University of Dar es Salaam

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024

Celebrating the legacies of

Prof. J. Machiwa and Dr. P. Onyango:
Inspiring stories of their research
and academic excellence
INSIDE

Remembering and Celebrating the life of My insight into the Molecular revelation:
celebrating the life of our colleague, Dr. Paul Diploma in Fisheries Unveiling the hidden
Professor J Machiwa... Onyango Science program.... secrets...
2 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 ©Rashidi
OctoberBilali
2024
 DISCLAIMER About
SoAF
The opinions expressed and arguments
employed herein are those of the authors and
do not necessarily re�ect the of�cial views of
the University of Dar es Salaam.

Editorial The School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries

Board
Technology (SoAF) was established on September 22nd,
2020 and operates at Kunduchi Campus, about 16 km
away from the University of Dar es Salaam Mwalimu
Nyerere Mlimani Campus.

CHIEF EDITOR
The School’s mission is to advance the economic and
social development in aquaculture, �sheries and
aquatic environmental sciences through effective
Dr. Samwel M. Limbu teaching, research, innovation and knowledge

MEMBERS
exchange linked to its vision of becoming a centre of
excellence for training and conducting cutting edge
scienti�c and technological innovations in
Prof. Yunus D. Mgaya aquaculture, �sheries and aquatic environmental
Dr. Rashid A. Tamatamah sciences for sustainable and inclusive development.
Dr. Julius F. Woiso
Dr. Siajali P. Zegge Despite being a recently established academic unit at
Mr. Samson J. Philemon the University of Dar es Salaam, SoAF possesses an
intriguing history and is home to a diverse mix of
both early career scientists and seasoned experts in
the �eld. The School boasts a wide range of expertise
Design and Layout by in various �elds, including marine and freshwater
sciences, wetlands ecology and watershed
Mr. Magembe R. Malima
management, �sheries science and management,
Email: [email protected]
aquaculture, socio-economics and aqua-business, and
aquatic pollution.

PHOTO CREDIT SoAF is the only unit in the country that offers degree
programmes in �sheries, which are complemented by
Cover page (in the background) ©Rashidi Bilali
a comprehensive knowledge of marine and
Insert photos from left to right ©Yunus Mgaya, freshwater sciences. It is an ideal learning and
©Paul Onyango family and ©Humphery Mahudi research place for individuals interested in pursuing a
Asiya Nchimbi career in �sheries, aquaculture, and aquatic sciences.
Blandina Lugendo
Humphery Mahudi In addition to providing educational opportunities,
John Mbughani SoAF also offers support for innovative research and
Lydia Gaspare access to technical advice through consultancy
Naima Naibu Mohamedi services.
Paul Onyango family
Rashidi Bilali
Ron Johnstone
Samwel Mchele Limbu
College of Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology We welcome submissions of
(CoAF)
short reports, ongoing researches,
Marine Parks and Reserves Unit (MPRU)
National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
completed researches, extension/
School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology outreach activities and commentaries
(SoAF) related to aquatic sciences.
University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) Please send your articles to
[email protected]
ISSN 2961-6352
e-ISSN 2961-6360

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 i
 Message from the Dean .......................................................................................................... 1

Message from the Chief Editor .............................................................................................. 2

Remembering and celebrating the life of Professor John F. Machiwa .............................. 3

The late Prof. John Machiwa: Dedication to nurturing aquatic scientists in Tanzania ... 6

Dr. Paul Ochien’g Onyango: the person I found, mentored, and admired! ...................... 8

Celebrating the life of our colleague, Dr. Paul Ochie’ng Onyango .................................. 10

The things that matter: Remembering Paul Onyango ...................................................... 13

Celebrating the legacy of Dr. Paul Onyango: Nurturing �sheries socio-economic

development in Tanzania ...................................................................................................... 16

Leading the way in cage �sh farming: The story of SAMEKI LTD................................. 18

Securing the overlooked gardens under the sea - the seagrass meadows ........................ 20

Assessment of the ecological aspects of microplastic pollution in Dar es Salaam,

Zanzibar and Mombasa coastal marine environments (MICROMARINE) ................... 22

My insight into the Diploma in Fisheries Science program at Kunduchi ........................ 24

‘Kunduchi Marine Biological Station’ Revisited ............................................................... 26

Molecular revelation: Unveiling the hidden secrets of Tanzania’s seagrasses ................ 28

Revealing the invisible blue economy: Contribution of milk�sh (Chanos chanos)

mariculture to socio-economics and livelihoods of coastal communities in Tanzania .... 30

SoAF Leadership ................................................................................................................... 32

Staff News .............................................................................................................................. 33

Photo Gallery......................................................................................................................... 34

ii A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Message from the Dean
Dr. Blandina R. Lugendo
t is with great honour and pleasure that I present this recognized when he received the second-place award in the

I second edition of the SoAF News, “Celebrating the

legacies of Prof. John Ferdinand Machiwa and
Dr. Paul Ochieng Onyango: Inspiring stories of their
'Collaborative Projects' category during the University of
Dar es Salaam's 2021 Research and Innovation Week.

As the philosopher and poet Marcus Tullius Cicero noted,

research and academic excellence.” In 2022, just two years
after its establishment, the School lost two prominent staff “The life given to us by nature is short, but the memory of a
members whose unique and signi�cant contributions laid a life well spent is eternal.” Though they passed on too early,
solid foundation for what the School of Aquatic Sciences the memories of their achievements will endure for many
years. Capturing these memories from those who worked
and Fisheries Technology (SoAF) is today. Dr. Onyango
with them–and who may have supervised them–is a vital
passed away in April 2022, followed by Prof. Machiwa just
way to ensure their legacies do not fade. A popular Russian
four months later, both after short illnesses. Their untimely
song reminds us, “Leave the light when passing away.”
demises were a profound loss to their families and to the
Prof. Machiwa and Dr. Onyango have certainly left behind
School, and there is no better way to honour them than by
a great deal of light! This issue highlights their
celebrating their legacies.
achievements as recounted by former colleagues and
Prof. Machiwa left an enduring legacy through his students.
exceptional leadership and contributions to the evolution Continuing from the �rst issue, we also include two articles
and growth of SoAF, transforming it from a unit within the about the history of Kunduchi Campus contributed by
Department of Zoology into an independent Faculty, the colleagues familiar with its legacy. Professor Emerita
Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology (FAST), to the Amelia Kivaisi earned her Diploma in Fisheries Science at
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, the Kunduchi Marine Fisheries Research and Training
and �nally to the former College of Agriculture and Institute (KMFRTI) in 1972. Her article re�ects on her time
Fisheries (CoAF). Prof. Machiwa was awarded the at Kunduchi, detailing the experiences and insights she
prestigious Best Worker (Academic) award from the gained from the diploma programme. Prof. Kamazima
University of Dar es Salaam in 2005 and the Vice Lwiza, currently at Stony Brook University in the USA,
Chancellor's Congratulatory Note in 2011, recognizing his provides an excellent historical background on the
signi�cant contributions to science, leadership, and society. development of marine sciences at the University of Dar es
Salaam in the early 1980s, with a focus on the main campus
Similarly, Dr. Onyango left behind a remarkable legacy and and Kunduchi Campus.
numerous un�nished initiatives. As a charismatic and
visionary scholar, he was the only academic staff member We are also excited to share some signi�cant achievements
with a socio-economics background at that time, which in our research and activities carried out by our partners.
allowed him to integrate this discipline into our academic
and research frameworks. His contributions were I hope you enjoy reading this issue.

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 1
Dedication

Message from the Chief Editor

Dr. Samwel M. Limbu

Dear Readers, We also share inspiring success stories of cage �sh
farming in Lake Victoria, completed projects at the
am thrilled to welcome you to the second issue of
I SoAF News, the School of Aquatic Sciences and
Fisheries Technology (SoAF) newsletter at the
University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). It is with
school, the unique features of the Kunduchi campus, and
research produced by scientists who were mentored by
them. This collection of articles serves as a reminder that
the legacies of Prof. Machiwa and Dr. Onyango will
immense joy that I unveil the second edition of SoAF
News for 2024, titled “Celebrating the Legacies of Prof. continue to inspire us for years to come. Our thoughts
John Machiwa and Dr. Paul Onyango: Inspiring remain with their families, friends, and all whose lives
stories of their research and academic excellence,” in were touched by their brilliance and kindness.
heartfelt remembrance of our beloved colleagues who I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the dedicated
passed away in 2022. scientists who authored the remarkable and inspiring
As esteemed academic community members, Prof. articles that made this issue of SoAF News possible. I
Machiwa and Dr. Onyango contributed to the growth of sincerely applaud and recognize their contributions.
knowledge and profoundly in�uenced the lives of their
students, peers, and the institution itself. Though they are Lastly, I extend my gratitude to the Dean of SoAF and
no longer with us, their impact endures in classrooms the SoAF News Editorial Board members for their
enriched with insight, the groundbreaking research they unwavering support throughout the preparation and
pioneered, and the strong community they helped build. production of this issue. The publication of the second
Re�ecting on their lives, we draw strength from the issue is a testament to their determination, commitment,
lessons they imparted, both academically and personally. and tireless efforts to serve SoAF, the University, and the
While their absence is deeply felt, we will continue to broader Tanzanian community.
uphold the values they championed and the passion they On behalf of the Dean of SoAF, the SoAF News
infused into their work.
Editorial Board, myself, and the entire SoAF family, I
We pay tribute to Prof. Machiwa and Dr. Onyango in this warmly welcome our readers. I hope you �nd the articles
issue by highlighting their contributions and dedication in this issue both interesting and informative and feel
to nurturing aquatic scientists in Tanzania and beyond. encouraged to contribute in the future.

©Rashidi Bilali

2 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

Remembering and
celebrating the life of
Professor John F. Machiwa
Dr. Rashid A. Tamatamah and
Professor Yunus D. Mgaya
(Both were colleagues of the late Professor Machiwa)

rof. John Ferdinand Machiwa, who departed

P from us on 29 July 2022 following a valiant

struggle with illness, was a revered research
scientist and esteemed administrator who made
impactful contributions to the �eld of aquatic
sciences. The passing of Prof. Machiwa is a loss not
only to his family and colleagues but also to the
broader academic community. His legacy will endure
through his groundbreaking research, mentorship of
students, and dedication to the advancement of
aquatic sciences. His work advanced the frontiers of
scienti�c understanding and inspired countless
individuals within the academic community. His
passion for research, commitment to education, and
unwavering integrity were a guiding light to many,
and his absence will be keenly felt. May the memories
of his accomplishments bring comfort, and may the
Almighty grant his loved ones the strength to
navigate this period of profound loss.

