Module2 - Single Phase AC Circuits 1
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lukerichman29Module2 - Single Phase AC Circuits 1
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lukerichman29UNIT-2
SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS.
Generation of Alternating Voltages and Currents:
Alternating voltage may be generated:
1.By rotating coil in a magnetic field.
2. By rotating a magnetic field within a stationary coil.
In each case, the value of the alternating voltage generated depends upon the number of turns in
the coil, the strength of the magnetic field and the speed at which the coil or magnetic field rotates.
Consider rectangular coil of N turns rotating in the anticlockwise direction, with an angular
velocity of ω radians per second in a uniform magnetic field as shown in figure. Time is
measured from the instant of coincidence of the plane of the coil with the x-axis. At this instant
maximum flux, ø max, links with the coil. As the coil rotates, the flux linking with it changes and
hence e.m.f is induced in it. Let the coil turn through an angle in time "t"seconds, and let it assume
the position as shown in figure.
Fig:2.1.1. Generation of sinusoidal voltage.[Ref:DSI ppt]
When the coil is rotated, the maximum flux is acting vertically downwards. This flux can be
resolved into two components, each perpendicular to the other, namely:
1. Component max sin t, is parallel to the plane of the coil. This component does not induce
e.m.f. as it is parallel to the plane of the coil.
2. Component max cos t, is perpendicular to the plane of coil. This component induces
e.m.f. in the coil.
0
Flux linkages of coil at the instant (at ) = No of turns * flux= N max cos t
According to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, the e.m.f. induced in the coil is given by
the rate of change of flux-linkages of the coil. Hence, the value of the induced e.m.f. at this instant
(i.e. when θ = ωt) or the instantaneous value of the induced e.m.f. is
𝑑Ф
e = -N = -N d( Ф max cos t)/dt
𝑑𝑡
=-N max ( sin t )
e =+N max sin t volts ----(i)
From eqn. (i) e will be maximum (Em) , when the coil has rotated through 90 (as sin 90
=1).
Thus Em = N max Volts ----(ii)
Substituting the value of N max from equation (ii) in equation (i),
e = Em sin t ----(iii)
We know that = t
e = Em sin
From the above expression the alternating e.m.f. induced in a coil is instantaneous and
varies according to the sine of the angle ( or t).
Fig:2.1.2. Generated sinusoidal waveform [Ref: DSI ppt]
As, = 2 f, where “f” is the frequency of rotation of the coil. Hence equation (iii) can be
written as e = Em sin 2 ft ----(iv)
If T = time period of the alternating voltage = 1/f, then eqn. (iv) becomes e = Em sin( (2 /T) t)
The alternating quantity varies according to the sine function of the time angle t, and if
e.m.f. induced is plotted versus time, a curve is obtained which is called sinusoidal e.m.f.
