Functional English

by Ms. Marie Fraulein T. Cabalhug

Types of Speeches
Informative
Focus on educating an audience by using facts and evidence to
establish credibility. It may include definitions, explanations,
descriptions, visual pictures, and demonstrations. It should center on
discussing objects, events, processes, concepts, and examples.
Persuasive
seeks to persuade the listener to accept a particular point of view,
opinion, or idea. The ultimate goal is to convince your audience to
change their minds and take action or think differently. A persuasive
speech typically discusses facts, values, and policies.

Special Occasion
A speech delivered to honor someone or something. In other terms, it
is a speech composed and delivered to honor, commemorate, or
memorialize someone or something.
Impromptu
A speech given without prior planning or preparation. The speaker is
typically given their topic in the form of a quotation, although it can
alternatively be given as an object, proverb, one-word abstract, or any
of various other possibilities.

Eulogy
a speech delivered in honor of a deceased person during a funeral. It
is a memorial service for the deceased and may be given by relatives
or close friends. Frequently, the eulogy will include anecdotes from
their life along with a summary of their accomplishments.

Motivitional
a speech given in public with the goal of motivating the audience to
make a change of their lives. It tells a personal tale for a particular
audience with a defined goal in mind, and it ends with a call to
action.

Explanatory
describe a situation or a specific thing. Explanatory speeches, like
demonstrative speeches, provide a breakdown of how to do something
while showing the audience a thorough step-by-step procedure. They also
do not employ visual aids to help the audience understand what you are
saying.

Farewell
refers to a speech in which you bid goodbye to a group of people.
Farewell speeches are generally sad, eliciting strong emotions in both
the speaker and the audience.

Debate
drefers to a style of speech that often follows a set of rules and occurs
during a debate event. During a debate, each party has equal time to
express their point of view. While a debate speech frequently uses the
same mechanics as a persuasive speech and includes lots of statistical
facts to help support a claim.

Entertaining
Aim to amuse an enormous crowd. It is often less formal and shorter
than typical speeches, focusing on emotions rather than facts and
data. Instead, they frequently feature humor or funny stories.

Demonstrative
Demonstrative speeches are used to educate an audience on a topic
or idea that they are unfamiliar with. They frequently use visual aids
to help demonstrate or describe something in greater depth. A
demonstrative speech differs from an informational speech in that it
demonstrates how to perform something.

Pitch
Pitch speeches aim to gain support or approval for an idea, product,
or solution.

Oratorical
While the term "oratorical" refers to the process of giving a speech, an
oratorical speech is a particular form of speech. They are generally
more formal than other styles of speeches. While some oratorical
speeches are lengthy, such as those given at funerals or graduations,
others are brief and informal, such as a toast at a special occasion.
Though oratorical speech presenters are not necessary trying to
persuade the audience on a certain topic, they can nevertheless
address certain concerns and convey their opinions.

Speech Situation
Roles
Speech Situation
the context in which communication occurs. It consists of the
 people, the venue, the purpose for communication, and the
topic.

Know Your Audience

1. Identify your audience
2. Understand your timeframe and stick to it 3.
Choose what you want your audience to know 4.
Review and modify
5. Practice, Practice, Practice
Audience Researching
1. Why your topic matters to them
2. The level of knowledge that your audience has regarding the
topic
3. Cultural disparities may exist among your audience
Tips to better engage to your Audience
1. Prepare ahead of time
2. Be familiar with the room layout
3. Greet your audience at the entrance
4. Utilize the Call and Response approach

Speech Roles
 Anchor
is the face and voice of a broadcasting station, delivering
news and other content to viewers. Their responsibilities
usually include reading scripts, conducting on-air
interviews, and delivering stories in an engaging and
professional manner.

Impromptu Anchor
If there is breaking news, a producer may immediately feed it to an
anchor. The following are skills the needed:
1. Knowledge base
2. Ability to process new information
3. Ethical/Moral compass
4. Command of the language
5. Interviewing finesse
6. Mastery of multitasking
7.Appreciation of all roles
8.Acute sense of timing
The downside
While news anchor professions offer high visibility and
popularity, they also require long hours of hard work,
continual deadlines, and unpredictable natural and global
occurrences. These include government scandals, school
shootings, and terrorist attacks. Anchors must be able to
handle terrible news and stay neutral and unemotional in
the face of calamity.

Toastmaster
A person who is in-charge of the proceedings at a public
speaking event. Who is often in charge of organizing the
event such as introducing one or more speakers,
arranging the order of the speakers, and keeping the
event on track. Such meetings often include civic events,
organization meetings, and banquets of varied purposes.
Responsibilities of a Toastmaster
To provide an introduction that sets the tone for the
meeting.
To explain the arrangement of the meeting for the
benefit of the guests and members.
To provide brief introductions for each of the primary
speakers and link between the various meeting
segments.