Field work for undergraduate students

Born in Kinesi, Rorya District, Tanzania, in 1956,
Prof. Machiwa's educational path was marked by
notable achievements and contributions. After
completing his primary and secondary education, Prof.
Machiwa pursued his interest in �sheries and marine
research by enrolling at the Kunduchi Marine
Fisheries Research and Training Institute (KMFRTI).
There, he obtained a Fisheries Diploma in 1979,
marking the beginning of his formal education in the
�eld. After attaining his diploma, Prof. Machiwa
embarked on a career as an Assistant Fisheries Of�cer Prof. Machiwa at IMS during his PhD. ©Ron Johnstone
in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. His
academic journey continued as he pursued
undergraduate studies at the University of Dar es
Salaam, culminating in the award of a BSc (Ed) degree studies abroad, earning a Master of Philosophy
in 1984. (M. Phil.) from the University of Wales (UK) in 1988
and a PhD in Biogeochemistry from the University of
Upon completing his Bachelor's degree, Prof. Stockholm (Sweden) in 1999. These academic
Machiwa was recruited as a Tutorial Assistant in the achievements underscore his commitment to
Department of Zoology and Marine Biology at the scholarship and research in Aquatic Sciences.
University of Dar es Salaam, where he further honed
his expertise and contributed to the academic Having attained the rank of professor in 2011, Prof.
community. Eager to broaden his horizons and deepen Machiwa dedicated a total of 38 years of service to the
his knowledge, Prof. Machiwa pursued advanced University of Dar es Salaam. This period comprised 32

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 3
Dedication

Remembering and celebrating the life Professor John F. Machiwa

years of permanent service from 1984 to 2016, during and unwavering support. His in�uence as a mentor
which he imparted knowledge and expertise to continues to shape the trajectories of his students,
generations of students. Even after his statutory instilling in them the values of scholarship, integrity,
retirement in 2016, Prof. Machiwa continued to serve and compassion that he exempli�ed throughout his
the university for an additional 6 years on a contract career.
basis, showcasing his ongoing dedication to academia.
Throughout his academic career, Prof. Machiwa's Prof. John Ferdinand Machiwa's invaluable
af�liation with the Department of Aquatic Sciences contributions extend far beyond the realm of academia,
and Fisheries Technology, established in 2002, encompassing a multifaceted career marked by
underscored his specialization and expertise in the pioneering research, impactful administrative roles,
�eld. Before the department's inception, he was a and dedicated service to the University of Dar es
valued member of the Department of Zoology and Salaam. His diverse portfolio of accomplishments
Marine Biology, where he laid the foundation for his underscores his exceptional leadership qualities and
distinguished career in academia. unwavering commitment to advancing the �elds of
aquatic sciences and �sheries technology. As a proli�c
As a respected educator, Prof. Machiwa taught various researcher, Prof. Machiwa's scholarly output is a
courses in aquatic sciences, covering essential topics testament to his intellectual prowess and dedication to
such as Oceanography, Aquatic Pollution, Aquatic advancing scienti�c knowledge. With 48 journal
Biology, Aquatic Resources and Management, and papers, three books, and chapters to his credit, he has
Water Quality and Pollution Control. His commitment signi�cantly enriched the academic discourse in his
to providing high-quality education and fostering a areas of expertise, leaving a lasting imprint on the �eld.
deeper understanding of critical environmental issues
has left an enduring mark on his students and the In addition to his research endeavors, Prof. Machiwa's
academic community at large. leadership extended to the coordination of two major
projects–the Support to Riparian University
Prof. John Ferdinand Machiwa's impact as an educator Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
and mentor transcended the con�nes of academia, as Management Project (LVEMP) from 1998 to 2008 and
evidenced by his profound in�uence on numerous the PUMPSEA project from 2005 to 2008. His
postgraduate students. Through his unwavering stewardship of these projects underscores his ability to
dedication and exceptional guidance, Prof. Machiwa facilitate collaborative initiatives and drive impactful
played a pivotal role in nurturing the academic and research endeavours aimed at addressing critical
personal growth of individuals under his tutelage, environmental challenges. His pivotal role in the
leaving an indelible mark on their lives. During his establishment of the Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and
illustrious career, Prof. Machiwa had the privilege of Technology (FAST) in 2002 and later, the College of
advising a diverse cohort of undergraduate and Agricultural Sciences and Fisheries Technology
postgraduate students, supervising the research and (CoAF) in 2015, highlights his instrumental role in
academic pursuits of 9 Master's students and 14 fostering the growth and development of academic
doctoral candidates. His mentorship extended beyond programmes in these disciplines.
the con�nes of his own institution, as he also served as
an External Examiner for 4 postgraduate students from Throughout his tenure, Prof. Machiwa held various
Kenya and South Africa, further showcasing his administrative positions, including Head of the
commitment to fostering scholarship beyond borders. Department of Aquatic Environment and
Conservation, Dean of FAST, Deputy Principal
Those fortunate enough to have been mentored by (Planning, Finance and Administration) at Mkwawa
Prof. Machiwa were recipients of his boundless University College of Education (MUCE), and Acting
generosity, compassion, and expertise. His approach to Principal in CoAF. In each capacity, he exempli�ed
teaching and advising was characterized by a profound exceptional leadership skills, a collaborative spirit, and
care for his students, exemplifying a commitment to a steadfast commitment to mentorship, guiding both
their holistic development. Prof. Machiwa's students and colleagues toward academic and
involvement in the lives of his students transcended professional excellence.
mere academic instruction; he served as a role model,
actively engaging in their personal and intellectual In this article, we are re�ecting on the remarkable life
growth and providing a paradigmatic example of and legacy of Prof. John Ferdinand Machiwa, a
excellence and dedication. The impact of Prof. distinguished scholar, mentor, and visionary leader
Machiwa's mentorship reverberates through the whose contributions have left an indelible mark on the
achievements and successes of the students he guided, University of Dar es Salaam and the scienti�c
re�ecting the lasting legacy of his teaching philosophy community at large. Prof. Machiwa's unwavering

4 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

Remembering and celebrating the life Professor John F. Machiwa

dedication and exemplary service to the university and responsibility towards his nation and its natural
the nation were met with well-deserved recognition resources.
and accolades, throughout his illustrious career. The
honours he received, including the prestigious award Prof. Machiwa's legacy extends far beyond his
of Best Worker (Academic) of the University of Dar es professional achievements. He leaves behind a loving
Salaam in 2005 and the Vice Chancellor's family–his wife Praxeda, two daughters Dr. Herrieth
Congratulatory Note in 2011, are a testament to his and Doreen, a son Eric, three grandsons, and one
outstanding commitment to academic excellence and granddaughter–who were the centre of his world and
exemplary service to the community. the source of his greatest joy and inspiration. Their
love and support undoubtedly fueled his passion for
Beyond his professional achievements, Prof. his work and his unwavering dedication to making a
Machiwa's impact went far beyond academia; he was difference in the world.
cherished by colleagues and friends for his kindness,
generosity, and sense of humour. His unwavering As we celebrate his life, his contributions to science
optimism in the face of challenges served as a source and society, and the enduring impact he had on the
of inspiration and comfort to those around him, lives of those around him, are highlighted. His
leaving a lasting impression on all who had the research, mentorship, and profound in�uence will
privilege of knowing him. In addition to his continue to inspire future generations of scholars,
contributions to academia, Prof. Machiwa dedicated ensuring that his legacy remains alive and thriving in
his time and expertise to public service, serving as a the hearts and minds of all who had the honour of
member of various boards and as the Chairperson of knowing him.
the Board of Trustees of the Marine Parks and
Reserves Unit (MPRU). His commitment to Rest in eternal peace, Prof. Machiwa. Your light will
environmental conservation and community service continue to shine brightly through the lives you
exempli�ed his deep-rooted values of stewardship and touched and the legacy you leave behind

Prof. Machiwa (L), as one of the judges during the Research and Innovation Week in 2021. ©SoAF

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 5
Dedication

The late Prof. John Machiwa: Dedication to

nurturing aquatic scientists in Tanzania
Dr. Sihaba Ramadhani Mwaitega
Senior Research Of�cer

n 1997, I enrolled as a �rst-year B.Sc. General encouraged me by stating that what had happened was

I student at the University of Dar es Salaam,

speci�cally in the then Department of Zoology
and Marine Biology. During my second year, I was
in the past, and we needed to �nd a replacement
instrument to continue my research quickly.

uncertain about which �eld to choose. However, my Prof. Machiwa was a dedicated mentor who
academic journey and passion for aquatic ecosystems maintained an open-door policy, fostering a positive
began when I registered for the Marine Pollution learning environment where students felt comfortable
course taught by the late Prof. John Machiwa. This seeking advice or clari�cation at any time. Most of his
course laid the foundation for my career path, appointments were scheduled early in the morning,
ultimately leading to successfully completing my allowing him to read students' work throughout the day
higher education and attaining advanced degrees in and provide same-day feedback. His editing process
aquatic sciences and related �elds under Prof. often involved reviewing, correcting, and setting strict
Machiwa's guidance. His most enduring submission deadlines. He was always punctual in
contributions lie in his commitment to mentorship reviewing his students' work.
and support, which inspired me to pursue a career in
aquatic sciences. Below are a few examples Prof. Machiwa's mentorship extended to the
highlighting Prof. Machiwa's dedication to publication process, where he actively guided students
nurturing aquatic scientists in Tanzania. in publishing their research �ndings in peer-reviewed
journals. This commitment to academic excellence
Broken light meter contributed signi�cantly to the vibrant academic
Prof. Machiwa was remarkably humble and patient,
achievements of his graduate student community. His
even when angry, he never raised his voice at students.
emphasis on ethical conduct resonated strongly with
I recall an incident during my doctoral research when I
returned from the �eld with a broken light meter. I was mentees, instilling in them a sense of responsibility and
anxious about how Prof. Machiwa, my research honesty research. Prof. John Machiwa's mentorship
supervisor, would react to this news. With was characterized by a hands-on approach that
encouragement from Mzee Richard Masinde, the Chief transcended traditional guidance. He engaged in one-
Field Technician who had accompanied me, I �nally on-one sessions with students, tailoring his mentorship
entered Prof. Machiwa's of�ce, light meter in hand. to their unique needs and aspirations.
Upon seeing me, he immediately asked if I had
collected light intensity data, to which I replied that I Hands-on training
had only been able to gather data from some stations, During my PhD studies, one of my objectives was to
not all. He then inquired about the remaining stations analyze the metal concentration in the Pangani estuary
from which data had yet to be collected. I confessed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
that the meter was not functioning because it had (AAS). At that time, the only functional AAS was at
broken while taking measurements under the the Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS) in Zanzibar.
submerged coral rag. However, the IMS AAS utilized an expensive gas that
had to be imported from South Africa, and several
After a moment of silence, he said, “At the Ph.D. level, lamps were not operational. At the time, the Faculty of
you should be familiar with how to operate delicate Aquatic Sciences and Technology (FAST) also had an
research instruments in various environments AAS that had not yet been installed. Prof. Machiwa
carefully. Now, how will we obtain the light data? As took the initiative to address this issue by arranging for
you know, this data is crucial for the primary an AAS expert from Germany to come and install the
productivity experiment.” I was silent, but he then unit at FAST.

