Define ratio and proportion;

Differentiate direct proportion, indirect/inverse

proportion, and partitive proportion; and

Solve business related problems involving direct,

indirect/inverse, and partitive proportions.
Perform and apply the concept of ratio and
proportion in a business field.
Ratio is a comparison between one quantity to another quantity.

- a:b (odds notation), where the symbol “:” is read as “is to”; or
𝑎
- ,𝑏 ≠ 0 (fractional notation)
𝑏

There are 3 pencils and 5 erasers.

There are 3 pencils to 5 erasers.

3 pencils : 5 erasers
3:5
There are 2 scissors and 6 total items.

There are 2 scissors to 6 total items.

2 scissors : 6 total items
2: 6
1:3
Which is the correct answer ?

There are 3 rulers to 4 scissors.

There are 4 rulers to 3 scissors.

There are 3 rulers and 4 scissors.

 Answer key

Which is the correct answer ?

There are 3 rulers to 4 scissors.

There are 4 rulers to 3 scissors.

There are 3 rulers and 4 scissors.

 Answer key

Express as a ratio for each questions.

There are 4 calculators to 5 markers.

4:5

There are 3 green markers to 4 calculators.

3:4

There are 4 calculators to 9 total items.

4:9
 Ratio can be represented in many ways.

2 to 3 2 to 3

2 2:3
—
3

Illustration Fractional Odds

Notation Notation
To simplify ratios, we identify a times table that goes into
both numbers.

2:4

The two times table goes into both the number 2 and 4.
1:2

3 : 21

The three times table goes into both the number 3 and 21.
1:7
 Answer key

Write the following ratios in a simplied form.

4 : 16 5 : 30 7 : 49

1:4 1:6 1:7

4 times table 5 times table 7 times table

A chocolate cake requires an average of one hour of
baking time while a cupcake requires only 20minutes of
baking time. What is the ratio of baking time for
chocolate cake to that cupcake? Express your answer
in simplest form.

60 mins :20 mins

3:1
Write the ratio, 28 days to 8 weeks, as a fraction in
lowest terms.
7 days : 1 week 28 days : 4 weeks

4 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 1
or or 1:2
8 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 2
 A piece of string, 20cm long is divided into two pieces
in the ratio 3:2. What is the length of each of the two
pieces of string?
Ratio: 3:2
# of parts = 3 + 2 = 5
Length of each part = 20/5 = 4cm
Length of the longer piece = 4 x 3parts = 12 cm
Length of the shorter piece = 4cm x 2 parts = 8 cm
Proportions are two ratios of equal value.

𝒂 𝒄
=
𝒃 𝒅
extremes

𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
means
Proportions are two ratios of equal value.

1𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙 4𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠
=
4 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 16 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠
To determine a proportion true, cross multiply. If the
cross products are equal, then it is a true proportion

1 4
=
4 16
4𝑥4 = 1𝑥16
16 = 16
Solve to see if each problem is a true proportion.

3 15
𝑎. =
5 25
6 57
b. =
8 76
7 37
c. =
12 60
What if one given in the proportion is
unknown?
Solve to see if each problem is a true proportion.

1 𝑛
𝑎. =
6 36
4 20
b. =
5 𝑛
10 𝑛
c. =
15 3
Eric rode his bicycle a total of
52 miles in 4 hours. Riding at the
same rate, how far can he
travel in 7 hours?
For every dollar Julia spends on her
Master Card, she earns 3 frequent flyer
miles with American Airlines. If Julia
spends 609 dollars on her card, how
many frequent flyers miles will she
earn?
Justin’s car uses 40 gallons of gas
to drive 250 miles. At this rate,
approximately, how many gallons
of gas will he need for a trip of 600
miles?
If 3 gallons of milk cost 9 dollars,
how many gallons can you buy for
45 dollars?
On Thursday, Karen drove 400 miles
in 8 hours. At the same speed, how
far can she drive in 12 hours?
TYPES OF PROPORTIONS
• DIRECT PROPORTION
• INVERSE PROPORTION
• PARTITIVE PROPORTION
 DIRECT PROPORTION

Direct proportion or direct variation is the relation

between two quantities where the ratio of the two is
equal to a constant value.

a:b = c:d → a/b = c/d

ad=cb
• If the number of individuals visiting a
restaurant increases, earning of the
restaurant also increases and vice versa
• The cost of the fruits or vegetable
increases as the weight for the same
increases.
A is directly proportional to the
square of B. When A is 10, B is 2.
Find the value of A when B is 3.
An electric pole, 7 meters high, casts a shadow of 5
meters. Find the height of a tree that casts a shadow
of 10 meters under similar conditions.

