Pyhton Basics

Variables
Data Types
Casting
I/O in Python
Python Operators
Flow Control
Functions
Object & Class

1. Variables
In [5]:
# Identation

In [6]: x

Out [6]: ' \nhello from \nnultiple line\n'

In [7]:
# ** Comments in Python **
# For multiple comments
"""
this not a comment
But you can use it as so
This is a string but not assigned to a variable so python will ignore it
"""

Out [7]: ' \nthis not a comment \nBut you can use it as so \nThis is a string but not assigned to a variable so python
will ignore it \n'

In [12]:
# Define a variable and assign x a value
x = 1.2 # Dynamically typed
type(x)

Out [12]: float

Dynamically typed can infer type from values

2. Types in Python :
Text Type: str
Numeric Types: int, float
Boolean Type: bool
Sequence Types: list, tuple
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set

In [14]:
# Sequence types :
# List : Allow duplicates, changeable, ordered, []
languages = ["Swift", "Java", "Python"]
print("Lang 1 : ",languages[0])

# Tuple : Allow duplicates, Not changeable, Ordered, ()

product = ('Xbox', 500,11)
 print("Product : ",product[0],product[1])

# Dict : Key , value pairs {NO duplicates, changeable, indexed, Unordered }

capital_city = {'Nepal': 'Kathmandu', 'Italy': 'Rome', 'England': 'London'}
print('Capital City of England : ',capital_city['England'])

# Set : unique values { No duplicates, Not changeable but can add values, Unordered }
f = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "cherry"}
print("set values : ",f)
# ** You cannot access items in a set by referring to an index or a key. **

Lang 1 : Swift
Product : Xbox 500
Capital City of England : London
set values : {'banana', 'cherry', 'apple'}

In [16]:
# Changing the Value of a Variable in Python
x = 5

In [17]:
x = "Ahmed"
x

Out [17]: 'Ahmed'

In [18]:
# assigning multiple values to multiple variables
x,y,z = 10,20,30
print(" x : " , x , "\n y : " , y , "\n z : " , z)

x : 10
y : 20
z : 30

In [19]:
# assigning same value to multiple variables
x = y = z = 10
print(" x : " , x , "\n y : " , y , "\n z : " , z)

x : 10
y : 10
z : 10

Processing Iterables : [Access, Add, Remove, Change, Loop]

List

In [26]:
#1 Access
l = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("Our main List : ",l)
print("Access First element : ", l[0])

Our main List : ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

Access First element : apple

In [28]:

#2 Add
# At end
 l.append("orange")
print("List after adding : ", l)

List after adding : ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange', 'orange']

In [30]:

# At certain position
l.insert(2, "grape")
print("List after adding grape after banana: ", l)

List after adding grape after banana: ['apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'grape', 'cherry', 'orange', 'orange']

In [32]:

#3 Change
l[0] = "Kiwi"
print("List after changing apple to kiwi: ", l)

List after changing apple to kiwi: ['Kiwi', 'banana', 'grape', 'grape', 'cherry', 'orange', 'orange']

In [35]:

#4 Delete certain value

l.remove("Kiwi")
print("List after removing certain value : ", l)

List after removing certain value : ['grape', 'grape', 'cherry', 'orange', 'orange']

In [ ]:

In [ ]:

In [36]:

# or remove whatever last element

p = l.pop()
print("popped element : ",p," | List after removing last element : ", l)

popped element : orange | List after removing last element : ['grape', 'grape', 'cherry', 'orange']

In [37]:
# or remove at certain position
l.pop(0)
print("List after removing first element : ", l)

List after removing first element : ['grape', 'cherry', 'orange']

💥 Assignment : Repeat the previous cell code on Tuple , Dict and Set .
operations : Access,Add, Change, Remove and loop for Tuple , Dict and Set.

