Scribd
Upload
10 views

02 Imaging Digital Image Fundamentals

Uploaded by

b02876054a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

02 Imaging Digital Image Fundamentals

Uploaded by

b02876054a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Imaging and digital

image fundamentals
History related to digital imaging
Coded images transferred by submarine cables:
London to NY
5 to 15 gray levels
Advent of computers 40s:
1) memory 2) conditional branching
Transistors: 1948
Programming languages, COBOL, FORTRAN: 50s and 60s
IC: 1958
OS: 60s
Microprocessor: 70s
LSI: 70s

Image processing: 60s (NASA JPL Ranger 7, Moon)


Late 60s and 70s: Medical CT
Early digital images
Early Bartlane systems: 5 distinct gray levels

1921 1922

Use of
computers
1929 JPL, 1964
Imaging

Imaging systems:
Almost all of the EM spectrum
Sound
Electron
Computer-generated images

Human vision: visual band of the electromagnetic (EM)


spectrum.
Imaging
1. Electromagnetic

2. Sound
infra acoustic ultra

< 20 Hz Between 20 Hz > 20 kHz

3. Electron
and 20 kHz

4. Computer-generated images
Gamma ray

Nuclear medicine and astronomical:

Nuclear: Inject radioactive isotope that


emits gamma rays
Then the gamma rays are detected

PET: Inject radioactive isotope that emits


positron (positive electron)

p+e 2 gamma ray


Gamma ray

Bone scan PET image


X-ray

- Energy (penetrating power) is controlled by


the voltage applied across the anode and by the
current applied to the filament in the cathode.
- When electron strikes a nucleus, energy is
released in X-ray form
X-ray

Chest x-ray Aortic angiogram Head CT


UV

Applications:
Lithography, industrial, microscopy, biological,
astronomy, microscopy: fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence: Mineral fluorspar fluoresces when


UV light is directed upon it.
Fluorescence microscopy:
Primary: Natural form
Secondary: After treatment with chemicals
Light microscopy
Cholesterol 40x

Anticancer
agent Microprocessor
250x 60x

Nickel oxide Organic


thin film Superconductor
600x 450x

Surface of audio CD
1750x
Visible band
Infrared (IR) imaging
Microwave

Flash camera:

Flash

obj

Lens

Radar:
µw

obj

Antenna
Microwave band

Radar image of Tibet mountains


Radio band

Medical & astronomy:

MRI:
Patient in powerful magnetic field
+ passing radio waves in short
pulses

Pulse response from tissue

Location & strength of pulse 2D image


Radio band

MRI image of knee MRI image of spine


Sound

Ultrasound: geology oil exploration


Med: 1-5 MHZ

Pulse
Interface between structures:
Probe bone & tissue
tissue & fluid
Ultrasound imaging

Fetus images
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Similar to light microscopy

Focused beam & electron instead of light

Damaged IC
Synthetic images

Fractal

Computer
model
Image acquisition

1) Illumination source
2) Reflection or transmission by the elements
of a scene

Example:
- Light reflected from an object
- X-ray passing through a patient
Image acquisition

Single sensor

Line sensor

Array sensor
Image acquisition

2D image by a single sensor


Image acquisition

Image acquisition by a sensor strip


Image acquisition

Continuous
Scan line AB
image

Sampling Quantization

Generating a digital image


Digital image

Sampling: Digitizing the coordinate values


Quantization: Digitizing the amplitude value
Image acquisition

Digital image acquisition


Representing a digital image
Image storage
Number of gray levels:
L=2k where k: number of bits
Number of bits required to store a digitized image:
Image storage
Number of gray levels:
L=2k where k: number of bits
Number of bits required to store a digitized image:
b=M.N.k
Reducing spatial resolution

Subsampling

Resampling

Checkerboard
pattern
Reducing gray level resolution

8 bits 7 bits 6 bits 5 bits


(256 levels) (128 levels) (64 levels) (32 levels)

4 bits 3 bits 2 bits 1 bit


(16 levels) (8 levels) (4 levels) (2 levels)

False contour Binary image


Pixel neighbors
4-neighborhood of pixel p at coordinates (x,y):
set of 4 horizontal and vertical pixel neighbors:
𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑥𝑥 − 1, 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 + 1 , (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 − 1)

8-neighborhood of pixel p:
4-neighbor hood of pixel p +
set of 4 diagonal pixel neighbors:
𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑦𝑦 + 1 , 𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑦𝑦 − 1 , 𝑥𝑥 − 1, 𝑦𝑦 + 1 , (𝑥𝑥 − 1, 𝑦𝑦 − 1)
Distance measures

Distance function (D) or metric


Distance measures

Distance function (D) or metric for pixels p, q, and z


with coordinates (x,y), (s,t), and (v,w):

(a) 𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 ≥ 0 𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = 0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞 ,


(b) 𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = 𝐷𝐷 𝑞𝑞, 𝑝𝑝 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
(c) 𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 ≤ 𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝, 𝑧𝑧 + 𝐷𝐷 𝑞𝑞, 𝑧𝑧 .
Distance measures
Euclidean distance between p and q:

City block distance

Chessboard distance
Distance measures
Euclidean distance between p and q:
1
2
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = [ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|2 ]
2

City block distance between p and q:

Chessboard distance between p and q:


Distance measures
Euclidean distance between p and q:
1
2
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = [ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|2 ]
2 Circle

City block distance between p and q:

𝐷𝐷4 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|

Chessboard distance between p and q:


Distance measures
Euclidean distance between p and q:
1
2
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = [ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|2 ]
2 Circle

City block distance between p and q:

𝐷𝐷4 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|

Chessboard distance between p and q:


Distance measures
Euclidean distance between p and q:
1
2
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = [ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|2 ]
2 Circle

City block distance between p and q:

𝐷𝐷4 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|

Chessboard distance between p and q:

𝐷𝐷8 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = max( 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 , |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|)


Distance measures
Euclidean distance between p and q:
1
2
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = [ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|2 ]
2 Circle

City block distance between p and q:

𝐷𝐷4 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 + |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|

Chessboard distance between p and q:

𝐷𝐷8 𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 = max( 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠 , |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡|)

You might also like