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PAM Genarator and Demodulator

It is a communication system lab experiment

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anujmgr2003
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6 views

PAM Genarator and Demodulator

It is a communication system lab experiment

Uploaded by

anujmgr2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Generation of Pulse Amplitude Modulated Signal and Its Demodulation

Objective:
To generate PAM signal for different types of baseband signals and their demodulation
using low pass filter. Two types of PAM signals will be generated first with natural sampling
scheme and second PAM with flat-top sampling scheme.

Theory:
Pulse amplitude modulation is a scheme, which changes the amplitude of regularly
spaced pulses in accordance with the instantaneous values of a continuous message signal. A
train of very short pulses with repetition rate is chosen according to Nyquist rate. So the pulse
repetition frequency should be greater than or equal to the maximum frequency component of the
baseband signal.
If the top of the pulse follow the message/baseband signal amplitude it is called the
natural sampling. For the flat-top sampling the top of the individual pulses becomes flat. It can
be shown that PAM flat-top pulse performs better than the PAM signal having natural sampling
scheme especially in noisy condition.
The PAM signal can be generated by multiplying the train of narrow pulses with the
modulating signal. In frequency domain the PAM signal contains upper and lower side bands in
addition to the central band. Actually all of these bands have same shape and does not overlap;
i.e. does not produces aliasing error; if the Nyquist sampling criteria is satisfied. Under this
condition a simple low-pass filter can select the spectrum centered on the zero frequency and the
message/baseband signal can be recovered effectively. This is essentially the demodulation
technique, which is adopted in this experiment. The cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter is
chosen equal to the highest frequency in the modulating signal (i.e. baseband/message signal).
After demodulation the signal may be given to an inverting amplifier to amplify its level.

Circuit Diagram for PAM with Natural Sampling:


The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 1

Fig. 1
Procedure and Observations:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram of Fig.1.
2. Select sinusoidal signal as message signal having frequency 600-1000Hz and peak-
to-peak voltage 1-2V.
3. Apply pulse train at the base of the transistor having frequency around 10kHz. Keep
the duty ratio of the pulses 20-30%.
4. At the output the PAM signal having natural sampling should be available. Set the
voltage level of the pulses and message signal accordingly to get a clear signal at the
output of the modulator. Note the values of the amplitude of the message as well as
the pulses.
5. Trace the modulated signal along with the baseband signal. Note whether the top of
the pulses follow the message signal or not.
6. Apply PAM signal to the demodulator, which is nothing but a simple RC low-pass
filter. Choose appropriate values of R and C to make cut-off frequency almost equal
to the message signal frequency. Observe the output with respect to the original
message signal.
7. Now reduce the repetition frequency of the pulses equal to the TWICE of the message
signal’s frequency. Repeat the step 6.
8. Take the repetition frequency of the pulses EQUAL to the message signal’s
frequency. Repeat the step 6.
9. Take the repetition frequency of the pulses equal to the HALF of the message signal’s
frequency. Repeat the step 6.
10. Repeat the steps 2-9 using Triangular wave.
11. Comment on the differences in the results obtained for triangular wave and sinusoidal
wave. Comment on the verification of sampling theorem from the results.
Circuit Diagram for PAM with Flat-Top Sampling:
The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 2

Fig.2

Procedure and Observations:


1. Connect as per the circuit diagram of Fig.2.
2. Select sinusoidal signal as message signal having frequency 300Hz and peak-to-peak
voltage around 1V put offset 0.2 V (approximately and adjusted accordingly).
3. Apply pulse train having frequency around 3-4kHz. Adjust the duty ratio of the pulses
to generate narrow pulses. Set the amplitude of the pulses equal to 5V with -5V
offset.
4. At the output (after OPAMP2) the PAM signal having flat-top sampling should be
available. Note the values of the actual amplitude and offset of the message as well as
the pulses after adjusting, if needed.
5. Trace the modulated signal along with the baseband signal. Note whether the top of
the pulses are flat or not.
6. Apply the flat-top PAM signal to the demodulator, which is nothing but a simple RC
low-pass filter. Choose appropriate values of R and C to make cut-off frequency
almost equal to the message signal frequency. Observe the output with respect to the
original message signal.
7. Now reduce the repetition frequency of the pulses equal to the TWICE of the message
signal’s frequency. Repeat the step 6.
8. Take the repetition frequency of the pulses EQUAL to the message signal’s
frequency. Repeat the step 6.
9. Take the repetition frequency of the pulses equal to the HALF of the message signal’s
frequency. Repeat the step 6.
10. Repeat the steps 2-9 using Triangular wave.
11. Comment on the differences in the results obtained for triangular wave and sinusoidal
wave. Comment on the verification of sampling theorem from the results.

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