SOLUTION:
7:5 = n:10
7(10) = 5n
70/5 = n
14 = n
 Two boxes of chocolate cost P180. How
much do 7 boxes of chocolates cost?

SOLUTION:
2:180 = 7:n
7(180) = 2n
1,260/2 = n
630 = n
 INVERSE PROPORTION

When the value of one quantity increases with

respect to decrease in other or vice-versa,
then they are said to be inversely proportional.
INDIRECT/ INVERSE
PROPORTION

𝑘
Y=
𝑥
 INVERSE PROPORTION

a:d = c:b → a/d = c/b

ab=cd
• Number of workers and Time taken to
complete the work.
• Speed of Vehicle and Distance travelled.
• The bank balance (Savings and time
deposit) is inversely proportional to
expenditures
Suppose x and y are in an inverse
proportion such that when x = 120,
y = 5.

Find the value of y when x = 150

 Suppose x and y are in an inverse proportion such that
when x = 120, y = 5. Find the value of y when x = 150
Solution: 𝑘
𝑦= 600
𝑥 𝑦=
150
𝑘
5=
120 𝑦=4
𝑘
(120)5= (120)
120
600 = 𝑘
Suppose x and y are in an inverse proportion such that
when x = 120, y = 5. Find the value of y when x = 150

Solution: a:d = c:b

120: 𝑛 = 150: 5
120(5) = 150𝑛
600 = 150𝑛
150 = 150
4=𝑛
20 people take 360 days to build a
house. How many days would it
take 600 people to build the same
house?
A bike travelling at 8 kmph completes
a journey in 4040 minutes. How long
would the same journey take if the
speed was increased to 16 kmph?
N= 2020
If 35 men can reap a field in 8 days; in
how many days can 20 men reap the
same field?

N= 14
48 men were deployed to construct a
bridge in 30 days. How many days does it
take for 8 men to construct the same
bridge?

N= 180
 PARTITIVE PROPORTION

describes the process by virtue of which a

quantity is divided into two or more equal or
unequal parts.

a:b:c
• Planning Monthly Budget of a Household
• Dividing profit among business partners
• Distribution of goods among a group of
people
• Gender ratio in a class
• Dividing party expenses
 The ratio of boys to girls in a
class is 3:5. If there are 48
students in the class, how many
boys and girls are there?
 The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3:5. If
there are 48 students in the class, how many
boys and girls are there?

Solution: 3:5----3+5=8

48/8 = 6 equal parts

6 x 3 parts = 18 boys
6 x 5 parts = 30 girls
 In an orchard of 1800 trees, there are peach,
apple, and pear in a ratio of 7:3:2. How many
trees of each kind are there?
Solution: 7+3+2=12

1800/12 = 150

150 x 7 = 1050 peach

150 x 3 = 450 apple
150 x 2 = 300 pear
 In a recent election for class president,
Tara received 5 votes for every 3 votes
that Justin received. How many votes
did each receive if 240 votes were cast?

Tara – 150
Justin – 90
The length and width of a rectangle are
in a ratio of 5:2. Find the dimensions of
the rectangle if the area is 250 c𝑚 .2

Length – 25
Width – 10
In a certain school, there are 1, 530
students in all. How many girls if the ratio
of boys to girls is 5:12?

Boys – 450
Girls – 1,080
 A certain amount of money is divided among
Rio, Kim and Leo in the ratio 5:7:3. If Leo gets
Php24,000.00, how much is the total amount?

Solution: 5+7+3=15

24,000/3 = 8000

8,000 x 15 = 120,000
DIRECT, INVERSE OR PARTITIVE?

A car is able to travel 210 km in 3 hours.

How far can it travel in 5 hours?
DIRECT, INVERSE OR PARTITIVE?

Five people can finish painting a wall in 14 hours.

If only 2 people are available, how many hours
do they have to work to finish the same job?
DIRECT, INVERSE OR PARTITIVE?

At 65 km/hr, Alfred can reach home in 50

minutes. At what speed should he drive his
car so that he can reach home 10 minutes
earlier?
DIRECT, INVERSE OR PARTITIVE?

A land area was divided among the three heirs

in the ratio 5:2:4. If the largest share was 20
hectares of land, what is the total area of the
land?
DIRECT, INVERSE OR PARTITIVE?

A certain amount of money is divided among

Rio, Kim and Leo in the ratio 5:7:3. If Leo gets
Php24,000.00, how much is the total amount?
DIRECT, INVERSE OR PARTITIVE?

The earnings of a father and his daughter are

9:7. If they both receive Php16000, what is the
share of each?