B =] B74? o> > (etic) ©) yal? 2 ARS ez o >A yig0}.8.9 tisk) Does it taste good? Bul, Brglela. ‘Yes, it tastes good. A oftjel] 71:8? eraser B S}o] 742, I?m going to school. aveaia, a %, ove you, Carol Grammar Focus The informal polite style is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among family members, friends, ‘and other close acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal polite style are the same. The declarative form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the interrogative form is made by ending the sentence in a rising tone. OF is used when the word stem ends in ort. @—O}S is added when the word stem ends ina consonant. Bc + OM — Blof = Be} — WoHe, Act — sols Utes) @ If the word stem ends in the vowel |, one | is deleted. Jt +QR— 72 aK}—xie eh} ee Buc BUS @ If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contraction can also occur. 2+ OR — HS (Q+ bA2—- SL) Sep we 41. TensesBelch — gee SIC! +@he — sue @ If the word stem ends in the vowel +r, + and the 0} of 1S combine to form 14. BHC] + O1S2— BH ALS (HSE + 12 —> HHP) | BHC} — Seay, Wapsict — Male, oiefaict — ofetaie, Vic} — eae The verb O|Ct changes to Gils2/0|0112, with OllS2 used when the preceding word ends in a vowel and 0/0[IS2 used when the word ends in a consonant. @ When the noun ends in a vowel: SIAGIS (SIAF + O12) ABHOICE — ALBIOHL®, OfDILIOIE} — o101LJo1= @ When the noun ends in a consonant: S|AfHO|oi|2 (S/AtEI + O01|:2) AAMOICE —- Masoloa, AAWeOlct —- Malio loss 012 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than | or, @—O1& is added when the word stem ends in a consonant, A+ HQ —- AHR Ach Hole, gc} —- Bore @ If the word stem ends in the vowel H, 4, or 4, the 01 of -C12 is deleted, AUC — AILS, AIC = AIS, FACE = 71 AC} — AS, BAC — BES @ When the word stem ends in the vowel | , | and the Of of O12 combine toform 4. OAICH + O12 OFS (OHA + 12 — OFY2) FICICH — ICAL, SIOIZIC} — sols When the predicate ends in dICl, it is changed to ai{f2. (Originally, O12 was added to St to form StOIR, but S112 is now shortened to aH.) 46 Base Form -O@ | BaseForm -O1@ + BaseForm | a sick etoig, act oi, asia. ach woe | much =m | aisle Ich AR Adch AQ Seg ae ue Sct we wae | oct aa OW Oe) alate} | Sate aes Vowel Ending 2 | ZAI = oRig | FRoe Consonant Ending | -ojol2 | Stoloiz + AAOjo|2 —woloeIn Conversation ~ A Ale ¥] 2? ‘A What are you doing now? B 4a) a] 2, 8 I'm doing homework. A RA] AAS Foj2? ‘A What time do you eat lunch? BBS Lo] Ads Aoja, 8 I normally eat lunch at one o'clock. A WS AL Zo] Hoya? ‘A What is Minu’s job? B Av del2, 8 He's a teacher, <= iT ® In Korean, the present tense forms include not only the present tense but also the present | P ly the p P progressive tense and a future tense in which it is clear that a future event will occur. + Present — Ali CHEMO! CHILICY/CHAG, go tocolege. + Progressive A= Ala BSS SIUAH/aii2. am studyngnow. + Near Future — A= WG St0l| ZLICH/742, | wi go to school tomorrow. @ The present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly. | AFAS HR PIE SOIR, The Earth rotates around the sun. FAS O}8I0C} BE=I71 842 run every morning. rr 41. Tenses1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the exainole, A SIRIQ? 8 Li SIFICIA, (ora : i 2 B oc) (3) rm A : | ipe : (tad) a (any (anny 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks 2s shown in the example. | fo ewne g ; ou aeae A ¥ 2? B esac) ol (oHAIED aH yee BATE tue, AA a2?19814 38 Sele} HoRBeI A. a (The baby) was born on March 5, 1981. 