Tips of being a good Toastmaster

Avoid speaking in monotone.
 Manage your time
Speak your case
PREP (Point, Reason, Example, Point)
Use common language
Don’t get lost in translation
Take jokes for a test drive
Use people’s names
Moderator
A moderator serves as the event's master of ceremonies. He
or she is there to ensure that the speakers perform well and
that the audience gets the most out of the day or session.
 The moderator introduces the speakers. He or she also
ensures that the speakers follow to the time limit and that
the moderator asks and moderates questions. He or she
serves as the bridge for various discussions.

Two Types of Moderator

Event Moderator Panel Moderators
They play an important specific session. Even though
role in ensuring the they do less labor, they are
success of a conference. nonetheless essential. They
may make or break an event.
They are 'only' liable for a
 How to be a good Moderator
1. Be Prepared
2. Research
3. Get in touch with the speakers
4. Make the speakers the center of attention
5. Ask the right questions
6. Pay attention
7. Be a host
Reactor
They are the audience. When people become audience
members in a speech, they carry expectations about the
occasion, topic, and speaker. Disregarding audience
expectations might have a negative impact on the speech's
efficacy.

Presider
a person who is in charge of a meeting.
The presider's role is to be a "time-keeper" to
guarantee that the session runs on schedule and that
all speakers have equal time to present their subject.
Read the biographical information provided by each
paper presenter prior to the conference.
 Lecturer
Lecturers are subject matter experts who create, develop,
and present content utilizing a variety of approaches and
platforms. They develop course materials, lesson plans,
and curricula, do research and fieldwork, interact with
students, help process applications, and attend
interviews, conferences, and meetings.

Skills of a Lecturer
Capability of working effectively with diverse groups
of individuals
Organizational skills
Teamwork
Expertise in various subject areas
Strong written and verbal communication skills
Excellent presentation skills

How to become a good Lecturer

Maintain consistent eye contact throughout the
entire class
When speaking, avoid turning your back to students
Use a microphone in large classrooms
Speak clearly but with a conversational tone
 Demonstrate your enthusiasm for the content and
learners

A Speaker’s Ethical Obligation

As a public speaker, you have a moral obligation to help
protect that right by avoiding practices like name-calling,
which undermine the accuracy or legitimacy of public
statements made by groups or individuals with opposing
viewpoints.

The Ethics Pyramid

Intent
 When we communicate with intention rather than for
attention, we convey truth and motivate others to act.
Speaking with aim offers us permission to be authentic.

Means
Requires willingness to present the facts and respect for
your audience. This implies you'll try your best to provide
factual, well-documented information that will assist them
live better lives and make informed, intelligent decisions.

Ends
Ends are those outcomes that you desire to achieve. The
means are the behavioral choices we make, and the ends
are the outcomes of those decisions.

Important Ethical Principles

Use reason and logical arguments
Choose objective sources
Don’t plagiarize
Cite your sources
Guidelines for ethical speech
1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound
2. Be fully prepared for each speech
3. Be honest in what you say
 4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
5. Put ethical principles into practice

Constructing a speech
for a script...
Know Your Audience
Learn as much as you can about the audience and the event. This will
assist you target the insights, experience, or knowledge that this group
wants or needs.

Why was the audience brought together?

What do the audience's have in common?
How huge will the crowd be?
What do they know? What do they need to know?
Know Your Audience
Do they expect a conversation on a specific topic, and if so, what?
What is the audience's attitude and knowledge concerning the
topic of your talk?
What is their attitude toward you, the speaker?
Why are they so interested in your topic?
Choose Your Message
If the message is accurate, you can get other things wrong.
However, if the message is incorrect, it makes no difference
what you put around it. To create the most successful
speech, you must have extensive knowledge of your issue,
genuinely care about it, and be excited to discuss it. Focus
on a message that is relevant to the target audience, and
keep in mind that an audience wants to hear your opinion.

Research and organize

 This is where you gather information, link concepts, and
derive insights that will keep your discussion fresh. You will
have an easier time if you collect significantly more
information than you require. Arrange your research and
notes into broad categories, leaving space between them.
Then go back and readjust. Assemble similar pieces like a
puzzle.

Create a structure for delivering your message

Evaluate whether you want to inform, persuade, motivate, or entertain.
Then, outline your speech and fill in the details:
Introduction - The first few minutes of a discussion are critical for
establishing your credibility and likeability. Personal anecdotes are
typically effective ways to get things started. This is also where you will
state your primary points.

Create a structure for delivering your message

Body - Focus on the concerns you're there to address, keeping them to
no more than five points. Then support those few claims with
examples, evidence, and anecdotes. Be passionate of your conviction
can be just as persuasive as your views themselves.
Conclusion - Conclude with both feeling and facts. Finish with
something upbeat that will motivate your audience.

Add some spice

Giving an audience exactly what they expect is like administering
sleeping medication. Remember that a speech is more conversational
than formal writing:
Create a rhythm
Use brief sentences
Use the active voice
Repeat key words
Ask rhetorical questions
Share Personal experiences and anecdotes
Use quotes

Thank You