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Resource Note On Motion & Equations of Motion

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14 views5 pages

Resource Note On Motion & Equations of Motion

Uploaded by

iredolapo729
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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=Topic: Motion and equations of motion.

Learning Objectives
1. Define motion in terms of its linear or angular displacement with time.
2. List/state terms used in describing the motion of an object and define them.
3. Differentiate between speed and velocity in terms of vectors and scalars.
4. Show and illustrate the differences between displacement and distance.
5. State the equations of motion and use them to solve motion related problems.
Motion: Motion is defined as the change in position of an object with respect to its
surroundings in a given interval of time. A body is said to be in motion if the linear and
angular displacement changes with time. Thus the body is not at rest but moves from one
point to another. It is also defined as the change in position of an object with respect to
time and a reference point.
Types of motion
The various types of motion include; Translational / rectilinear motion, rotational motion,
oscillatory motion, random motion and relative motion.

 Translational motion refers to the movement of an object along a path in which


all points of the object move the same distance in a given time interval.

 Oscillatory motion is the repetitive back-and-forth movement of an object around


a central equilibrium position. It is referred to as the to and fro movement of an
object about some reference position.

 Random motion refers to the zigzag or haphazard motion of an object (gas


molecules) in different directions. Random motion in physics refers to the
unpredictable and irregular movement of particles, often observed in gases and
liquids, where the direction and speed constantly change due to collisions and other
influences.

 Rotational motion in physics refers to the movement of an object around a central


axis, where different parts of the object move in circular paths at varying distances
from the axis. It can also be called circular motion where the direction of object
undergoing circular motion changes with time at different intervals.

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 Relative motion refers to the movement of an object as observed from a particular
reference frame, where the object's velocity and position are measured relative to
another object or observer. Relative motion is defined as the motion of one object
with respect to another object. It is determined by assuming the second object is
fixed, that is, that it has no motion of its own. This is done by looking at the
reference frame of the second object.
The terms used to describe motion.
The terms used to describe motion include;
 Distance/displacement.
 Speed/velocity.
 Acceleration/deceleration
 Average speed/velocity.
 Uniform & non-uniform speed/velocity.
 Uniform & non-uniform acceleration/deceleration.
Distance is the magnitude between two places or two points. It is defined as the total
length of the path travelled by an object, regardless of direction. Distance is a scalar
physical quantity. It is measures in m or km.
Expression for distance is given as distance = speed X time (m or km)

Displacement is the distance travelled in a specified direction. Displacement is defined


as the straight-line distance and direction from an object's initial position to its final
position. It is a vector quantity and has a direction and magnitude. It is represented as an
arrow that points from the starting position to the final position. For example- If an object
moves from A position to B, then the object's position changes. (metres or kilometres)
Speed This is the rate of distance travelled. It is rate of change of position of an object in
any direction. Speed is measured as the ratio of distance to the time in which the distance
was covered. Speed is a scalar quantity as it has only magnitude and no direction.
Expression for speed is given as Speed = distance / time. It is measured in m/s or km/hr.
Velocity: velocity is defined as the rate of change of an object's displacement with
respect to time. OR the rate of change of distance moved in a specified direction with
time. It is a vector physical quantity measured in m/s or km/hr.
Velocity is a vector physical quantity since it has both attribute of magnitude and
direction.

2
Acceleration This is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time taken
for that change. Acceleration is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction.
It is measured in m/s2. A moving body with an acceleration of 3m/s2 means that the
body’s velocity is increasing by 3m/s every one second. Expression is given as
Acceleration = Change in velocity / time taken. a = v – u / t
.

Deceleration This is also known as retardation or negative acceleration. It is the slowing


down of an object, which means that the magnitude of the velocity decreases. A body
moving with a deceleration of 2m/s2 means that the body’s velocity is decreasing by 2m/s
every one second.
-a = (v – u) / t m/s2 Note negative value indicates deceleration
Uniform Velocity
The velocity of an object can be defined as the rate of change of the object's position with
respect to a frame of reference and time. The condition in which a body covers equal
displacements in equal intervals of time is known to be uniform velocity.
Non-uniform Velocity
When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time in a specified
direction, or if the direction of motion changes, it is said to be moving with a non-
uniform or variable velocity.
A Uniformly accelerated motion
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The uniformly accelerated motion is defined by a motion in a straight line with a constant
acceleration and zero difference. Hence the velocity of an item in this movement
continually changes depending on the velocity direction. A change of velocity with time
taken is constant.

Equations of motion
For the IGCSE level, there are four (4) equations of motion. Namely:
The four (4) equations of motion are:
1. V = u + at
2. V2 = U2 + 2as
3. S = ut + ½ at2
4. S = (U + V) / 2 x t or S = (u+v) divided by t, then multiplied by t.
Where V = final velocity, U = initial velocity, a = acceleration or deceleration.
t = time, s = distance or displacement.

These various equations of motion are used to solve calculation motion problems.
Questions

More Questions
Ques. 1. Briefly explain in tabular form the differences between speed and velocity.
Ques. 2. Give the expressions for the followings; Distance, speed, acceleration
and average velocity with their corresponding units.

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Ques. 3. Give the major differences between distance and displacement. Give one
typical example of each.

Ques. 4. A car travels 600m in 30s.What is its average speed? Why is its actual
speed usually different from its average speed.
Ques.5 A car has a steady speed of 8m/s.
(i) How far does the car travel in 8s
(ii) How long does the car take to travel 160m?

Ques.6. A car takes 8s to increase its velocity from 10m/s to 30m/s.


What is its average acceleration?

Ques.7. A motorcycle, travelling at 20m/s, takes 5s to stop.


What is its average retardation?

Ques.8. An aircraft on its take-off runs has a steady acceleration of 3m/s2.


a) What velocity does the aircraft gain in 4s?
b) If the aircraft passes one post on the runway at a velocity of 20m/s, what is its
velocity 8s later?

Ques.9. A truck travelling at 25m/s puts its brakes on for 4s.


This produces a retardation of 2m/s2. What does the truck’s velocity drop to?

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