6 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

The late Prof. John Machiwa: Dedication to nurturing aquatic scientists in Tanzania

I recall spending an entire day in the laboratory with His legacy lives on through his students
Prof. Machiwa and other students, learning how to Although Prof. Machiwa is no longer with us, his
operate the equipment following its installation. His legacy endures through the many aquatic scientists he
knowledge stemmed primarily from his experiences as mentored, some of whom now hold managerial
a graduate student using the same machine. During positions in research, higher education, and
these moments, his hands-on training skills truly conservation institutions, such as the Tanzania
shone, nurturing the next generation of aquatic
scientists. Additionally, Prof. Machiwa was pivotal in Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), various
developing the curriculum, research programmes, and universities, and the National Environment
academic policies related to aquatic sciences at the Management Council (NEMC). He made signi�cant
University of Dar es Salaam. Under his guidance, the contributions to advancing scienti�c endeavours at
university, particularly FAST and later the College of both national and international levels. Upon re�ecting
Agricultural Sciences and Fisheries Technology on his life and work, it becomes evident that Prof.
(CoAF at that time), �ourished as a hub for learning Machiwa's in�uence extends far beyond the
and research in this specialized �eld. classroom. He devoted his life to understanding and
preserving aquatic ecosystems while helping the
Maintained close contacts with his students students he mentored and supervised realize their full
Beyond academics, Prof. Machiwa fostered long-term potential.
relationships with his mentees, providing ongoing
support as they advanced in their careers. His ability to The impact of his work is still felt today, inspiring
recognize and nurture individual strengths in his
students allowed him to tailor his mentorship, ongoing efforts to conserve and sustainably manage
impacting their lives. Prof. Machiwa genuinely cared Tanzania's aquatic ecosystems. He produced graduates
about his students' academic and social well-being. I who carry forward his vision for a sustainable and
recall one early morning when I received a call from scienti�cally informed approach to aquatic resource
him asking if we could meet that day. Initially, I felt management.
apprehensive, wondering what pressing issue required
such an urgent meeting. To my surprise, he simply In conclusion, Prof. Machiwa's contributions extend
wanted to check on how I was doing; we discussed beyond those of a brilliant scientist; he was a
social issues rather than academics. He offered compassionate mentor and a driving force behind the
valuable advice on balancing professional challenges advancement of aquatic science in Tanzania. His
and delicate social matters. Prof. Machiwa legacy will continue in�uencing the hearts and minds
consistently encouraged his students to complete their
of those fortunate enough to learn from and work
studies on time, often saying, "No matter what
happens, this is your life, and you must �nish it for alongside him. By honouring Prof. Machiwa, we
your own good." He frequently used uplifting phrases recognize his transformative impact and commit to
like, "I know you are capable, I believe in you, and I ensuring his dedication inspires and shapes the
am proud of you." Just imagine how dif�cult life could scienti�c landscape for years. To me, Prof. Machiwa
have been with a supervisor who lacked the patience was not just a supervisor but also a father �gure. May
and compassion of Prof. Machiwa. God grant him eternal peace. Amen!

Prof. Machiwa, as the Chairperson of the Marine Parks and Reserves (MPRU) Board
with Board members and MPRU staff. ©MPRU

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 7
Dedication

Dr. Paul Ochien’g Onyango: the person I found,

mentored, and admired!
Prof. Philip O. J. Bwathondi
Retired Associate Professor (UDSM), Retired Director General - Tanzania
Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI) & Part-time Instructor at SoAF

�rst came to know the late Dr. Paul Ochien’g

I Onyango when he joined a Kisumu-based NGO,

OSIENALA (which means ‘Friends of Lake
Victoria’), after completing his �rst degree in
Bachelor of Arts at the University of Nairobi. He
graduated in 1993. OSIENALA, established in 1992
as a membership organization of local communities
who live and are dependent on the Lake for their
livelihoods, provided a forum for addressing
environmental challenges facing the Lake. At the
organization, he authored several articles in its
newsletter on Lake Victoria's environment and its
importance for the livelihoods of the communities
around the lake and beyond. These articles attracted
my attention, and I was interested in meeting him and
learning more about what he was also doing at the
organization. Since the Nile perch industry was
booming around the Lake at the time, he was also
responsible for the tree-planting campaign at
OSIENALA. The campaign provided a window of
opportunity to offset the loss of �rewood used to dry
the Nile perch. These two activities laid a good
foundation for what he could come and do later in his
career..

How Dr. Onyango joined TAFIRI

I met Paul for the �rst time in 1994 in Rorya, where we
both come from. At the time, I was the Director
General of the Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute
(TAFIRI), and coincidentally, TAFIRI was looking for
a social scientist as there was a need for the Institute to Dr. Onyango at the Mvuvi House in Dar es Salaam.
start exploring human dimensions of management ©Paul Onyango family
challenges facing the �shery sector in Lake Victoria.
On meeting him, I was impressed by his wide
Establishment of Socio-economic Department
knowledge of the challenges facing the Lake, and I
advised him to apply for a job as a social scientist at the After he joined TAFIRI, though posted to Sota, he was
Institute. He agreed and became the �rst social stationed at the Mwanza Centre, where he was
scientist at TAFIRI under the Lake Victoria assigned two main activities: �rst, to participate in the
Environment Management Project (LVEMP). He was socio-economic activities of LVEMP and second, to
assigned to report at Sota Station under the supervision establish a new department of dealing mainly with
of Dr. Amon Shoko in 1998. This was the beginning of research on socio-economic issues. In addition to his
Paul's long and fruitful career. research work, he was actively involved in the

8 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

Dr. Paul Ochien’g Onyango: the person I found, mentored, and admired!

administration work, particularly in relation to the and started working together on several activities. For
establishment of the new department. I was glad that instance, we shared courses and also undertook joint
Paul did well in administration and research. Over the consultancies. Since 2020, when SoAF was
years, he achieved quite a lot in his areas of expertise established, we shared an of�ce. We had long and
through research activities and consultancies interesting discussions on different �sheries issues.
undertaken nationally and regionally, as well as Paul was more than a colleague to me, he was a special
outside the region. He also established two working adopted ‘son’! I was looking forward to our regular
groups, a National Lake Victoria Socio-economic unplanned discussions in the of�ce.
Working Group and a Regional Lake Victoria Socio-
economic Working Group.
Contribution to Fisheries and Social Sciences in
Joining the University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania
In 2005, he left TAFIRI and joined the then Paul’s remarkable contribution to capacity
Department of Aquatic Science and Fisheries, development and research on �sheries' social and
University of Dar es Salaam. However, this move did governance issues in Tanzania, Eastern Africa, and
not affect TAFIRI's socio-economic activities. He had Africa is well known. He conducted extensive studies
already established a strong department with and consultancies on different issues in different
experienced social scientists, including Dr. Modesta countries. He supervised postgraduate students (MSc
Medard, Eliza Mlahagwa, and Joseph Onyango, and and PhD) on the socio-economics of �sheries in
he had also developed close collaboration with Tanzania, covering freshwater and marine �sheries.
�sheries institutions in the region. The foundation he He will also be remembered for several projects that he
laid was critical for sustaining activities initiated attracted to SoAF that not only supported several
during his time and for the creation of new ones. Master’s and PhD students but were equally important
in providing funds for research for other academics
He completed his Master's at the University of and securing equipment.
Tromsø, Norway, in 2004 while still at TAFIRI. In
2007, he started his PhD at the same University. His
PhD was on ‘Poverty in small-scale Fisheries; It has been over two years since he passed on, but I still
Governance challenges in Lake Victoria Fishing vividly remember our interactions, discussions, and
Communities, Tanzania’, and he did his �eldwork in arguments, particularly in our of�ce. I will always
two �shing communities, Nyakasenge and Kasheno, remember his laugh, his smile, and his positivity in
on the southern shores of Lake Victoria. He completed life.
his PhD in 2011 and published several papers from it.
Rest in Eternal Peace, my mentee, colleague, of�ce
After I retired from TAFIRI in 2006, I returned to the mate, and ‘adopted’ son! I will always cherish our time
University of Dar es Salaam, where I met Paul again together, Paul

Dr. Onyango (extreme right) with Prof. Shilla (extreme left) followed by Mr. Lusana and Mr. Malesa at the Kunduchi Campus.
©SoAF

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 9
Dedication

Celebrating the life of our colleague, Dr. Paul Ochie’ng Onyango

Blandina R. Lugendo, James Lusana and Julius F. Woiso

e were hit hard by his demise. We mourned

W him dearly. Now is the time to celebrate his

life! Dr. Paul Ochie’ng Onyango, whom
many used to call him Paul! who referred to himself
as “the Original Onyango,” differentiating himself
from the famous Kenyan TV personality, was a
cherished member of SoAF at the University of Dar
es Salaam. Joining the University of Dar es Salaam
as Assistant Lecturer in 2007, he rose to lecturer in
2011 and senior lecturer in 2016, the position he held
until his untimely passing. To us, he was more than a
colleague, he was a friend, a role model, and a
mentor.