200414 2Mo] Ts} SARA. | graduated from collage in February 2004. Ao] ATMA. We got married last year. ‘The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding —t/2% to their word stems. When ‘the word stem ends in the vowel f or -L, —2tO|@ is added, and when it ends in any other vowel, 1012 is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in SEC}, S01 is added to form SH+BAL, which Is then shortened to $0]. In the case of the formal polite style, -2t/WeSLIC and HSLICE are used. Neel sie aria se erotiatce He Word End: BIC + BOD —- BS C+ Bol oa —-«-BESIc} - BHRoIa BaseForm 2012 | BaseForm | 8012 | BaseForm | HCI ct oie | atc wig | aasich | stich Bitol@ akc woe | qsieicr | ich ego | eich esto esac | 4.Tenses 49ach aoe | a Avioie Belstct BelHoj2 atc gtoie ‘act Fee | ANISH «= Sniatol@ ‘sary guia RET} stoi? ISIC —_zistoio n Vowel Ending 012 ZAKIR Consonant Ending 012012 sHYoIgO1g ang VowelEncing —7hOHIROIS | ZPBAITH OF ARICA Consonant Ending 0] OIRO | atajo! of Igo1e ® Irregular form In Conversation A ofA) A oR? ‘A What did you do yesterday? BST, 8 I studied. A ENSo] BSS Bola? {A Did you see @ movie on Saturday? BU], Hola, aHalglgola. 8 Yos, saw amovie, twas interesting. A HoH A RUa? ‘A What cid you do over the weekend? Boe Sua, 8 | istened to musi. While the past tense of 2c} can be written either as #242 or HO, and the past tense of HCH can be ‘written either as 2012 or fko{s2, the past tense of Ct is written only as {O12 nat 23012. + 20} + 201k — Fei012 (0) How (0) + SC} + 9012 — welO}@ (c) MOI (0) +20 +—2ieie — Hole (0) Setoig (x)What did Carol do this week? Refer to the calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using 81/1012. a 7iee ehh teh eich ep Ape mck Obst} aul heh 712872: +124 82: (4) BS} go]] Ot 7+ ni Bh +12H 99: (melt __ . 3A} Zk, +122 10%: @ eS +128 112: @ +122) 124: (10) BSpS (11) S3}7} 1. Tenses& xq 2d $0] AHS At Alaa, Til buy a car two years from now. Fao HAS BT AMs, {il go fishing this weekend. eho] Sao] SAMA, Vil visit China during my vacation. Grammar Focus This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as ‘will’ or ‘is going to’ in English. It is formed by adding {2) = 7{0i|$2 to the stems of verbs. —@ 7{0I| is used when the verb stem ends in 2 ora vowel, and —& 70j|$ is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant. Verb Stem Ent n Vowel or 2 Verb Stem End: ere | Jick +—2 Ale —- 21 ole Dich + -B Oke — HS 7012 Base Form 2 AAS Base Form 3 702 sch | wre | aie ge 70g at | aie |e) HD etch | Bhat ole ach AS 10 arc | aseoie | “Ect s2702 “act amos “sect 8S 7012 osc | eo | "Ech se702 | Irregular formIn Conversation © A al see] Soy A] o]2? ‘A When will you return to your hometown? B Ue] So} aq]2. 8 I'lreturn next year A Zuo] ] BM oy.e? A What will you do over the weekend? 8 AAS S Zo2. B [ride my bike. was ‘The following calendar is from Wang Jing’s daily planner. What will Wang Jing do this week? Choose the appropriate word from below to ‘il in each blank using {2)= 7ici|2. 