Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca

English 7

Versatile Engine

Team:
Sandoval Garcia Jesus
Herrera Ruiz Erick Johan
Fernandez Delgado Daniel
Morales Rico Joshua Jasfet

Teacher: Manuel Alejandro Peña Campos

Date:
Today is Wednesday 24 of October, 2024
Report 3
 Introduction

Electric motors are essential components in modern technology, responsible for converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy. This conversion drives countless machines and systems
used in daily life and industrial applications. The working principle behind electric motors is
electromagnetism: when current flows through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is generated, which
interacts with magnets or other magnetic fields to produce motion.

There are two primary types of electric motors:

Direct Current (DC) motors: Known for their precise speed and position control, making them ideal
for robotics, automation, and small appliances.

Alternating Current (AC) motors: Preferred for industrial applications due to their robustness,
efficiency, and ability to handle heavy loads over long periods. These motors power large
machinery, pumps, and HVAC systems.

Advancements in electric motors have enabled the development of hybrid motors, brushless
motors, and specialized designs such as servo motors and stepper motors. Each type serves
specific purposes depending on the need for speed control, torque, efficiency, and power capacity.

Types of Electric Motors

DC Motors:

Brushed DC Motors: Use brushes to transfer current to the rotor. Common in toys, power tools,
and automotive applications.

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC): Provide higher efficiency and reliability, often used in drones, electric
vehicles, and computer cooling fans.

AC Motors:

Synchronous Motors: The rotor speed matches the frequency of the AC power supply. Used in
clocks, elevators, and conveyor belts.

Induction Motors: Operate based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. These motors are
durable, efficient, and used in industrial equipment like pumps and compressors.
Stepper Motors:

Provide precise angular control by moving in small, fixed steps. Used in printers, CNC machines,
and robotics.

Servo Motors:

Offer precise control of angular position, speed, and acceleration. Widely used in robotics, remote-
controlled devices, and automation systems.

Common Uses of Electric Motors

Electric motors are present across multiple industries and have transformed how we operate
appliances, tools, and vehicles:

Household Appliances: Washing machines, dishwashers, fans, and refrigerators rely on motors for
efficient operation.

Industrial Applications: Motors power conveyor belts, cranes, pumps, compressors, and fans
essential in production plants.

Transportation: Electric vehicles (EVs), trains, and electric scooters rely on motors for propulsion,
contributing to sustainable mobility.

HVAC Systems: Motors circulate air and refrigerants in ventilation systems, keeping spaces cool or
warm.

Medical Equipment: Precision motors drive devices such as ventilators, X-ray machines, and
infusion pumps.

Robotics and Automation: DC, stepper, and servo motors enable the movement of robotic arms,
automated machinery, and drones.

Advantages of Electric Motors

High Efficiency: Many motors achieve over 90% efficiency, minimizing energy loss.
Durability and Reliability: With fewer moving parts than combustion engines, motors experience
less wear and require less maintenance.

Environmentally Friendly: Electric motors produce zero emissions, making them suitable for green
technologies.

Precise Control: Essential for robotics and machinery where accuracy is required.

Low Noise: Compared to internal combustion engines, electric motors operate more quietly.

Scalability: Available in a wide range of sizes and power capacities for diverse applications, from
micro-motors in watches to large industrial motors.

Project Presentation

The aim of this project is to design, assemble, and demonstrate a basic electric motor system. This
system will simulate real-world applications, such as driving a fan or operating a conveyor belt,
and will include control mechanisms to adjust speed, direction, and torque.

Motor Selection: The choice of motor—DC, stepper, or AC—depends on the specific task being
simulated. For example, a stepper motor would be ideal for precise movements, while a DC motor
could drive a fan.

Control System: We may use manual switches or microcontrollers like Arduino to control the
motor’s speed and direction.

Power Supply: The motor will be powered by either batteries (for portability) or an AC adapter.

Testing and Optimization: The system will undergo testing to ensure smooth operation, and
adjustments will be made to improve performance.

Materials Required

• Medium alkaline battery

• Adhesive tape
• Two large paper clips
• Rectangular magnet
• Thick enameled copper wire (1 meter)
• Cardboard tube (e.g., toilet paper roll)
• Fine sandpaper
• Glue
• Wooden base
 Procedure to Build a Simple Electric Motor

• Prepare the Coil:

Cut about 1 meter of enameled copper wire.

Wrap the wire around the cardboard tube 15–20 times to form a coil.

Leave 5 cm of wire at each end and sand the ends to expose the copper.

• Create the Supports:

Partially unfold two paper clips and attach them to the wooden base with adhesive tape.

Ensure the coil can rotate freely between the clips.

• Position the Magnet:

Fix the magnet onto the base directly beneath the coil.

Align the magnet to ensure it interacts effectively with the coil’s magnetic field.

• Connect the Circuit:

Attach the battery terminals to the paper clips to complete the circuit and allow current to flow
through the coil.

• Assemble the Motor:

Place the coil between the paper clips, ensuring it spins freely. Adjust the alignment of the coil and
magnet for smooth rotation.

• Test the Motor:

Once connected, current flowing through the coil generates a magnetic field, interacting with the
magnet to make the coil spin.

If the motor does not spin initially, adjust the coil’s position or recheck the electrical connections.