STRUCTURAL THEORIES

CODES, LOAD TYPES, AND CATEGORIES:

CODES:

• The design loading for structures is often specified in codes such as:
o Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE
o International Building Code (IBC 2018)

• Design Codes provide detailed technical standards used to establish actual structural
design. Some examples:
o Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete by American Concrete
Institute (ACI)
o Steel Construction Manual, by American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
o Euro Code (European Code)
o National Structural Code of the Philippines

LOAD TYPES:

• Concentrated Loads:
o Applied over relatively small area
o Examples: Column Loads, Vehicular wheel Load
• Line Loads:
o Distributed along a narrow strip of the structure
o Examples: Beam Self-weight, weigh of all or partition
• Surface Loads:
o Distributed over an area of the structure
o Examples: Floor and roof loads

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN

 STRUCTURAL THEORIES

LOAD CATEGORIES

• Dead Loads:
o Weight of the various structural members and the weights of any object that are
permanently attached to the structures.
o For a building, dead loads include weigh of:

✓ Roof slab ✓ Walls

✓ Floor slab ✓ Windows
✓ Beams ✓ Plumbing
✓ Girders ✓ Electrical Fixtures
✓ Columns ✓ Ducts

o The dead loads can be calculated knowing the densities and dimensions of the
structural components.
o The unit weights of typical building materials can be found in codes and
standards.
o For load associated with service equipment, they can be obtained from the
manufacturers.
o They are usually small for small structures and errors can be neglected. Yet, for
multistory structures the error is high and cannot be ignored.

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN

 STRUCTURAL THEORIES

• Live Loads
o Vertical Loads due to human occupancy, snow, rain, ponding, furniture,
partition walls and moveable equipment.
o Horizontal (lateral) loads due to wind, earthquake, water pressure, blast,
explosion, collision, etc.
o Loads produced through construction or occupancy of the structure.
o They can be used by weights of objects temporarily placed on the
structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
o Can be categorized to:
▪ Occupancy loads of buildings (ASCE)
▪ Traffic Loads for bridges (AASHTO)
▪ Impact Loads (Applied over a very short period of time; Have
greater effect on the structure)

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN

 STRUCTURAL THEORIES

o Moving Loads
▪ Dynamic Significance
▪ Change over a period of time

o Codes have established its data based on studying the history of such
loads

o Types of live loads

✓ Building Loads ✓ Snow Load
✓ Highway Bridge Loads ✓ Earthquake Loads
✓ Railroad Bridge Loads ✓ Hydrostatic Pressure
✓ Impact Loads ✓ Soil Pressure
✓ Wind Loads ✓ Other Environmental Loads
• Floors are assumed to be under uniform live loads which depend on the purpose for
which the building is designed.

• These Loads are usually tabulated in adapted code.

• These values include some protection against overloading, emergency situations,

construction loads, and serviceability requirements due to vibration.

• Environmental loads:
o Snow and ice loads

o Rain Loads
▪ Accumulation of rainwater on flat roof (ponding)
▪ Avoid by Providing (2%) slope and design adequate drainage.

o Wind Loads
▪ Causes forces, vibrations, and (in some cases) instability
▪ Depends on
• Wind speed
• Mass Density of the air
• Location of the structure
• Geometry of the structure
• Vibrational Characteristics of the system

o Earthquake Loads
▪ It is the common dynamic loading associated with the ground
movement
▪ It affects the base of the structure
▪ The rest of the structure is affected due to inertia
▪ Creates horizontal shear forces and deflections
▪ Depends on the nature of the ground movement and the inertia
response of the structure

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN

 STRUCTURAL THEORIES

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN

 STRUCTURAL THEORIES

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. The building shown in the figure has a grid size of 5 m by 6 m. The building is constructed using
the column size of 300 mm x 300 mm and beam of size 300 mm x 600 mm.

Density of reinforced concrete = 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Calculate the axial force at point C (Just above

the 1st floor) due to self-weight of the
structure.

Note: Finish loading, or imposed loading shall

not be considered.

Grid size: 5m x 6m
Beam size: 300mm x 600mm
Column size: 300mm x 300mm
Slab depth: 250mm

SOLUTION:

➢ Slab Dead Weight

• Dead Load of the slab due to 3rd floor = 25 × 0.25 × 5 × 6 = 187.5 𝑘𝑁

• Dead Load of the slab due to 2nd floor = 25 × 0.25 × 5 × 6 = 187.5 𝑘𝑁

➢ Beam Dead Weight

• Beam dead load due to 3rd floor along 6m length

= 25 × 0.3 × (0.6 − 0.25) × (6 − 0.3) = 14.9625 𝑘𝑁
• Beam dead load due to 3rd floor along 5m length
= 25 × 0.3 × (0.6 − 0.25) × (5 − 0.3) = 12.3375 𝑘𝑁

• Beam dead load due to 2nd floor along 6m length

= 25 × 0.3 × (0.6 − 0.25) × (6 − 0.3) = 14.9625 𝑘𝑁
• Beam dead load due to 2nd floor along 5m length
= 25 × 0.3 × (0.6 − 0.25) × (5 − 0.3) = 12.3375 𝑘𝑁

➢ Column Dead Weight

• Column weight from 2nd to 3rd floor = 25 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 2.8 = 6.3 𝑘𝑁
• Column weight from 1st to 2nd floor = 25 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 2.8 = 6.3 𝑘𝑁

Total

Total load at the base of column C just above first floor slab

= 187.5 + 187.5 + 14.9625 + 12.3375 + 14.9625 + 12.3375 + 6.3 + 6.3

= 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵 [𝒂𝒏𝒔]

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN

 STRUCTURAL THEORIES

2. The floor of a building in the figure, is subjected to a

uniformly distributed load of 3.5 kPa over its surface area.
Determine the loads acting on all the members acting on
the floor system.

Solution:

Check if one way or two-way floor system

𝐿 9
= = 2.25 > 2 (𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦)
𝑊 4

Solve the distributed loads for beams/Girders

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
(3.5 2
) (2𝑚) = 7 (3.5 2
) (4𝑚) = 14
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
(3.5 ) (4.5𝑚) = 15.75
𝑚2 𝑚

Solve the load for Columns

𝑘𝑁
(3.5 ) (4.5𝑚)(6𝑚) = 94.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑚2

𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐺 𝑜𝑟 𝐻

ENGR. JERRY JAKE JUNE B. HAYAGAN