2 7h BRsbh ech} rh Ae} 2ae 54 4Aole]a, US 54 52) ‘o}eo|Wojoy. a. eA] ued ehivol] et 7} &, IS 4S RABE (1) . FADE A+Sea Ze] (2) . FAPES @) . Sao] MH} 21e ©} Qo] 2, TeHAl Aol] spar ATO AT (4) THUS Ae 4 BAYS, PES SU7)1S 5) AAD Layo] eS Os BADE AOA (ry 4. Tensesat that time, Grammar Focus Dane is listening to music now. We a7} Ale Aol 7D hoe, Minu is going home now. ola] a7} Fee] Aste] ASO} 2. Ay] WSel Ake AHL eho a, ‘Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Wesley was sleeping This pattern expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of ‘ing’ in English. It is formed by adding 72. QC to the stems of verbs. To express the continuation of an action that occurred sometime in the past, 21 UIC is used. ZC} + = SIC — 7h Ich R012 YC} + —22 QUSICE — FT QIQICF Base Form Base Form | ACH AHI YO atc | sich 22 Qoie, ete SILICt BHLID Qloi2 ect | em 3oig 7, 27 YoigIn Conversation A B49 Al, alt Alte] Zo] 7h2., |A Wang dling, let's go to the market together B uletsa, 2h QLO1R., Brom but Pm doing my homenor right now: A 9] oft AIS ot ¥Ig}0]9.9 | wy dict you answer the phone a while ago? B I was taking a shower A lB Olt] Abst 9)9].29 ‘A Where are you living now? B ALSO] AES) Qlo} 8 B I'm living in Seoul ‘To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form ~2U%012 is used, a om Histo? wat ois you do yesterday? B AGIA 412 stole. (x) — SILA ASHI (0) relaxed at home. osm Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks as shown in the example. a os ~ 8 HokS AT qog, (lobe alcty AALS Fy 2? ARS FR? vaseicy (azole Wiech) @) 1. TensesUlsFo] AoA, | have been to the U.S. (1 went to, and have already retumed trom, the U.S.) SHA ANWNL. | (have) lived in China, (1 don't ive in China now.) OMA} SSRRL, My father was overweight. (He's not overweight now) Grammar Focus. This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than when the speaker is describing it. It approximates to ‘did/had (in the past)’ in English. It is formed by adding —-2kQ012 to the stems of verbs and adjectives with stems ending in the vowel | or -L. Otherwise, MMOL is added. For verbs ending in SICH, 343101 is added. Petre at San otic) Nei Sunil ee a ee Cra Uae AIC} + -UMOHQ — AWAMOS | A+ + -MBRAL— AYBoig Best} —- SHRM Base Form R/S Base Form ~2/ AOR ait RRAL ac weg AI AGO1e AN | Reto eect HHEAROAL act BARA‘act ARMAS eel | RAMQOL gotct Bugs Bi7isict BITS ‘s SUuag OfRICt HBR ie, ‘2 A ene et mela? Ao soranciae B AE WIS WHA, B I smoked last year. But | don't smoke now. IBAE Age 2 wigla, A 2 vbe}o] Ago] glols, A The nobody he ssn hee day, 8 olga: Azo] eshslola, Tere wee many peopl thee nthe sure, A Fatol ¥] Bola? Wat i you de oer te wesken? B LU] BMEoq 73012. 8 | went to Lotte World, It was really interesting. Behe Expresses that something simply occurred Expresses a past occurrence that does not in the past or that an action or situation that continue to the present. ended in the past has remained that way. + GLI Ao stzoy| OLS. + GH AK Atel BioH| Bieiot2, (Dane may sil bein Korea. We don't know what (@ane came to Koraa and late lathe isnot in Korea happened ater he came to Korea. He may be In row) ‘some place othor than Korea) + GUS ABOIA TH Sot etoIOIS. + SHAS MOA] 111 wBtOHe. {ane previously lee in Seoul for one year, but aos (Dare hes been iving in Ss0u for one year bre does not ive in Seoul) He previously lived in Seoul for one yeer, but we don't know where ho lives now)qos What was Hayeong like 10 years ado? Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the exemple, B19 AS WBS WAGs, (as & ach (Ou / eat) 3 a8 ARS 3 Gri ae) (Oks #4 / Bint) a a ae : (chal?