3. Casting (Type Conversion )

Implicit Conversion : automatic type conversion
Explicit Conversion : manual type conversion

In [40]:
integer_number = 123
float_number = 1.23

print("Data int number:",type(integer_number))

 print("Data float number:",type(float_number))
new_number = integer_number + float_number

# display new value and resulting data type

print("Value:",new_number)
print("\nResulting Data Type:",type(new_number))

Data int number: <class 'int'>

Data float number: <class 'float'>
Value: 124.23

Resulting Data Type: <class 'float'>

In [47]:
# explicit
z = '100'
z

Out [47]: '100'

In [49]:
z = bool(False)
type(z)

Out [49]: bool

In [46]:
z

Out [46]: 100

4. I/O in python (Get User Input)

Output with Print : syntax of the print function accepts 5 parameters

object - value(s) to be printed

sep (optional) - allows us to separate multiple objects inside print().
end (optional) - allows us to add add specific values like new line,tab
file (optional) - where the values are printed. It's default value is sys.stdout (screen)
flush (optional) - boolean specifying if the output is flushed or buffered. Default: False

In [50]:
print('Python is powerful')

# 1
print('Good Morning!', end= ' ')
print('It is rainy today')

# 2
print('New Year', 2023, 'See you soon!',1, sep= '.')

# 3

Python is powerful
Good Morning! It is rainy today
New Year.2023.See you soon!.1

In [53]:
# Printing strings
# 1. Concatenated strings +
print('Python is ' + 'awesome.')
print("python" + str(1) + "awesome")

# 2. Concatenate using ,
print('Python is ' , 'awesome.')
 # used in case of mixing values
print('Python ',3,500 , ' is awesome.')

# 3. OOutput formating
x = 5
y = 10

print('The value of x is {} and y is {}'.format(x,y))

Python is awesome.
python1awesome
Python is awesome.
Python 3 500 is awesome.
The value of x is 5 and y is 10

Intput

In [55]:
# Get Input
x = input("Enter a value")

Enter a value 5

In [56]:
x # But it's a string !

Out [56]: '5'

In [61]: y = int(input("Enter number"))

Enter number 10

In [62]:
type(y)

Out [62]: int

5. Python Operators
Arithmetic operators : + - / // % *
Assignment Operators : = += -= = /= //= %= *=
Comparison Operators : > , < , != , >= , <=
Logical Operators : and , or , not
Special Operators : Identity operators (is) and memership operators (in)

In [134]:
# Arithmetic operators
a = 4
b = 2

# addition
print ('Sum: ', a + b)

# subtraction
print ('Subtraction: ', a - b)

# multiplication
print ('Multiplication: ', a * b)

# division
print ('Division: ', a / b)
 # floor division
print ('Floor Division: ', a // b)

# modulo
print ('Modulo: ', a % b)

# a to the power b
print ('Power: ', a ** b)

Sum: 6
Subtraction: 2
Multiplication: 8
Division: 2.0
Floor Division: 2
Modulo: 0
Power: 16

In [63]:
# Assignment operators
# assign 5 to x
x = 5
x

Out [63]: 5

In [69]: # assign the sum of x and y to x

x = 1
y = 2

x /= y # x = x + y

print(x)

0.5

In [137]:
# Comparison Operator

a = 5

b = 2

# equal to operator
print('a == b =', a == b)

# not equal to operator

print('a != b =', a != b)

# greater than operator

print('a > b =', a > b)

# less than operator

print('a < b =', a < b)

# greater than or equal to operator

print('a >= b =', a >= b)

# less than or equal to operator

print('a <= b =', a <= b)
 a == b = False
a != b = True
a > b = True
a < b = False
a >= b = True
a <= b = False

In [138]:
# Logical Operator
a = 5
b = 6
print("result : ", (a > 2) and (b >= 6)) # True

# logical AND
print(True and True) # True
print(True and False) # False

# logical OR
print(True or False) # True

# logical NOT
print(not True) # False

result : True
True
False
True
False

In [144]: # Identity operators : is , is not

x1 = 5
y1 = 5
x2 = 'Hello'
y2 = 'Hello'
x3 = [1,2,3]
y3 = [1,2,3]

print(x1 is y1) # prints True

print(x1 is not y1) # prints False

print(x2 is y2) # prints True

print(x3 is y3) # prints False

True
False
True
False

In [74]:
# Membership Operators
x = 'Hello world'
y = {1:'a', 2:'b'}

# check if 'H' is present in x string

print('Hello' in x) # prints True

True

In [158]:
# check if 'hello' is present in x string
print('hello' not in x) # prints True
 True