A journey of academic excellence

Born in Rorya, Mara, on 6th December 1970, Dr. Paul’s
academic journey began at Kagunga High School
(1984 – 1989), followed by a Bachelor's degree in Arts
at Nairobi University, Kenya (1990 - 1993). He earned
an MSc in International Fisheries Management from
the University of Tromso, Norway, in 2004 and later a
PhD in Fisheries Socioeconomics at the same
university in 2011. Dr. Onyango’s expertise and
dedication took him to numerous national, regional,
and international meetings and conferences, earning
him the playful nickname of a frequent traveller. He
represented SoAF in several countries, including
Uganda, Mauritius, Kenya, Sweden, Netherlands,
Australia, Thailand, Norway, Canada, Germany,
Bangladesh, and Chile.

He was also a member of the Board of the International

Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), a
professional organization for experts on marine
resource economics and trade issues, the Fisheries
Paul holding seaweed in Zanzibar.
Governance Working Group program at the African ©Paul Onyango family
Union – Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources

10 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

Celebrating the life of our colleague, Dr. Paul Ochie’ng Onyango

(AU-IBAR), specialized technical of�ce of the AU His iconic contributions

focusing on the improved utilization of animals I would be remiss if I did not mention two icons that
(livestock, �sheries, and wildlife) as a resource for SoAF is proud of and whose existence is both a
human wellbeing, and regional coordinator of the Too testament to his dedication, expertise, and vision. The
Big To Ignore (TBTI) research network for Africa, �rst is the HEET Building at Kunduchi Campus. Dr.
focusing on addressing the marginalization of small- Onyango was pivotal in preparing the proposal for the
scale �sheries in national and international policies. Higher Education for Economic Transformation
(HEET) Project, which has led to the ongoing
A Dedicated Educator and Mentor construction of a building that will host new
Dr. Onyango’s teaching portfolio spanned classrooms at the Kunduchi Campus. The second is the
undergraduate and postgraduate courses in construction of the National Mariculture Resources
socioeconomics and business within �sheries, both Centre at Kunduchi Campus, a signi�cant initiative
inside and outside the University of Dar es Salaam. He supported by the Government through the Ministry of
supervised around 25 undergraduate students, nine MSc Livestock and Fisheries. This centre, also under
students, and ten PhD students. His scholarly construction, will serve as a hub for mariculture
contributions include 19 journal articles, 11 book research, fostering the development of the mariculture
chapters, and 7 conference papers, demonstrating his sector in the country. Although he did not live to
prowess in �sheries economics and social sciences. witness these, the results are visible, and his
Most of his publications were in collaboration with his contribution will live on. Nationwide, Dr. Onyango is
students or with scientists from within and outside that remembered for his substantial role in drafting the
he worked with. One of the notable PhD research he 'Agriculture and Fisheries Development Programme
supervised was that of the then PhD student, Lilian (AFDP)' project, funded by the International Fund for
Ibengwe, which yielded some interesting results with Agriculture Development (IFAD). Paul also led or
policy implications. The study addressed insuf�cient participated in several initiatives relevant to
information about the magnitude of the informal cross- developing the �sheries sector in the country and
border �sh trade (ICBFT), which leads to Africa as a whole. Some of these included the Blue
underestimating the �sheries sector’s importance to the Print for Africa’s Blue Economy Strategy. He also
national economy. The study proposed a participated in the research project ‘Developing a self-
methodological approach that integrates the insights of sustaining management and conservation mechanism
the grounded theory and social network analysis to form for Lake Tanganyika’ and the consultancies on the
‘a Networked Grounded methodological approach’. ‘Assessment and developing an inland �sheries co-
management plan and a simple monitoring system in
He also provided consultancy services in �sheries the Bengo, Kwanza Norte, and Luanda Provinces’;
economics and social sciences and served on several ‘Assessment of the performance of Beach
academic and advisory bodies. At SoAF, Dr. Onyango Management Units (BMUs) along the coast of
served as the Planning and Consultancy Coordinator Tanzania’, that was funded by SMARTFish of the
and Seminar Coordinator, roles he performed with Indian Ocean Commission; and Kigoma Municipality
skills and fairness. His lectures and seminars were Fisheries Cluster Value Chain Analysis in Lake
marked by insightful critiques, constructive advice, Tanganyika.
fairness, and infectious smile or laughter. His absence
leaves a void, but his legacy continues to inspire. A Trusted Facilitator and Master of Ceremony
Dr. Onyango was a respected academic, adept
Grants and awards facilitator, and Master of Ceremony at various events
Dr. Onyango was instrumental in preparing several within our school and on national and international
impactful research projects focused on improving the platforms. His competence in this role was frequently
livelihoods of the small-scale �shers along Lake recognized and sought after by colleagues from the
Victoria, Tanzania. His efforts attracted signi�cant Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, where he often
funding to SoAF from notable funders such as the facilitated national conferences. A notable example of
Department for International Development (DFID), his expertise was in March 2021, when he facilitated
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology the Tanzania National Fisheries Conference at the
(COSTECH), and the Food and Agriculture Julius Nyerere International Conference Centre in Dar
Organization (FAO). In recognition of his es Salaam.
contributions, he received the second-place award in
the 'Collaborative Projects' category during the A Friend to Many
University of Dar es Salaam's 2021 Research and Onyango’s infectious smile, love for jokes, and
Innovation Week. This accolade not only honoured compassionate nature made him a friend to many. He
him but also brought prestige to SoAF. interacted seamlessly with staff and students at all

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 11
Dedication

Celebrating the life of our colleague, Dr. Paul Ochie’ng Onyango

levels, always exhibiting happiness through his after he is gone, the light remains. It is our task not to
constant smile and iconic laughter. Known for his love let them fade away and cherish the memory of our dear
of jokes, he was compassionate and approachable, friend Paul. Dr. Paul Onyango's contributions to his
making him a go-to person for advice. Hence, many
staff, students, and people outside academia department, SoAF, the University of Dar es Salaam,
approached him for advice! These qualities led him to and the community at large will never be forgotten. We
be appointed as one of the school's counseling will continue to cherish and live by the good teachings
committee members. and legacy he left behind.
Conclusion
Paul departed prematurely and suddenly, leaving Rest in peace, our beloved, brother, friend, and
behind a legacy �lled with many un�nished projects. colleague, Dr. Paul Ochie'ng Onyango, the Original
He radiated a light so bright to the world that even Onyango!

Paul and Lydia in a dhow in Ru�ji Delta. Dr. Onyango in Ru�ji Delta.
©Lydia Gaspare ©Lydia Gaspare

©Rashidi Bilali

12 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

The things that matter:

Remembering Paul Onyango1
Prof. Sven Jentoff
UiT The Arctic University of Norway

�rst met Paul Onyango at the MARE Conference

I in Amsterdam in 2001. He later enrolled in my

university’s International Fisheries Management
Master Program, graduating as scheduled after two
years. He became a PhD student in the Poverty
Alleviation and Sustainable Livelihoods in Small-
Scale Fisheries (PovFish) project (2008–2011),
which I coordinated, and again I was his supervisor.
After completion, he returned home to Tanzania and
obtained a faculty position at the University of Dar es
Salaam, where he excelled. Paul was an important
member and a regional coordinator of the Too Big To
Ignore (TBTI) research network for Africa. When he
tragically passed away on April 10, 2022, only �fty-
two years old, I lost a dear friend and a great
colleague.

Paul’s PhD �eldwork took place in two small-scale

�sheries communities, Nyakasenge and Kasheno, on
the southern shores of Lake Victoria. When the
PovFish team met in Tanzania, he brought us to
Nyakasenge to visit the people he worked with and see
how they lived. We talked to some of his informants
and met with community members on the beach. We
encountered nothing but friendliness and curiosity
about our mission. They shared their ideas and
aspirations for the community and �shery and what
they thought the government could help with.

Poverty was easy to notice, such as in the housing Dr. Onyango holding �sh in Lake Victoria.
conditions and the absence of infrastructure. The ©Paul Onyango family
community had neither a school nor a health clinic.
Artisanal �shing was the only source of income.
People had food with the �sh and a backyard garden to people with so little worldly goods and opportunities
grow vegetables. When we were there, a vehicle “can wake up every morning with a smile on their
showed up on the beach to transport the �sh to the city. face?” as he phrased it. “Poverty was part of their life,
but certainly not everything,” he wrote. Thus, being
Happiness and well‑being poor is apparently not the same as being unhappy.
Despite their poverty, and much to Paul’s puzzlement, People tend to adjust their expectations and
he did not �nd people in anguish: “I did not see certain preferences to what they can realistically attain.
characteristics which have been used to describe the
poor such as misery, hopelessness, and Paul argued that poor people’s self-perceived
powerlessness.” He wondered how it could be that contentment should not be an excuse for government

1. Extracted with permission from Jentoft, S. 2022. The things that matter: Remembering Paul Onyango. Maritime Studies (2022) 21:389–392. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s40152-022-00277-y