} ac) ate ae : (is 2 ach algae (alate ef eich) (104 i / BH) gWN (e¥exe a A=) Expressions @ Word Negation @ 2 A/V-Ol/012 (A/V—A| 240b2) @ £ V-0l/012 (V-A| RSQ)BS ATO] OHA, @ She is Korean, ats AHO] oh faye, ‘She is not Korean. =] 20], Ihave money. =] Hoja. | don't have any money. adage dora, ie oe asate gia, | don't know Korean. Negative sentences can be made either by negating the entire sentence or by negating a word. When making a negative sentence by negating a word, O|C is changed to OFLICt, 2{Cf is changed to SACf, and QIC} is changed to SCt. Of these, OIC is written in the form O|/7} OFLICE, but when used in the spoken form, 0/7 is often omitted. Reus URo RSIS ilu eeou CRN OPEILICH OL oll suet Boag BSc} ach SBuUct s2 O}LICE — OIC BIC} BICIn Conversation *- > 81g AIP} BPHOlo.A? pi ra rt OP], SPYO] OFLJOPM, AAP YO]O|M, @ No, he's nota student. He's a teacher Eoh}a, ao] ola} Abdel) o A 25 AIZF 10199 ‘Do you have some tims today? B OY, 23 AlZE GLO1@, UHM, —_& No, don't have any time today. 'm busy A eos worn? ‘8 Do you know Japanese? B oa, Behe, B No, I don't know Japanese Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. 1 A als} Alef} oi] 2.? 8 OR, ost A}efol oh 01Q Yat abgpolol.a, a At pea? B ofa, ah Ae . SBR, A AO} APE OAL? a ohla, a (3) A BAO] a 47} B01? Boa, Way A Aa] Aah. Bova, a= AVS) Aes ALS #7} C0}. 2. Negative Expressions 67AE SAIS e Bola, ( At 2AolS Ba hohe.) | don't eat squid. AEE ala, LFS amt] go}2.) ‘Those shoes aren't pretty. ‘o] Qf wo}.a., (= Yo] lz] gohe.) ‘The room is not spacious. This pattern is added to verbs and adjectives to negate an action or state. It approximates to ‘not’ in English. It is formed by adding Qt to the front of verbs and adjectives or —X| POL to the end of verb and adjective stems. Ot + JIC} — oF 7S Thr} + —X| QOH — 7ER| S02 Robt, et AL} +—%] Bole — AA! Bole Because verbs that end in SfC are comprised of ‘Noun + S}C}’, they are negated by adding 2 to the front of the verb, forming ‘Noun 2f S}Cf. Adjectives, on the other hand, are negated by adding Of to the front, as in “PF + Adjective’. Note, however, that for the verbs SOFSICt to like) and 2JOSECH (to dislike), because they are not verbs in the form of ‘Noun + SC}, but rather are indivisible, single veros, they are written as Qt BOfStC}/BOrStAl RACH and St MOSHC}/AOVSLA| SECt. 62e+ eisic} el hai asic} +A] gore — gets] etors Ot + RiaisiCh — Of Slat ZIaaic} + —K] oe — Zialsix| oie ot + Zojsict — e Sojaia/Eotsial gore (0) Sof ot si (x) _BaseFom OWI? | aI | a _ tele ELA] Stoke | act ot Boe rl Bors ech 0st «= |= atHBHZ| Glo Byatt Be ot aig. avin! oie at =6| Ss otcae=Stid| tC near 2 oie | xl gore * Irregular form Although 2f and —X| 2ICt can be used in declarative and interrogative sentences, they cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences. * S7HIAL (x), 7A) FAAS (x) = 72] HAA] 2 (0) Please don't go. + BALCH (x), BA) BALCH (x) >a] Bal (O) Let's not eat. In Conversation A Bal7|S Sopay2? ‘A Do you like Korean bulgogi? BOPR, AE W7/S et Bola, B No, | don't eat meat. A BAM] BAP] 7-22 ‘A Do you go to the office on Saturdays? B Ch) 2, Egeloj= 712] gopa, B No, on Saturdays, | don't go to work. A Zo] Bola? 2 Is your house far away? B Oh 12, et Bolg, 774-912, 8 No, its not far away. It's close. 2. Negative ExpressionsLook at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. A walo] ch 8? BOHR, GeO, / CHIR Borg, A 25 BSS ya? Boa, AHS SS a1R? 8 ofa, A Se] 212? B oH42, ‘ A ALS OFA} ABAL? Boa, 64AS PBS HAL, © A= FSs4] FAL.) | can't swim. 2et S25 os. G 232 $2 IA] FH.) | can't drink today. AS HHS ESAS, GAS LHS FE7] FAL.) | can't sing, This pattern expresses the subject's lack of ability to do something or the fact that something does not g0 according to one's wish or hope due to some external factor. It corresponds to the English ‘cannot’ and is formed by adding & in front of a verb or —Z] RSH to the end of a verb stem. ‘See also Unit 6. Ability and Possibility 01 V-(©)= + gict/gtcl) Rt 7h RIL JIC + —K] RBH — 7'X| Rel E+ QAsict — La] RaQ (0) R Velsis (x) Base Form 2 vg AI Be. eft REQ EI] RAID act Be gloie ax] Bia |xiaich ena ARTI] aH AACE zug "2 secn =| aise | Sieve tri nnn - wa 2. Negative Expressions G5In Conversation | A gaa}2? 