In [76]:
# check if '1' key is present in y
print(4 in y) # prints True

False

In [165]: # check if 'a' key is present in y

print('a' in y) # prints False

False

6. Python Flow Control

Python if...else : run a block code only when a certain condition is met.
Python for Loop : repeat a block of code.
Python while Loop : Looping
Python break and continue :Stop or continue flow

1. IF ELSE

In [83]:
# Ex : Positive or negative no
num = int(input("Enter a number : "))

Enter a number : -2

In [81]:
num

Out [81]: 0

In [84]:
if num == 0 :
print("Zero Value.")
elif num > 0 :
print("Number is Positive.")
else:
print("Number is Negative.")

Number is Negative.

In [219]:
# Nested If
# Find max of 3 values entered by user
num1 = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter the second number: "))
num3 = int(input("Enter the third number: "))

if num1 > num2:

if num1 > num3:
print(num1, "is the maximum number")
else:
print(num3, "is the maximum number")
else:
if num2 > num3:
print(num2, "is the maximum number")
else:
print(num3, "is the maximum number")
 Enter the first number: 20
Enter the second number: 10
Enter the third number: 30

30 is the maximum number

1. For Loop

In [85]:
# What if we need to print 100 line , rewrite ❌ , use loop ✔
# Example 1
languages = ['Swift', 'Python', 'Go', 'JavaScript']

# run a loop for each item of the list

for language in languages:
print(language)

Swift
Python
Go
JavaScript

In [87]: # Example 2
langs = ['Swift', 'Python', 'Go', 'JavaScript']

# run a loop for each item of the list

for i in range( len(langs) ):
print( langs[i] )

Swift
Python
Go
JavaScript

In [88]:
len(langs)

Out [88]: 4

In [89]:
# Example 3 loop over a string chars
for x in 'Python':
print(x)

P
y
t
h
o
n

In [90]:
# Example 4 : If we do not intend to use items of a sequence within the loop, we can write
languages = ['Swift', 'Python', 'Go','1']

for _ in languages:
print('Hi')

Hi
Hi
Hi
Hi

Python for loop with else

In [91]:
digits = [0, 1, 2]

for i in digits:
 print(i)
else:
print("No items left.")

0
1
2
No items left.

1. While Loop : ex in case we don't know the number of Iterations

In [92]:
# Example 1 : Find sum as long as user enters values or stop on 'exit'
sum = 0
while True:
user_input = input("Enter Number (or 'exit' to stop): ")

if user_input == 'exit' and not(user_input.isnumeric()):

break
if(user_input.isnumeric()):
sum += int(user_input)
print("Sum = ", sum)

Enter Number (or 'exit' to stop): 10

Sum = 10

Enter Number (or 'exit' to stop): 20

Sum = 30

Enter Number (or 'exit' to stop): 20

Sum = 50
Enter Number (or 'exit' to stop): abx
Enter Number (or 'exit' to stop): exit

4. Break and continue

Break : terminate the loop immediately when it is encountered.

Continue : used to skip the current iteration of the loop and the control flow of the program goes to the next iteration

In [96]:
# Example 1 : loop until 5 only
for i in range(10):
if i == 7:
continue # when the loop reaches i=5 it stops
print(i)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9

In [97]:
# Example 2 : Print only even numbers
# In this case we don't need to stop the whole loop
# we just want to skip odd numbers

for i in range(10):
if i % 2 != 0:
continue # when the loop reaches i=5 it stops
print(i)
 0
2
4
6
8

7. Python Functions
Create a function
Call a function
Add Parsmeters (Actual values provided is Arguments. )
Keyword Arguments
Arbitrary Arguments, *args
Arbitrary Keyword Arguments, **kwargs
Default Parameter Value
Passing a List as an Argument
Return Values
Pass Statment (you can pass args or function body)