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 13
Dedication

The things that matter: Remembering Paul Onyango

indifference. They have legitimate concerns that members. We internalize its values. A community also
governments and other governing actors can help with. works at a psychological level. Social facts like
At a minimum, �sheries need secure rights to access community have a feel. Belonging has a feel. Dignity,
resources and markets. Otherwise, they cannot have a or the lack of such, is deeply felt. The same goes for
sustainable livelihood. Also, without human rights, poverty. It is about a lack of material necessities and an
which the Small-scale Fisheries (SSF) Guidelines say emotional experience. Paul had reason to expect the
should underpin small-scale �sheries' governance, people he met in the Lake Victoria small-scale �sheries
people cannot experience the full measure of well- communities to feel depressed about their situation.
being, happiness, and dignity. Likewise, poor small- Instead, he met a functioning community, which,
scale �sheries communities have their customary despite its visible absences, had important things to
institutions and practices, which the SSF Guidelines offer its members, like a home.
suggest should be respected and nurtured.
Communities may be poor, but they are not without Moral commitment
human and social resources. Paul’s thesis describes As we observe and seek to explain poverty, as Paul did,
what these are in the communities he studied. we may rightfully be upset by it. Poverty is a social
injustice and a moral issue. Therefore, poverty is not
Invisible presences just a social fact, a characteristic of a world that people
We do not always �nd what we are looking for when in are born into and learn to accept as reality. As
the �eld. Instead, we �nd something else. Paul’s researchers, our stance on the injustice of poverty
observations led him to redirect his research should not be distanced and ‘objective.’ To help
perspective from what poor communities are lacking to eradicate poverty is also a legitimate mission for an
what they are having and what they do with it to cope academic. We chose our research topics because they
with their poverty. Despite the “visible absences” that are intellectually intriguing, and we care about them
Paul called them, people may still have attributes that because they matter. Paul was such a social scientist.
help them manage and retain their self-respect. He To make social science matter, it must address things
started searching for those attributes. People may not that matter to people. As social researchers, we should
always know what they do not have, like the things that explore in detail what it is about the community that
people in developed countries have come to take for makes people in small-scale �sheries, regardless of
granted. Neither may they be fully conscious of what their insuf�cient, material well-being, feel happy about
they do have. themselves and their community. The cause may not be
very different for the poor and the rich. We all yearn for
Despite their lack of material wealth, poor people have the respect and dignity we receive from our ‘signi�cant
each other and their community. They have social others’. When we lack it, we do not wake up with a
networks that tie them together. Economists and smile.
sociologists call this ‘social capital’ and consider it a
resource in times of need. Networks are a set of social Without equity, people cannot have dignity, and
relations that can be mobilized for individual and without dignity, people cannot have the self-esteem
collective gain. Along with his PhD thesis, he needed to become proactive in building their
submitted a documentary �lm he made from his community. And without community, they cannot have
communities. Here, he argues that efforts to alleviate dignity. The causal arrow of poverty and well-being
poverty should not necessarily commence from runs forward and backward in a potentially virtuous
“visible absences” but from “invisible presences.” In circle. This is also the topic for Paul’s documentary
other words, development initiatives should build on �lm, where he shows how local people drew on their
what communities possess to provide what they lack. invisible presence to �ll visible gaps. As they did that,
they felt proud of their achievements and good about
The community experience is not fully captured by themselves. They discovered their latent individual
economic or sociological concepts alone. There is and collective capabilities.
more to explore than the community’s structure and
function. We need to look beyond what Paul calls the Optimism and social entrepreneurship
visible absences and systematically search for the Paul noted that “in my assessment, I became an
invisible presences. Community is a living experience. insider.” He experienced that the community members
People also have identities rooted in a sense of perceived him as one of them despite initial
togetherness and belonging, which give them a base uncertainty about who he was and what brought him
for building their lives. Community is a “social fact,” there. Paul was a committed social scientist. He was
which is the term that Durkheim (1964) introduced. We not pretending to be a neutral observer. He was there
inherit it. It was there before we were born. We must with his moral self. He did not choose his research
learn its norms, rules, and terminologies to become topic randomly but was upset about government

14 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

The things that matter: Remembering Paul Onyango

failures and the visible problems in small-scale which is one trait we remember him with. In Paul’s
�sheries communities in his region. He was in it, not observation, the invisible presence made community
just with his knowledge and mind, but also with his members take social responsibility to collectively
heart because he cared. It did not blur his vision; it carry out infrastructure projects that improved
gave him a reason for looking and learning from what individual and community well-being. For “social
he saw. entrepreneurship”, one of his themes, optimism
matters materially for building communities and, by
Paul could see the communities not just from the that, a more digni�ed life. This is what his
outside, ‘etic’ perspective, as he was trained to do. His documentary �lm demonstrates.
engagement with the people also allowed him to see
the community from the inside and out, from what Governance interaction
social scientists call an ‘emic’ perspective. Then, he Paul’s work on poverty in small-scale �sheries
could see what they saw and, by that, build on their communities convinced him that local people must be
ideas of what poverty eradication would involve in the equal partners in governance processes. They are, after
communities he worked in. He could assume the all, ‘poverty experts’ because they live it, he argued.
perspective of those who experience poverty. They know what poverty is and feels like. They have
ideas about what would make a positive difference in
Paul writes in his thesis introduction: “I learned to their community, many of them simple things. What
appreciate how they (the �shers) relate to their �shing, you get when involving local people is not just their
not as an occupation of last resort, but something they practical, experience-based knowledge.
value regardless of the income it provides”. He argued
that there is more to small-scale �sheries than work Paul, therefore, concluded:
and livelihood; it is also a way of life and a source of
personal satisfaction. Paul writes: “Being able to “The study shows inconsistency in how poor �shers,
maneuver the winds and currents is a delight to �shers riparian to the Lake, and governing actors in Tanzania
because besides receiving a favorable appraisal from understand poverty in the �shing communities and
fellow �shers at the beach. “I feel that I have some how to confront it. This inconsistency exists at the
level of control,” one �sher told him. Yet, �shers are meta-governance level, i.e., with regards to values,
fully aware that being on the water involves danger. norms, and principles. The study proposes that to
Therefore, they look out for each other and offer help alleviate poverty, a solution to this difference should
when needed. be sought from a governance mechanism that
addresses the dissimilarity. This process must provide
By detecting the “invisible presences”, he saw governing actors and the poor opportunities to interact
possibilities for economic and social development. to in�uence policy”.
This led him to be optimistic about the future of these
communities and to talk about them with his smile,

Paul consulting coastal communities. ©Paul Onyango family

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 15
Dedication

Celebrating the legacy of Dr. Paul Onyango:

Nurturing �sheries socio-economic
development in Tanzania
Dr. Gideon Bulengela
Lecturer and Researcher, Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy

etween 2015 and 2022, the Tanzania Fisheries through the CLEAT project. His �rst call to inform me

B Research Institute (TAFIRI) and the

Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries
Technology (DASFT) at the University of Dar es
of his appointment as my PhD supervisor marked the
start of an unforgettable mentorship. Visiting his of�ce
at the University of Dar es Salaam the next day, I was
Salaam, now known as the School of Aquatic Sciences greeted by his warm smile and welcoming demeanor,
and Fisheries Technology (SoAF), were key partners in instantly assuring me of the excellent guidance and
the Danish International Development Agency support that lay ahead.
(DANIDA-funded project on the Projections of Dr. Onyango’s commitment to his students went
Climate Change Effects on Lake Tanganyika beyond academic supervision. He was a father �gure,
(CLEAT). The project aimed to enhance regional a mentor, and a trusted con�dant. His unique approach
understanding of changes in water quality and �sheries involved challenging us with probing questions and
in Lake Tanganyika, enabling sustainable �sheries providing options, encouraging us to think critically
management and ongoing climate change research. and justify our decisions. This method not only
Among the project's signi�cant contributors was the prepared me well for my thesis defense but also
late Dr. Paul Onyango, a dedicated co-investigator and instilled con�dence and independence in my research
mentor. journey.
My memorable journey with Dr. Onyango began in My doctoral thesis, “Unraveling socio-cultural drivers
January 2015 when I received a PhD scholarship to �sh catch dynamics of Lake Tanganyika,” greatly

Dr. Bulengela with his viva panelists, including Dr. Bulengela, when defending his PhD thesis.
his supervisor, Dr. Onyango. ©SoAF ©SoAF

16 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Dedication

Celebrating the legacy of Dr. Paul Onyango: Nurturing �sheries socio-economic development in Tanzania

bene�ted from Dr. Onyango’s extensive knowledge weekends. His patience and willingness to listen,
and anthropological expertise. His guidance was whether about academic or personal issues, created an
pivotal in developing a research methodology that environment of trust and encouragement.
explored the socio-cultural factors affecting �sh
catches. Collaborating with my co-supervisor, The legacy of Dr. Paul Onyango lives on through the
Prof. Joan Brehm from Illinois State University, many students he taught, mentored and the profound
I proudly became the �rst PhD graduate in 2021 from impact he had on �sheries socio-economic
the newly established SoAF at the University of Dar es
development in Tanzania. His contributions to the
Salaam. Our work led to the co-authorship of four
signi�cant papers from the thesis focusing on local CLEAT project and the broader scienti�c community
�sheries knowledge, climate-related changes, and are deeply cherished and will be remembered for
�sheries resources management in Lake Tanganyika. generations.

Dr. Onyango's dedication to his students' success May his soul rest in peace, and may his legacy continue
extended beyond academic achievements. He treated to inspire future generations of researchers and
us as friends, always available for discussions, even on students in Tanzania and beyond.

Paul brie�ng the Prime Minister of the United Republic of Tanzania, Hon. Kassim Majaliwa Majaliwa (MP) and the then Minister of
Education, Science, Technology and Vocational Training, Hon. Prof. Joyce Lazaro Ndalichako when they visited SoAF exhibition during
the Research and Innovation Week at the Main Campus on 21st May 2021 (top left) and Paul and other SoAF staff and students at the
same event (bottom left) and Paul with Lydia in the �eld in Kibiti District. Left top and bottom ©SoAF and right ©Lydia Gaspare

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 17
From the industry

Leading the way in cage �sh farming:

The story of SAMEKI LTD
Hon. Said Meck Sadick
Managing Director – SAMEKI LTD

AMEKI LTD, based in Mwanza, has ponds, which boosted production. In 2018, the company

S transformed from humble beginnings into a

leader in cage �sh farming in Tanzania, and
possibly in Eastern Africa. Of�cially established in
ventured into cage �sh farming with four iron square
cages. These grow-out ponds were converted into tilapia
broodstock ponds to supply seeds for cages installed on
2019, the company has achieved remarkable growth the shores of Lake Victoria close to the company
and expansion within just eight years. From premises in Kamanga. Of�cially registered in 2019,
increasing production exponentially to signi�cantly SAMEKI LTD is the pioneer of cage �sh farming and
expanding its workforce, SAMEKI's journey is one of tilapia seed production in Tanzania, offering a scalable
hope, resilience, and seizing opportunities amid solution to ease the pressure on Tanzania’s struggling
challenges. wild-capture �sheries sector.