8 ONS, 24 Zag, SAS gt Hgole, A HWS et Bola? ol7} ofS, aA) 8) alla, @ Combines with both verbs and adje + Shino} @t 7S (0) {don't goto school + RIDIZE SF oii. (2) The skit ie not prety @ Expresses not doing something regardless of ability or external conditions. + HE SUS 2 AIS. ldowt dive (ino how bt don wa to) + S58 28S at] gnie, | won't go shopping today ( simply dan feel ke going shopplng) oa ‘8 Do you drive? 8 No, Ian drive, | never lsamad how. ‘A Why aren't you eating? 8 My tocth hurt, so I can't eat. © Combines with verbs, but not normally with adjectives. + 8120) 712, (0) (heantgoto school + AlobL Solas. (x) @ Used when one is unable, or itis impossible, to do something + RE BES LHS. icant drive. (J would like to bo able to drive but can't due to: some external creumstance, such as aleginiury) nS ADE Hil RAH, | can’: go shopping todey. {lwantto go stopping but can't cue to some eterna eeumstanae, euch a8 a lek af money ore) Look at the sictures and fil in the blanks using 5 as shown in the example. A fst a) SS npn? BOH4R, Rog, / DIAL BOO, ‘a a a EF 49] Yel yp Eloy) 71.2.2 8 ofa, BHD, © ei?) _ Asa tEaeLA? Bop 2, Fag. @ A OA) BB} 30.27 Bea, = E7; AML.Particles @ Nol/7t @ng/e @nz/s ® N2/2}, N(olzt, Net @ nel @ Nol @ @ Nol @ ® NOWAt © NOW N7IZI, NEY NZI ® Noil7i/stel @NnN= @ net © Neto OengQe & NOL ® NON @ Ones © Naz, NZo] @ N&ct @ Notc}Al} Fork. ‘The weather is nice. Rs SEAT AMAL, Along time ago, there was a princess. Al7| AE #17} SEQ. ‘There's Jagjun coming (this way). Grammar Focus 1 0|/7f is added to the end of a subject to designate it as the subject of the sentence. For words ending a vowel, 7bis added, and for words ending in a consonant, O| is added. + BB ASS O18, oe! eats bread + solo} 4 wpa, The init is too expansive. 2. 0/7} also functions to particularly emphasize the preceding subject. ASTRAL SHS Haya7 Who's going to prepare the food? BES 7} 241g Syl Aa, Junho will prepare the food, (Meaning that Junho, not anybody else, will co it.) AYA OlN? Who hasn't arrivec? BAD It eo1g. ‘Yoko hasn't arivod.3 itis used to express new information in a sentence, that is, the introduction of a new topic. + oj gh x7} Algtols, “1 Wake ole] o] w slslela. Once upon a time, there lived a man, He had two sons. AZ| SA} 98. ‘Minu is coming this way. Noun Ending in Vowel + eres are ecu ulsed RII th AO] 7/7} AQ. | Sint ving, 01 2012. | BS7} SD SHah 2. Sl ala Ae, | In Conversation A 7} ole A.B? ‘A Which one is Jason? BA Ane] Alele Aai2. © That person (over there) is Jason A OT}7} ope? 14 Where does it hurt? 8 u7} ofa 8 My stomach hurts, A FEpo]7} BiQlo}2 ‘A Your tie looks nice. 8 aesuct. 8 Thank you. eet nT UU AZAR tT <> ‘When 7} is added to Lf, M4, and 71, they combine as follows: + U7} AEIEOLS. Pm Richard, Let ecole, (x) AE BAR. rico Fi} SPAR. (x) + 57} MACHOL? who wil clean up? SFT} BABIN? (>) Sa Particles 62qu 1 Some friends have gathered to have a party. What will each of the following people be doing? Look at the pictures and fil in the bianks using 01/71. ws PAWS Be 7a? 8 — 4S 42 a2 2) A “P7} Alo] BES 71]? B __ ASS Ws 72, QA B A 22D 7} She SMe Aaya? 8 ___ 88 erat aia. 