In [99]:
#1 How to create a function
def print_person():
pass

In [104]:
# How to create a function
def print_person():
print("Hello from func")

In [105]: #2 Call a function

print_person()

Hello from func

In [106]:
#3 Add Parmeters
def print_person(name):
print("Hello ,",name)

In [108]: print_person("Ahmed")

Hello , Ahmed

In [109]:
#4 Keyword Arguments
def print_person(name,age):
print("Hello ,",name, "your age is ", age)

In [110]:
print_person("Amany",age=25)

Hello , Amany your age is 25

In [111]:
#5 Default Parameter Value
def print_person(name, age=20):
print("Hello ,", name, "your age is ", age)

In [112]:
print_person("Amany")

Hello , Amany your age is 20

In [113]:
#6 Arbitrary Arguments (*Args)
def print_person(name, age, *hobbies):
print("Hello :", name)
print("Your Age:", age)
print("Your hobbies : ")
for hobby in hobbies:
print(hobby)

In [116]:
print_person("Amany",26 , "Swimming","Drawing","Running")
# You can't add a positional keyword arg followed by arbitary values

Hello : Amany
Your Age: 26
Your hobbies :
Swimming
Drawing
Running

In [117]:
#7 Arbitrary Keyword Arguments, **kwargs {entered as dict}
def print_person(name, age, *hobbies, **other_info):
print("Hello :", name)
print("Your Age:", age)
print("Your hobbies : ")
for hobby in hobbies:
print(hobby)
if other_info:
print("Other Info:")
for key, value in other_info.items():
print("- {}: {}".format(key, value))

In [118]: print_person("Amany", 25, "Swimming","Drawing","Running", city="Alex")

Hello : Amany
Your Age: 25
Your hobbies :
Swimming
Drawing
Running
Other Info:
- city: Alex

In [119]:
print_person("Amany", 25, "Swimming","Drawing","Running",country="Eg", city="Alex")

Hello : Amany
Your Age: 25
Your hobbies :
Swimming
Drawing
Running
Other Info:
- country: Eg
- city: Alex

In [121]:
#8 Passing a list as an argument
hobbies = ["Swimming","Drawing","Running"]

print_person("Amany", 25, *hobbies,country="Eg", city="Alex")

Hello : Amany
Your Age: 25
Your hobbies :
Swimming
Drawing
 Running
Other Info:
- country: Eg
- city: Alex

What is function is about ?

In [122]: def print_person(name, age=0, *hobbies, **other_info):

"""
This function prints out information about a person, including their name, age, hobbie

Parameters:
name (str): The name of the person.
age (int, optional): The age of the person (default is 0).
*hobbies (str): Any number of hobbies as arbitrary arguments.
**other_info (str, any): Any number of other key-value pairs as arbitrary keyword argu
"""
print("Hello :", name)
print("Your Age:", age)
print("Your hobbies : ")
for hobby in hobbies:
print(hobby)
if other_info:
print("Other Info:")
for key, value in other_info.items():
print("- {}: {}".format(key, value))

In [299]:
print_person.__doc__

Out [299]: '\n This function prints out information about a person, including their name, age, hobbies, and other
information.\n Parameters:\n name (str): The name of the person.\n age (int, optional): The age of the
person (default is 0).\n *hobbies (str): Any number of hobbies as arbitrary arguments.\n **other_info
(str, any): Any number of other key-value pairs as arbitrary keyword arguments.\n '

In [324]:
help(print_person)

Help on function print_person in module __main__:

print_person(name, age=0, *hobbies, **other_info)

This function prints out information about a person, including their name, age, hobbies, and other information.
Parameters:
name (str): The name of the person.
age (int, optional): The age of the person (default is 0).
*hobbies (str): Any number of hobbies as arbitrary arguments.
**other_info (str, any): Any number of other key-value pairs as arbitrary keyword arguments.

Thank You ❤