Birth of SAMEKI Challenges encountered

SAMEKI LTD started in 2016 with a focus on growing SAMEKI's journey was not without obstacles. The
tilapia in earthen ponds. As demand and ambition company faced numerous challenges, especially in its
grew, the company upgraded to durable concrete early days. Obtaining the necessary permits for cage

SAMEKI Fish Farm at Kamanga site depicting Nile tilapia broodstock ponds, nursery ang growout cages. ©SAMEKI LTD

18 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 From the industry

Leading the way in cage �sh farming: The story of SAMEKI LTD

�sh farming was a lengthy and costly process Role of �nancial and academic institutions
involving multiple governmental bodies. Sourcing Financial support and academic partnerships have been
quality �ngerlings initially required importing from pivotal to SAMEKI's success. Tanzania Agricultural
Uganda, leading to high mortality rates and logistical Development Bank (TADB) and Equity Bank provided
issues. The limited availability of quality �sh feed in crucial loans for establishment and expansion of �sh
Tanzania caused delays and increased costs, impacting farming activities. The company has been working
�sh growth and health. Market instability, driven by with researchers from different academic and research
consumer skepticism about farmed �sh, resulted in institutions, such as Tanzania Fisheries Research
inconsistent pricing and sales methods. Additionally, Institute (TAFIRI), SoAF of the University of Dar es
the unavailability of materials for cage construction Salaam (UDSM), and the Sokoine University of
locally necessitated expensive imports from Kenya. Agriculture, who have helped in the breeding
The company also had to navigate con�icts with local
programs, disease control, and biosecurity measures.
�shermen for �shing territories near the cages.
Looking ahead
Accomplishments
Despite these challenges, SAMEKI has made SAMEKI LTD believes in the immense growth
substantial strides. The farm has created over 30 jobs potential of the aquaculture industry in Tanzania and
for both skilled and unskilled workers in aquaculture. the broader region. Continued collaboration among
It has become a hub for �eld practical training, industry players, government, �nancial institutions,
welcoming students from various institutions for research and academic institutions is essential to
hands-on learning experiences. SAMEKI has overcoming existing challenges and driving the sector
diversi�ed into selling �sh feed, producing high- forward.
quality �ngerlings, and offering out-grower services to
new aquaculture ventures. The company supports Join us in celebrating SAMEKI’s journey and
aspiring �sh farmers by providing technological know- envisioning a vibrant future for aquaculture in
how, operational guidance, and permitting assistance. Tanzania.

SAMEKI LTD hatching facility for Nile tilapia eggs at Kamanga site. ©SAMEKI LTD

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 19
Completed research projects

Securing the overlooked gardens under

the sea - the seagrass meadows

Dr. Blandina R. Lugendo

Senior Lecturer, SoAF

lthough not as well-known as coral reef and (WIOMSA) under the Marine Science for

A mangrove ecosystems, seagrass ecosystems

have a rich and distinct biodiversity. They
provide various ecosystem services directly linked to
Management (MASMA) programme to implement a
four-year project titled ‘Ecosystem-based protection of
the coastal zone: the effectiveness of the seagrass
human well-being and environmental health. For meadows in coastal erosion management’.
instance, seagrass meadows provide breeding grounds
for various species of �sh and shell�sh and protect The project focused on better understanding the status
shorelines against erosion by reducing wave energy.
and conditions of the region’s seagrass beds, the best
However, anthropogenic pressures threaten seagrass
ecosystems, with sea level rise exacerbating the methods for seagrass restoration, and how the presence
situation. of seagrass meadows can reduce hydrodynamic force
and mitigate erosion. The project had six work
In 2018, a group of scientists from Tanzania, packages (WPs). WP1 was designed to assess
Mozambique, and Sweden, led by SoAF of the communities' perceptions of the value of seagrass
University of Dar es Salaam, received funding from meadows in terms of cultural, socioeconomic, and
the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association other immaterial bene�ts.

Dr. Lugendo with the then Kigamboni District Commissioner, Hon. Fatma Almas Nyangasa. ©Blandina Lugendo

20 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Completed research projects

Securing the overlooked gardens under the sea - the seagrass meadows

Due to the widespread lack of knowledge about the The project's most signi�cant impact is capacity
extent of seagrass meadows in the WIO region, WP2 building. The project supported �ve postgraduate
focused on the inventory and mapping of seagrass students, including one PhD candidate (Manuela
meadows in southern Mozambique (Maputo and Amone-Mabuto) from Eduardo Mondlane University
Inhambane Provinces) and Tanzania's entire coast in Mozambique and four master's students, three
(including Ma�a, Unguja, and Pemba Islands). This (Maria Cuambe, Maria Americo, and Tsiaranto
effort provided the basis information for the Fanoro) from Mozambique and one (January Wegoro)
development of monitoring programmes as well as from Tanzania.
management strategies. WP3 was designed to examine
the impacts of seagrass meadows on the adjacent The second most signi�cant output of the project is the
terrestrial environments by analysing biodiversity production of seagrass maps showing seagrass
(plants and macroinvertebrates) and environmental coverage across the entire coast of the United Republic
parameters (such as sediment organic matter and of Tanzania, which are the �rst comprehensive maps
carbonate content, and sediment nutrients) in both the generated for the country. Another important product
intertidal zone and the nearby terrestrial area. In is a Seagrass Restoration manual developed based on
addition, WP4 examined the in�uence of seagrass this project’s research �ndings. This manual will help
presence on shoreline pro�les, topography, wave raise awareness regarding seagrasses and promote
energies, sedimentation rates, and biodiversity in the community-led seagrass conservation and restoration
intertidal zone. In WP5 a numerical model was in Tanzania, Mozambique, and the wider WIO region.
developed to predict the amount of seagrass (in terms
of density and coverage) required to reduce wave The Project's �ndings have been shared through
energy effectively. This model can also identify journal articles, stakeholder workshops, and seagrass
potential areas for seagrass restoration and determine restoration demonstrations to promote awareness,
the appropriate method for such restoration. The community involvement, and informed decision-
project also looked into best practices for seagrass making. For more details about the project team,
restoration in high-energy coasts that characterizes activities, and outputs, visit the project website at
most of Tanzania's coastlines (WP6) https://marinescience2.wixsite.com/seagrassprotect.

Group photo with stakeholders after seagrass restoration demonstration at Puna, Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam. ©Blandina Lugendo

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 21
Completed research projects

Assessment of the ecological aspects of microplastic

pollution in Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar and Mombasa
coastal marine environments (MICROMARINE)

Daniel Shilla, Dativa Shilla, John Mbugani, Asiya Nchimbi and Farhan Khan

lastic pollution has emerged as a pressing Field campaigns

P global environmental issue, particularly in

marine ecosystems, where it poses signi�cant
threats to biodiversity and ecosystem health.
Field sampling efforts aimed to quantify the abundance
and distribution of microplastics in surface water and
seabed sediments across the study areas. Results revealed
varying concentrations of microplastics, with fragments
Microplastics, de�ned as plastic particles smaller
than 5mm in size, have gained attention due to their being the most prevalent type. Polypropylene (PP), high-
widespread distribution and potential adverse effects density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density
on marine organisms. The MICROMARINE project polyethylene (LDPE) emerged as the predominant
sought to comprehensively assess the ecological polymers. Moreover, microplastic ingestion was
aspects of microplastic pollution in the coastal observed in �sh samples, underscoring the potential for
marine environments of Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, bioaccumulation within marine food webs.
and Mombasa. This short report presents the �ndings
of �eld campaigns and ecotoxicological experiments Ecotoxicological experiments
conducted under the project, shedding light on the Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the
occurrence, distribution, and impacts of biological and ecotoxicological effects of microplastics
microplastics on marine organisms.. on marine organisms, particularly �sh. The
histopathological impacts of microplastics on the
gastrointestinal tracts of �sh were investigated following
long-term exposure and subsequent depuration periods.
Signi�cant damage to the small intestine was observed,
compromising digestive function and potentially
impacting growth and reproductive processes. While
some recovery was observed post-depuration, the long-
term implications of microplastic exposure warrant
further investigation.

Furthermore, experiments explored the transfer of

microplastics through marine food chains, highlighting
the potential for bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of
these particles. Microplastics were found to move from
lower to higher trophic levels, raising concerns about
their persistence and magni�cation within marine
ecosystems. Additionally, the co-exposure of
microplastics with chemical pollutants, such as Benzo(a)-
pyrene (BaP), was examined, revealing histological
Manta net for collecting microplastics in surface waters. effects on �sh without detectable levels of BaP in the
©Asiya Nchimbi organisms studied.

22 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Completed research projects

Assessment of the ecological aspects of microplastic pollution in Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar and Mombasa
coastal marine environments (MICROMARINE)

Experimental set up
b

PE MPs conc introduction

A higher magni�cation photomicrograph of treated �sh

at 100 PE MPs dose. Thin arrow: cript gland cell; thick
arrow: degenerating epithelial cell; Asterisks: leokocytic
in�ltration in the lamina propria; Bv: congested blood
vessel. All photos ©John Mbugani

exposure to microplastics may not immediately impact

organism survival, chronic exposure can lead to
adverse effects on health and �tness. The complex
interactions between microplastics, marine organisms,
Implications and future directions and chemical pollutants necessitate further research to
The �ndings of the MICROMARINE project fully elucidate their ecological impacts.
underscore the pervasive nature of microplastic
pollution in coastal marine environments and its Moreover, the results emphasize the importance of
potential ecological rami�cations. While acute implementing proactive measures to mitigate
microplastic pollution and protect marine ecosystems.
Strategies such as improved waste management,
regulatory interventions, and public awareness
a L campaigns are critical in addressing this growing
environmental threat. Collaborative efforts between
scientists, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the
public are essential to develop effective solutions and
safeguard the health of our oceans for future
generations.

Conclusion
The MICROMARINE project provides valuable
insights into the ecological aspects of microplastic
pollution in coastal marine environments. Through
�eld campaigns and ecotoxicological experiments, the
project has advanced our understanding of the
occurrence, distribution, and impacts of microplastics
Photomicrograph of treated �sh at a dose of 100 PE MPs. on marine organisms. Moving forward, concerted
Numerous degenerating epithelial cells (arrows) are action is needed to mitigate microplastic pollution and
observed. Note in�ltrations of leukocytes (asterisk) in the preserve the integrity of marine ecosystems for the
lamina propria. L: lumen; TM: Tunica muscularis. bene�t of both wildlife and human populations.