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using Ol/7 (2) ape wy asia. Re STL ___ tele}. zhu} AM aoa,ehgspIX? A= Wolo]2, Hallo, 'm Dane, Be 77 AM, SVS It AA, My older brother is tall. My younger brother is short. BY We SSS DoHL, TBP She LAA, Budi is good at sports. Studying, however, is not his forte. Grammar Focus 1 S/F designates the topic, or the target of exposition, of a particular sentence or group of ‘sentences. Thus it means the same as ‘as for’ or ‘regarding’. For words ending in a vowel, = is added, and for words ending in a consonant, © is added. +S St ARETE, Pm Korean + PAE wi 204194 r}, Richard is 29 years old “AAAS BAIT, rma lawyer 2 /E is also used when referring to something mentioned earlier in a conversation or when talking about something already known by both sides in the conversation. In other words, 2/+= is used when expressing ‘old’ information. + AS UG AS AS UAEA, A5t AE eee} Zlo}a, il meet Yoko tomorrow. Yoko came from Japan, oe AO Rela. HS Be ove] A, | went to New York last year. New York was really beautiful + Nero} MIA} Askol a. 1 dzhe OPS] FY geo] a. (Once upon a time, there lived a man. He had two sons. 3, Parties3 2/5 is used when comparing or contrasting two things, and, in such cases, it can be attached not only to subjects but also the objects or other parts of the sentence. + WAS Bs} AHOL, TIA SEE Bs ATO A, Efic is American. Junho, however, is Korean. (eubject comparison) AS SHE Soha. TBA OFS Sos] Bors. \lika soccer However, I don't care for baseball {object contrast) + A goke 9] SOLA. SAI Aloe tro] 22] Betol a Snow fellin Seoul. In Pusen, however, snow did not fall (ovation contrast) AA} 10129 Do you have apples? BORA, we Bela. No, (but) we have peers. (alludes to the fact that while there are no apples, there are, however, pears) Noun Ending in Vowel + Noun Ending in Consonant + Atal, | HI0| MBE BO] YOR. | In Conversation A HEY Ao] Hola? 8 What de your parents do? BoA SA} Slo} o].2. B My father is a company employee. a)51 ofS AAO}, ‘And my mother is a teacher A EH7} YQ? A How's Tokyo? B EL Yo] Baa, B Tokyo is really crowded, A cha sta.) AS WICH, ‘A Hello. 'm Dane, B hss] 2? AE Meola, 8 Hello. I'm Carol. I'm American. Hs A}Zolof.a, ~ sWSL? y Al OLS EMA. 2) AE Attlee. @) A) SHE O| aA, (4) Seo]_ ol} Sea, AS 71°] 39 3 12, (5) OFA) SSAA, @) Ze ofH]] AAAS R, Msi lela. @ sd _ Set SotaA. ) 4|_ BSS Feb AS, 24] SSS Bol WA, ay 2324 +g__—-RaA, Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 2/=. (a) o] ARE BA Agia. saa SF wolsell4 sora, (3) a Azle. @AE4 Feclg, () Fo] BeIoH RAR, Bel ost Rela, 3. Particles8p BU] AT} BStS BQ. Budi watches a movie. oflz|7} ALES Blo], Dad reads the newspaper ASA} SS Sk, Yoko listens to music. Grammar Focus The object particle S/H is added to a noun to express that the noun is the object of the sentence. For nouns ending in a vowel, & is added, and for nouns ending in a consonant, & is added. Common verbs that require this object particle include YC} (to eat), OFAC (to drink), BOFS|CH (to like), ICH (to read), EAC} (to see), BELEE} (to mest), AEC} (to buy), 7HEAICH (to teach), HCH (to learn), and AAC} (to write). In colloquial speech, S/S is sometimes omitted. Noun Ending in Vowel + Noun Ending in Consonant + AML OA ge one | Sale ie Ae BR | a BLES Awe ete FEB AIG REND Le BAQ Ste sgIn