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CHEMISTRY Lesson 7 Amines and Amides

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11 views

CHEMISTRY Lesson 7 Amines and Amides

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a.langcay.554000
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AMINES & AMIDES Physical Properties of Amines:

Amines:  Lower aliphatic amines: Gaseous in nature


with a fishy smell.
 Definition: Amines are organic derivatives of  Primary amines with 3-4 carbon atoms:
ammonia (NH₃), where one or more hydrogen Liquid at room temperature.
atoms are replaced by organic radicals (R).  Higher amines: Solid at room temperature.
The nitrogen atom in amines contains a lone  Aromatic Amines: Examples like Aniline are
pair of electrons, making amines both basic colorless but can become colored when
and nucleophilic. exposed to air due to oxidation.
 Solubility:
Classification of Amines: o Lower amines are soluble in water due
to hydrogen bonding.
1. Primary (1°) Amines: Have one organic o As the size of the alkyl group
group (R) bonded to nitrogen. increases, solubility decreases.
2. Secondary (2°) Amines: Have two organic o Amines are also soluble in organic
groups bonded to nitrogen. solvents like alcohol, benzene, and
3. Tertiary (3°) Amines: Have three organic ether.
groups bonded to nitrogen.  Boiling Points:
o Primary amines have the highest
Nomenclature of Amines: boiling points due to the presence of
two hydrogen atoms available for
 Common Names: Some simple amines have hydrogen bonding.
common names. Examples include Aniline o Secondary amines have lower boiling
(C₆H₅NH₂) and Toluidine. points.
 Primary Amines: Named as either o Tertiary amines lack hydrogen atoms
alkylamines or alkanamines. Example:
for intermolecular hydrogen bonding,
Methylamine (CH₃NH₂).
resulting in the lowest boiling points
 Symmetrical Secondary and Tertiary
among the three types.
Amines: Named using prefixes "di-" or "tri-"
to indicate the number of identical substituents
(e.g., Dimethylamine (CH₃NHCH₃)).
 Unsymmetrical Amines: The largest chain is
Chemical Reactions of Amines:
used as the base chain, and other groups
attached to the nitrogen are named as N-
1. Basicity: Amines act as bases, reacting with
substituents (e.g., N-methyl-2-propanamine).
acids to form salts (e.g., Amine + HCl →
Amine Hydrochloride).
Isomerism of Amines:
2. Acylation: Primary and secondary amines
react with acid chlorides, anhydrides, or esters
 Amines exhibit constitutional isomerism,
in nucleophilic substitution reactions to form
where the position of the nitrogen atom or the
amides.
nature of the attached groups can vary to form
o Example: RNH₂ + Acyl chloride →
isomers.
Amide.
3. Conversion to Amides: Amines react with
organic acids or acyl chlorides to form amides.
This process involves nucleophilic attack by
the amine on the carbonyl group of the acid or
acid derivative.
Amides: Chemical Reactions of Amides:

 Definition: Amides are organic compounds 1. Hydrolysis: Amides can undergo hydrolysis in
derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the acidic or basic conditions to form carboxylic
hydroxyl group (-OH) with an amino group (- acids.
NH₂). The general structure is R(C=O)NR'R", o Example: RCONH₂ + H₂O →
where R, R', and R'' represent hydrocarbons or RCOOH + NH₃ (in acidic conditions).
hydrogen atoms. 2. Reduction: Amides can be reduced by
lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄) to yield
Classification of Amides: primary amines.
3. Reaction with Alcohol: Amides react with
1. Primary (1°) Amides: The nitrogen atom is alcohol in the presence of strong acids to form
attached to one carbon group and two esters. This process is similar to hydrolysis but
hydrogen atoms. requires heat.
2. Secondary (2°) Amides: The nitrogen atom is
attached to two carbon groups and one
hydrogen atom.
3. Tertiary (3°) Amides: The nitrogen atom is Quiz Section:
attached to three carbon groups with no
hydrogen atoms. 1. What is the common name for HCONH₂?
o A. Methanamide
o B. Formamide (Correct)
o C. Ethanamide
Nomenclature of Amides: o D. Acetamide
2. What type of amide is N,N-disubstituted?
 IUPAC Naming: Amides are named by o A. N,N-Unsubstituted Amide
replacing the "-ic" or "-oic acid" suffix of o B. N,N-Unsubstituted Amine
carboxylic acids with "-amide."
o C. N,N-Disubstituted Amide (Correct)
o Example: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
o D. N,N-Disubstituted Amine
becomes Acetamide (CH₃CONH₂).
3. Identify the structure: CH₃CH₂CHNH₂.
 Common Names: Some amides retain
o A. Isopropylamine (Correct)
common names such as:
o B. Isopropylamide
o Formamide (HCONH₂).
o C. Iso-propylamide
o Acetamide (CH₃CONH₂).
o D. Isoprophylamine
4. What degree is this structure: R₂NH?
o A. Primary
o B. Secondary (Correct)
Physical Properties of Amides:
o C. Tertiary
 Melting Points: Amides generally have higher o D. Quaternary
melting points than their parent carboxylic 5. Amines may be regarded as organic
acids because of increased possibilities for derivatives of ammonia.
hydrogen bonding. o A. False
 Water Solubility: Smaller amides are soluble o B. Maybe
in water due to their ability to hydrogen bond o C. True (Correct)
with water molecules. Larger amides have o D. Perfect
decreased solubility.
 Boiling Points: Amides with two hydrogen
atoms bonded to nitrogen have higher boiling
points. As the number of alkyl groups attached
to nitrogen increases, the boiling and melting
points decrease due to reduced hydrogen
bonding.

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