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 23
More insights about Kunduchi

My insight into the Diploma in Fisheries

Science program at Kunduchi

Prof. Amelia Kajumulo Kivaisi

Professor Emerita, University of Dar es Salaam

graduated from Kunduchi Marine Fisheries Pursuing my Diploma

I Research and Training Institute (KMFRTI) in

1972. I was �rst employed as District Natural
Resources Of�cer in Mtwara (1972-1973) and then
I was a member of the cohort of students who enrolled
for the program in 1970 and one of the four female
students. I got an impression that the program was tough
as Research Assistant at Nyegezi Freshwater after hearing stories from our senior colleagues.
Fisheries Institute in Mwanza (1973-1975). Through However, I was not discouraged and promised myself to
an equivalent entry quali�cation, I joined the carry on. Many of the courses were interesting but
University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) where I took a challenging thus required determination, hard work and
BSc degree majoring in Zoology and Marine Biology. resilience. For me, the most challenging courses were
After graduation in 1978, I returned to KMFRTI as night �shing, swimming and boat handling. All students
tutor in Marine Sciences for two years. However, in had to take turns in groups to go �shing in the company
the course of my degree studies, I developed a strong of technical staff. Staying at sea overnight was alright
interest in microbiology and so decided to pursue the but the problem arose when it became stormy. It took me
�eld to MSc and PhD levels. These quali�cations a while to overcome sea sickness. Furthermore, the
opened a new chapter in my career at UDSM as thought of night �shing in the company of strangers was
lecturer and eventually promoted to Professor of quite scary in the beginning. However, all night �shing
Applied Microbiology. This article provides an trips were safe thanks to the high level of discipline
overview of the Diploma in Fisheries Science demanded by the instructors from the �shing team.
program at KMFRTI and recounts my experience Many of our night �shing trips were a success and
recorded big �sh catches. Another challenging but
while undertaking it. The article further provides my
memorable experience was going through extension
view on the impact of the training institute on the
work with the �shing community at Nyumba ya Mungu
�sheries sector. Dam. Here I experienced �shing from a dugout canoe
and learnt a lot from the �shermen and women who did
The Diploma in Fisheries Science program the processing.
Established in 1967, KMFRTI was a �agship institution
that offered training in �sheries sciences at Diploma
Despite their challenging nature, I found boat handling
level in Tanzania. The Diploma program was
and swimming enjoyable. My �rst rewarding experience
comprehensive and provided students with appropriate
was when I passed a boat handling test which was to
knowledge in important aspects of the industry that was drive from the institute to Mbudya Island that lies 4 km
then in its infancy. Through hands-on training using away. At the beginning, I was scared of the sea hence
practicals that complemented the theory, and managing to �oat and swim at sea for the �rst time
engagement of �shing communities through �eld work, marked an important milestone. I am proud to say that
the program equipped the students with skills and I managed to go through the program successfully and
competences required to serve as �eld �sheries so did the rest of my classmates including the rest of the
managers, managers of projects, and for carrying out female students Mwajuma, Maria and Janeth. My
outreach programs. Since insights into program content, determination, the encouraging tutors, and the strength I
infrastructure and facilities for teaching were provided drew from sisterhood made it possible. I wrap-up my
by a number of contributors to the �rst edition of this story by saying that while at Kunduchi, I learnt two
Newsletter, I will straight away continue to share my important things that actually guided me through my
story about pursuing the diploma. career journey: 1) To trust myself and never to be afraid

24 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 More insights about Kunduchi

My insight into the Diploma in Fisheries Science program at Kunduchi

to try new things and 2) That teamwork leads to greater the social norms that prevented women from going
achievements. �shing. By enrolling women to undertake training under
a program that required all students regardless of gender
to go �shing at sea, the institute indirectly addressed the
Impact of KMFRTI
negative society mindset. I am convinced that some of
Although not based on a particular study, my view is the female graduates from KMFRTI who became
that KMFRTI had a remarkable impact on the �sheries managers at district level inspired young
development of the �sheries sector in the country. By women to venture into mainstream �sheries. An
producing graduates with a Diploma in Fisheries, the exploratory study to document success stories of earlier
institute contributed towards increasing a critical mass graduates would enrich the history of Kunduchi.
of well trained personnel needed for managing the
�sheries resources in the country and for providing the
required technical support for the �sheries industry at KMFRTI campus was integrated into UDSM in 2002
large. For example, a number of my classmates from the and its signature program, the Diploma in Fisheries
institute held positions as District Fisheries Of�cers, continued to be offered by FAST. I have however, learnt
District Natural Resources Of�cers, and Research that the program no longer features among those
Assistants. Moreover, numerous holders of the Diploma currently offered. The question is, did the program lose
from KMFRTI quali�ed for admission into a BSc its relevance? If not, then I call upon SoAF to build a
degree in Zoology and Marine Biology at UDSM. On case to reinstate it. I conclude by saying that being the
graduation, they served in various positions in the �rst institute to produce skilled personnel who served as
Fisheries Department under the Ministry and in middle level �sheries managers at district level,
academic institutions including UDSM and KMFRTI. KMFRTI pioneered and championed the development
Furthermore, KMFRTI contributed towards changing of the �sheries industry in Tanzania

Intertidal zone off the Kunduchi Campus. ©Rashidi Bilali

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 25
More insights about Kunduchi

‘Kunduchi Marine Biological Station’

Revisited

Prof. Kamazima M. Lwiza

Associate Professor, Stony Brook University, USA

n 1979, I graduated from the University of Dar came and went, but the ministry did not send a release

I es Salaam with a Bachelor of Science degree in

Mathematics and Physics (with Education).
I was a top student in both majors. Professor
letter. I wrote reminders and called on the phone to no
avail. One day in August 1980, I got up and told my
parents that I was going to Dar to �ght for my rights.
Nikundiwe, who was the dean at the time, strongly They were nervous but didn't know what to do with me.
encouraged me to join the Zoology and Marine I bought the airline ticket the same day and �ew to Dar.
Biology Department. However, I couldn't join the When I landed, something told me to go to the
department because I majored in Mathematics and University before I went to the ministry. I went to the
Physics (with Education), which meant I was faculty appointment/employment of�ce of the Chief
supposed to teach in a secondary school after Academic Of�cer. I found a lady there who knew me
graduation. It was a good system, but it meant one's from church, and she said, "At long last, Lwiza, you are
career was at the mercy of the Ministry of Education. here. We got your release letter a long time ago, but we
The of�cer in charge of teacher appointments in the didn't know how to reach you." The next day, I got my
Ministry of Education wasn't sympathetic to appointment letter. I was of�cially an employee of the
Dr. Nikundiwe's pleas, even though he had already University of Dar es Salaam. I know that Dr. Nikundiwe
secured a British Council scholarship for me. I tried was happier than I was. God bless his soul!
to talk to the gentleman several times, but he wasn't Things moved fast. By mid-September, I was on a �ight
moved. In fact, he got annoyed with me and said, to the United Kingdom to study Physical Oceanography
"I have given you a Mtwara appointment." Being at the University College of North Wales (now Bangor
young and brash, I responded, "Thank you, but no University) at Bangor. One year later, I came back with
thank you. No offense to Mtwara. I am not going to a Master's degree. Most faculty members working at
Mtwara. If I'm not allowed to join the University of Kunduchi Marine Biological Station, as it was known
Dar es Salaam, I don't need any appointment." I got then, specialized in marine biology and �sheries
up and left, but by the time I reached downstairs, biology, e.g., Prof. Philip Bwathondi and Dr. Ian
someone came running and told me, "Mr. Yohana Bryceson (he later became a professor when he moved
told me to tell you that he has given you an to the Norwegian University of Life Sciences), and the
appointment at Kahororo Secondary School in late Dr. Boniface Mwaiseje. However, Dr. William
Kagera." I politely thanked the gentleman and Kudoja was the �rst chemical oceanographer in the
continued walking out of the building. I went to the country, and I was the �rst physical oceanographer.
University, told Dr. Nikundiwe what happened, and Then the late Prof. John Machiwa followed as the
said I needed to go home. He agreed, but second chemical oceanographer.
unbeknownst to me, he went to talk to ministry people
the next day. Conducting research on physical oceanography
At Kunduchi, there was excitement and challenges. We
Joining University of Dar es Salaam as an didn't have a seaworthy research boat, and the Institute
academician of Marine Sciences in Zanzibar had a boat donated by
To cut a long story short, Dr. Alfeo Nikundiwe struck a West Germany, but didn't have funds for maintenance,
deal with the ministry that I teach for one year and then let alone doing research work. We taught classes on the
would get a release to join the University. I taught at main campus at the Hill and had a few �eldwork trips
Kahororo Secondary School, and perhaps my happiest for students at Kunduchi, plus the mandatory sea
memories as an educator are with that place. A year survival class, which students erroneously called

26 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 More insights about Kunduchi