Conversation ABS £52 Sota? A What kind of exercise do you like? Bas Shia, B [like soccer. A TRS MYR? A What do you study? Besos WAR. 8 | study Korean, A 23 1S Wa? ‘A Who will you maet today? B oa} 21S whe, 8 I'ilmest my girfriend, <“=_> — ——— © N+ Sict— Nath When 8/8 is omitted from verbs like SP Sth, +8 sic}, SBS sich, and Aas sch the form becomes shortened to a single one-word form: BUI}, +i}, SEaIct, and A2aisic}. However, for the verbs Bo}8kct and AlO4stcb, because SOF and Alo{— are not nouns, the forms #of8k-t and ‘lot6ic} are the one-word verb forms. © asia? ‘The question noun §9{ can be shortened to ‘204, which can be further shortened to #, ‘Thus, the question #8 342? can be shortened to # a#{2%, which can be further shortened to | 8H? This form is ofien used in conversation, | + FOL OR? — FE 82? — B 5197 — 9) 8497 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using @/S. wm; 2) Mad) 9 7 ISS a0? A Se] ESE a8? B ice Ben, Bt a, 8) » aa ar aeIA2 B AEE AZ} F] BL? B 3.Paticees 75= eas} B18 Soha, e | ke watermelons and strawberries. © AS B71 FES SOHAL.) like strawberries and watermelons, ofa] PPO WAS se} 2, Yesterday, | bought a bag and a hat. lal Bay HPS Ato.) Yesterday, | bought a hat and a bag. Wh 718}al Set PQ, 1" have & hamburger and coke, please. Grammar Focus eoaesee 1. These particles express the listing of various things or people and correspond to ‘and’ in English. 21/2} is used mainly in writing, presentations, and speeches while (0|)@} and Stl are used in everyday conversation. For nouns ending in a vowel, 2f or St is used, and for nouns ending in a consonant, Zfor O|2f is used. SEI is used regardiess of whether a final consonant is present. ‘O(K}S} ZHAO] QSLICH AZ a E21 Buch ‘AOS Ofte S]Afo| 72, SMe ME O|AR eS Sorta. BU7 [stat ULES Hog, RIAD LSHS 71012. | 2 These particles can also indicate the target with which the subject performs an action and correspond to ‘{together) with’ in English. When indicating such a relationship, Zf0| and &t7/| normally follow the particle. + Ue) 2i-t8pat Zo] YSKF BS Aq]2. | plan to see a movie (together) with my friend tomorrow.+ TESS Gay FBS ET AoLa, | want to go.on a trip together with my family + 9-2] AIG} Zo] A]A}87}.29 shall we have lunch (together) with the teacher? In Conversation -@ A DAO] +7} ASU? ‘A Who's in the classroom? 8B AMHs BgSo] Weauct. B The teacher and students (are in the classroom) A FE SAS Soha? 's What kind of food do you like? B YA AS Sopa, 8 | like naengmyeon and kimbab. << rer © When functioning as particles to list things, (0[}24 and 621 can be added to the final noun in thelist, but 2/2} cannot, + SINISE IIE AOS (o) + HIRIGIL 7IRHB Ate. (0) + MIIO! 7H A012. (0) | bough pants and « bag, ROY 70 AS, (0) + RA!T_7#4F8ET1 HR, (0) + RT HATE AE, (0) I buy clothes and a bag, @ Although &/7}, (0))2, and 82 can all be used similarly to list things, they cannot be mixed within the same sentence, + iE 71S HILHLfoia Boles AR Bo! (x) + Fie G7IS WILLIS Bat AS Borsa. (©) | like strawberries, benanas, tangerines, and persimmons. + AE 7/82 UL feta ei 2 Holst (0) + Fi S712! WILL! Bolt 2h Boise, (0) ‘Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 2/21 or (0))2t or 3}. . azsig goaiar Co A somaya aia? a= oat whe 718 Bora, sola, AHO WBS Ada? 8 yas Aa. Aye Aten? =JAS ASzI Aojo}a, @ © RE Ase} Aoloj a.) This is Wesley's book o}ee x] ajo} ALARA gh ch, ole Pr} a AAPYAUEL) ‘This is Bud's teacher. Al oe 2a cp, © AS] lee Bagl4cp.) ‘My