‘Kunduchi Marine Biological Station’ Revisited

swimming class. I was blessed with a great talent for my The ministry listened to his advice. I was tasked with
�rst class at UDSM. It included students like Prof. designing the groynes, which are piles of rocks lined
Yunus Mgaya, the late Mwelecela Malecela, James perpendicular to the coastline. The technical term is
Jihulya, the late Anna Millanzi, Sifuni Mnzava, and the permeable groynes, which is designed to allow some
late Florence Mtoka. I taught the introduction to sand to �lter through to the next section. Otherwise, if
physical oceanography, but for those interested in they're not permeable, they'll block all the sand and
research, I also taught them programming in BASIC starve the next section, resulting in erosion. Contractors
because the department had a Sinclair computer (with would sometimes cheat and put them too close to each
128 kb of memory!). I preferred FORTRAN, but we had other to make more money. I would come and take
to deal with what was available to us. measurements and tell them to remove the extra
groynes. Some would try to argue and say that they were
Most of the research work in oceanography was not following what Dr. Lwiza said. I would reply, "Go tell
funded primarily because people weren't used to Dr. Lwiza that he is wrong. He should come to see me!"
oceanographers. Therefore, one had to �nd work that
could be done locally at Kunduchi. I studied tides using After completion of the PhD
do-it-yourself (DIY) wooden tide poles. I examined In September 1987, I went back to Wales for the PhD,
circulation using oranges and chasing them around with completed in December 1990. When I returned home,
a boat and using a compass and landmarks on the shore this was the period when the University Students
to obtain their position �xes. The method is crude, but it “Walikuwa wamemtukana Rais matusi ya nguoni“. For
did produce sensible results. In addition, it opened new days on end, faculty staff would sit idle doing nothing.
doors for me when the Ministry of Natural Resources I started applying to several places for work. I got a
came looking for someone to solve the beach erosion postdoctoral position in Wales and an assistant
problem. This scared me because I didn't study beach professorship in the US. I asked Stony Brook University
erosion because it is not part of marine physics. to wait for six months while I did the postdoctoral work
in Bangor because I liked the research they were doing.
Tackling beach erosion problem in Dar es Salaam After 33 years at Stony Brook University, I have
We, meaning myself and the Ministry of Natural mellowed out. Looking back, I have no regrets but pride
Resources, had a bit of a rocky start. They �rst invited for what has been achieved. I have researched the South
me to listen to an expert from Italy who didn't know China Sea, Caribbean Sea, Bay of Bengal, and several
much about beach erosion in the tropics. He kept talking other places. I still enjoy going out to sea. I enjoy writing
about sand dunes in winter versus summer. I was young programming codes for lakes, estuaries, and oceans, but
and con�dent at the time, so I eventually raised my hand lately, I enjoy writing machine learning codes more.
and asked him if he knew the difference between Most of all, I enjoy working in East African lakes, such
temperate and tropical climates. Needless to say, I as Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana in Kenya.
wasn't very popular that day. After a month, even the I wrote this essay mainly with students in mind. You
ministry realized he was clueless. I ended up combing should learn to work with what you have.
through the library to read any papers I could �nd on
beach erosion. That's when I stumbled upon Kosro's
thesis abstract from Scripps Institute of Oceanography,
the University of California, San Diego. I wrote to him
asking for a copy of his thesis, and he graciously sent it
to me. I learned a lot about beach erosion and how to
conduct measurements.

After three months, the ministry invited another expert

from Norway. I've forgotten his name, but he was a real
gentleman. He did a lot of groundwork, surveying the
area by land, water, and air. He asked a lot of questions
about the area. Since I had learned the language of beach
erosion, he thought I was an expert even when I told him
I wasn't. After he summarized his report, he said,
"You're not going to solve this problem by hiring Beach at the Kunduchi campus. ©Rashidi Bilali
external experts. You need to grow your own and trust
them. Mr. Lwiza can help you more than me."

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 27
Recent publications

Revealing the invisible blue economy:

Contribution of milk�sh (Chanos chanos)
mariculture to socio-economics and
livelihoods of coastal communities in Tanzania

Dr. Samwel M. Limbu

Senior Lecturer, SoAF

apture �sheries have for long been recognized as efforts include the establishment and
C key contributors to the supply of �sh for human
consumption and as a source of income
generation and employment. However, catches from
operationalization of the Korea - Zanzibar Friendship
Mariculture Centre, developed by the Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) with funding from
capture �sheries have stagnated over the years while the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)
the human population continues to grow. Aquaculture under the supervision of the Food and Agriculture
production has emerged as an alternative source of �sh Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Currently,
protein and is expected to bridge the gap created by mariculture production is an important subsector in
declining wild �sh production. Broadly, aquaculture Tanzania, contributing to blue economy development
activities are conducted in freshwater and marine by enhancing socio-economic conditions and
waters, with the latter referred to as mariculture. livelihoods for coastal communities.
Currently, mariculture contributes 35 million tonnes to
the total global �n�sh production. Milk�sh (Chanos chanos) is one of the most crucial
mariculture species cultured by these communities.
Mariculture has a signi�cant history in Tanzania, with Milk�sh farming started in the late 1990s in Zanzibar,
scienti�c studies indicating that it began in the early beginning with experiments and pilot projects in ponds
1980s when attempts were made to culture rabbit�sh at Makoba. It is deemed a suitable mariculture species
(Siganus canalicullatus) in the coastal waters. Since due to its herbivorous feeding habits and ability to
then, various efforts have been undertaken to develop withstand signi�cant �uctuations in salinity and
the mariculture industry as we know it today. These temperature. Consequently, it is cultured in various

Milk�sh (Chanos chanos) farmers harvesting from their pond. ©Naima Naibu Mohamedi

30 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 September 2024
 Recent publications

Revealing the invisible blue economy: Contribution of milk�sh (Chanos chanos) mariculture to
socio-economics and livelihoods of coastal communities in Tanzania

mariculture production systems, including cages, pens, communications. However, the milk�sh pond farms in
and earthen ponds. the studied areas experienced negative pro�t margins
considering all �nancial factors. Interestingly, milk�sh
To date, milk�sh farming in Tanzania primarily occurs pond farming provides food, income, and employment
in earthen ponds located in coastal waters behind for the community. Despite these bene�ts, the industry
mangrove stands. However, current production levels faces constraints such as inadequate feed, limited seed
of milk�sh are low compared to other freshwater availability, insuf�cient funds, lack of technical
species, such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). support, and issues with theft and predators. Therefore,
This low production is attributed to a limited addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing
understanding of milk�sh’s socio-economic the contribution of milk�sh pond farming to the socio-
contributions and its impact on the livelihoods of economic well-being and livelihoods of coastal
coastal communities in Tanzania. This study assessed communities, particularly in the context of blue
the contribution of milk�sh pond farming to the socio- economy development for sustainable community
economics and livelihoods along the Tanzanian sustenance.
coastline. Sixty-three milk�sh farms were interviewed
using a semi-structured questionnaire. Funding: The Western Indian Ocean Marine Science
Association (WIOMSA) funded this study through the
The results indicated that low production levels MASMA Project.
characterized milk�sh pond farming. Production was
positively in�uenced by farmers’ experience, the Citation: Shalli, M.S., Mmochi, A.J., Rubekie, A.P.,
number of �ngerlings stocked, and pond fertilization. Yona, G.K., Shoko, A.P., Limbu, S.M., Mwita, C.J.,
Conversely, milk�sh pond farming was signi�cantly Lamtane, H.A., Hamed, S.S., Jiddawi, N.S. and
negatively affected by the duration of culture and age Mapenzi, L.L. (2024) The contribution of milk�sh
of the farmers. The results further indicated that (Chanos chanos) pond farming to socio-economics
milk�sh pond farming is a source of income for and coastal community livelihoods for a sustainable
owners who sell their �sh through retail, wholesale, blue economy in Tanzania. Aquacult Int.
and on-farm sales using mobile phone https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01408-4

A typical yield of milk�sh (Chanos chanos) from the one of the ponds visited. ©Samwel Mchele Limbu

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 September 2024 31
 SoAF Leadership

Dr. Blandina Robert Lugendo

Dean

Dr. Siajali Pamba Zegge Dr. Samwel Mchele Limbu

Head, Department of Aquatic Head, Department of Aquaculture
Sciences and Fisheries Technology Technology

32 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Staff News
NEW STAFF

Mr. Emmanuel Shimwenda Ms. Esther Gasper Kaole Mr. Francis Momburi Mr. Kassimu Mnonji
Laboratory Scientist II Laboratory Scientist II Driver II Human Resource Of�cer I

PROMOTIONS

Dr. Betina M. Lukwambe Dr. Nyamisi Peter Mr. Cornel A. Saleco Ms. Verynice H. Temu
Lecturer to Senior Lecturer Assistant Lecturer to Lecturer Accountant II to Accountant I Lab Scientist II to Lab Scientist I

Ms. Millen Elvis Minja Ms. Herieth J. Mwamboza Mr. Deogratius Mzukila
Senior Record Management Personal Secretary II to Driver II to Driver I
Assistant I to Principal Records Of�ce Management Secretary I
Management Assistant II

TRANSFERRED

Mr. Iddy Siraju Munis

Driver II
Transferred to CoAF

RETIRED STAFF

Mr. Yukundus Mhonda Mr. Pazi Mwinyimvua Mrs. Simphorosa Mchallo

Retired Principal Laboratory Scientist II Retired Principal Laboratory Scientist I Retired Principal Administrative Of�cer

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 33
 Photo Gallery

Prof. Machiwa, with colleagues visiting one of the potential sites

for the Lindi Campus. ©CoAF Dr. Onyango, with his last PhD student, Dr. Gideon Bulengela.

The visit by Pukyong National University (PKNU)

Commemorating International Women’s Day 2024 at SoAF. delegation at SoAF.

Visit by Prof. Rizick Shemdoe, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Participants of the Seagrass Workshop organised by
Livestock and Fisheries on SoAF Exhibition Booth during the SoAF in Tanga – February 2024.
Africa Small Scale Fisheries Summit 2024 at Mlimani City, DSM.

Dr. Betina Lukwambe and Prof Daniel Shilla were

Dr. Samwel Mchele Limbu (at the center) was recognized and honored with the Scholarly Distinction Award for
honored with a Scholarly Distinction Award for his contribution to their contribution to publishing articles in high-
publishing articles in high impact journals during the Ninth UDSM impact journals during the Ninth UDSM Research
Research and Innovation Week (RIW) 2024. ©UDSM and Innovation Week (RIW) 2024. ©UDSM

All photos ©SoAF except for those individually marked

34 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024
 Photo Gallery

Launch of the State of the Coast Report for MSc student Mr. Denice Fredrick during his
Mainland Tanzania in May 2024. ©NEMC pre-viva presentation at SoAF Board Room.

Exhibitions during the UDSM Research Week SoAF exhibitors during the Third Blue Economy Conference
at SoAF in May 2024. organised by DMI in Dar es Salaam in July 2024.

Visitors at the SoAF Booth during the Third Blue Economy Participants to the WIOBATHY Stakeholders Workshop
Conference organised by DMI in DSM in July 2024. in Dar es Salaam organised by SoAF and KMFRI.

SoAF staff Dr. Rashid Tamatamah received an award as the

A critically endangered �sh, the Coelacanth, was accidentally Champion of Aquaculture Development in Tanzania during the
caught by �shermen and is currently preserved at SoAF. 3rd East Africa Regional Aquaculture Conference held in
Mwanza in 15th August 2024. ©Samwel Mchele Limbu

All photos ©SoAF except for those individually marked

A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024 35
Dedication

School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology

University of Dar es Salaam
P. O. Box 60091, Kunduchi Campus
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.udsm.ac.tz

36 A Newsletter of the School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology Vol. 2 Issue 1 October 2024