name is Yoko. Gi ‘ammar Focus © expresses the possessive relationship of the first noun being the possessor of the second noun. It corresponds to the possessive ‘of of ‘(Noun)'s’, in English. When 2| is used in this possessive sense, it can be pronounced as either [21] or [O{[] although [0[|] is used most often. Furthermore, the particle 2} is often omitted in colloquial speech. In the case of pronouns representing people, such as Lf, A, and Ly, rather than being omitted, 2] combines with each to form LL] — LH, A2| — Ail, and L]2} — LL. in a sentence, 2] is placed between the possessor and the possession. ALES] ofDHLI (= 21A1S of0IL) ealol said (= 22] Mate) Lo} e-R/uy a 2] O18 /H1 OF yo} tye) 24 =I aIn Conversation A OAS PS] PALA? ‘A Whose umbrella is this? BAS 42] 24g}, 8 It's Jaejun's umbrella, ARS Pa] 2? ‘A Who is this person? B Ale Ao] oyeiya2, 8 (She's) Jason's mother, A o}5°] He2? A What's your name? B Al OES olulPoja, 8 My name is Lee Min. <> ‘When referring to a group with which one is associated (home, family, company, country, or school), it is common to use the pronouns $2/48} in place of L}. Also, 22! is used in place of | and tH when referring to one’ family members. However, in the case of S44, 1 S4 and M1 S4Y are used more often than $2] S49 (our younger brother/sister). nN , + Ut Bl (my house) 224 £1 nyfour house) + UF JE any tami) + 221 71% imyleurtemiy +) S1At (my company) $22] BIA (nyour company) + 8) U2 (my county) BaILIBE (my/our country) + | BID (my schoo + $21 8131 (myfour schoo) + Uf OFDHLI (my mote) + $22] OLD (ayfourmoti) +R) OFT ny fethen $2] 018141 (nyfour tate) 1+ SLI (ry older sist = 22] AL ery/our oder ston | EEBH/OIUH (my husbanc/wite) — —> 22] EHB/OLLI (ny husbancuie) + Xi SL/OFS (my daughter/sor) = $2] G/OHE (myfour daughter/s0n) “x4 -S 4 (my younger brother/sister) ‘When showing respect to the listener, 748i, the humble from of $l, is used. Examples include x8] 0404 U and 218] O}34X|, However, when referring to one’s country, only 22|L42 is used, nat 718] U2}. rar reememionnenrsnrrnttmnneeenmnn nar 3. ParticlesA ORS ES] 7pHOLSI.L? 8 ZpyeTAIL, @) A TRS HF9) Aizhe]9.07 8 aitel2, (30) )) A) PRES Soa}? B (2 ae, se) A OWLS SALA? (221, ojoiu))77} Stal oh. My friend is coming to Korea, Ho] ype} cps, My little brother goes to school. the dol] Teo] SoVLR. | go back to my hometown next month, Grammar Focus 1 fl is used mainly with the verbs EC (to go), SCH (to come), CHLICH (to attend/commute), & OPEC (to return), S2APSHC} (to arrive), BSAE7HCH (to go up), and LHA{7}CH (to go down), It expresses the direction in which a particular behavior proceeds. It corresponds to ‘to’ in English. He SIAjOH ZR 2] Hol] 2 ‘aslo CHS 2 Ofis also used with QICf and SiC} to express the location of a person or thing. It corresponds to ‘in’ or ‘on’ in English. (See also Getting Ready 02 IC} (to be)) + 2a} Fo} Bo}A/7I lola. ‘The dog Is on the sofa, «21a Aol oleh So] Yoia. Right now my mother and litle brother/sister are in the house. 3.Paticies 8In Conversation A Ojo] 7-29 ‘A Where are you going? B HS}ael] 712, 8 I'm going to the depariment store. A 251 A7} ANS) ahEJol] 9ka9 isticeen taint Sameer: B OM}e, ok oka, 18 No, sho ian't coming A 235 QF} Faye? ‘As Vihat will you do this ateroon’? BAA 72, B I'm going to the bookstore. Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using oj. A Ale a7} olde] 722 8B ALS AT Aas SURIL? Bu], SAMIR, 2-5 A Alt SAYO| ofelol Qlej a? B a Aa oe}o} e127 8 82