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Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals

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Asaduzzaman Akash
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9 views

Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Asaduzzaman Akash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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### **Class Notes on Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals**

---

### **Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete**


- **Definition**: Reinforced concrete (RC) is concrete in which steel reinforcement
bars (rebars) are embedded to resist tensile stresses, as concrete is strong in
compression but weak in tension.
- **Importance of Reinforced Concrete**: Commonly used in the construction of
buildings, bridges, pavements, and other structures due to its strength,
durability, and versatility.

- **Basic Concepts**:
- Concrete: A mixture of cement, water, sand, and aggregates. It is strong in
compression but weak in tension.
- Steel Reinforcement: Typically made of deformed steel bars, which have high
tensile strength and improve the tensile capacity of concrete.

---

### **Chapter 2: Properties of Concrete and Steel**


- **Properties of Concrete**:
- **Compressive Strength (f'c)**: The capacity of concrete to resist axial loads.
- **Tensile Strength**: Very low in concrete; hence, reinforcement is necessary.
- **Modulus of Elasticity (E)**: For concrete, \( E_c = 5000 \sqrt{f'c} \) (in
psi).
- **Poisson's Ratio**: Typically around 0.2 for concrete.

- **Properties of Steel Reinforcement**:


- **Yield Strength (fy)**: The stress at which the reinforcement yields
(typically 250-500 MPa).
- **Ultimate Strength (fu)**: The maximum stress steel can withstand.
- **Modulus of Elasticity for Steel (Es)**: Approx. 200 GPa.

- **Bond between Concrete and Steel**: Steel bars are bonded to concrete through
friction and adhesion, crucial for transferring stress.

---

### **Chapter 3: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete**


- **Stress-Strain Relationship**:
- Concrete and steel have different stress-strain characteristics. Concrete
behaves linearly elastic up to the proportional limit, followed by nonlinear
behavior. Steel is typically assumed to behave elastically up to yielding.

- **Deflection and Deformation**:


- RC beams and slabs undergo deflection under loads. These are checked for
serviceability in design.

- **Cracking in Concrete**: Concrete is prone to cracking under tension. Proper


reinforcement and control of crack widths are crucial.

---

### **Chapter 4: Design Philosophy in Reinforced Concrete**


- **Limit State Design (LSD)**:
- The current design approach in reinforced concrete, ensuring the structure
satisfies both the ultimate limit state (structural failure) and the serviceability
limit state (functional performance like deflection and cracking).
- **Partial Safety Factors**: These factors are used for both material strengths
and loads to account for uncertainties.

- **Working Stress Design (WSD)**: An older design approach where the material is
assumed to behave linearly, and the design is based on elastic theory. It is
largely replaced by LSD in modern codes.

---

### **Chapter 5: Design of RC Beams**


- **Bending and Shear in Beams**:
- **Bending Strength**: A beam is designed to resist bending by ensuring that the
maximum bending moment does not exceed the beam's moment capacity.
- **Shear Strength**: Shear forces are resisted by the concrete and shear
reinforcement (stirrups).

- **Design of Flexural Members**:


- **Reinforcement Calculation**:
- **Ultimate Moment Capacity (Mu)**: \( M_u = \phi \cdot M_n \), where \
( M_n \) is the nominal moment and \( \phi \) is the strength reduction factor.
- **Reinforcement Ratio**: \( \rho = \frac{A_s}{b \cdot d} \), where \( A_s \)
is the area of reinforcement, \( b \) is the width, and \( d \) is the effective
depth of the beam.

- **Crack Width**: Control of crack width is achieved by selecting appropriate


spacing and size of stirrups (shear reinforcement).

---

### **Chapter 6: Design of RC Slabs**


- **Types of Slabs**:
- **One-Way Slabs**: Slabs supported on two opposite sides.
- **Two-Way Slabs**: Slabs supported on all four sides.

- **Design of One-Way Slabs**:


- Slabs are designed for bending moments and shear forces. The moment is
calculated using the span and load distribution, and reinforcement is provided
accordingly.

- **Design of Two-Way Slabs**:


- The slab behaves more complexly under load, and both bending and shear are
considered in both directions. **Theories of Slab Design** (Direct Design Method,
Equivalent Frame Method, etc.) are used for calculation.

---

### **Chapter 7: Design of RC Columns**


- **Axial Load and Bending**:
- Columns are subjected to axial loads and may also experience bending moments
due to lateral forces.

- **Design of Short Columns**:


- **Strength in Axial Compression**: \( P = A \cdot f'_c \), where \( P \) is the
axial load and \( A \) is the column cross-sectional area.

- **Design of Long Columns** (Slenderness Effect):


- **Slenderness Ratio**: The ratio of the column length to the radius of
gyration, which affects the column’s buckling capacity.
- **Interaction Curves**: The design of columns subject to both axial load and
bending is determined using interaction curves or interaction equations.

---

### **Chapter 8: Design of Reinforced Concrete Foundations**


- **Types of Foundations**: Slab-on-grade, isolated footing, combined footing, raft
foundation.
- **Design of Isolated Footing**:
- **Bearing Capacity**: Check for soil bearing capacity.
- **Moment and Shear**: Reinforcement is designed to resist moments and shear
forces in the footing.

- **Design of Slab Foundations**:


- Based on bending and shear stresses, considering the distribution of loads from
the superstructure.

---

### **Chapter 9: Design of Reinforced Concrete Walls**


- **Types of Walls**: Retaining walls, shear walls, load-bearing walls.
- **Design Considerations**:
- Walls must resist axial loads, bending, and shear.
- **Shear Walls**: Used for lateral load resistance, especially in buildings
subjected to wind and seismic forces.

---

### **Chapter 10: Prestressed Concrete**


- **Introduction**: Prestressed concrete involves the use of pre-stressing tendons
to introduce internal forces (tension or compression) to counteract service loads.

- **Types of Prestressing**:
- **Pre-tensioning**: Tendons are stressed before casting the concrete.
- **Post-tensioning**: Tendons are stressed after the concrete has hardened.

- **Advantages of Prestressed Concrete**: Reduced size of structural elements,


reduced deflection, and enhanced durability.

---

### **Chapter 11: Durability of Reinforced Concrete**


- **Factors Affecting Durability**:
- **Corrosion of Steel**: The most common cause of failure in RC structures,
especially in aggressive environments like marine or industrial.
- **Concrete Cover**: Adequate concrete cover over the reinforcement helps
protect against corrosion.

- **Mix Design for Durability**: Use of high-strength concrete, additives (like fly
ash), and protective coatings can increase the lifespan of reinforced concrete
structures.

---

### **Chapter 12: Serviceability of Reinforced Concrete Structures**


- **Deflection**: Limiting deflection is important for maintaining functionality
and appearance of the structure.
- **Maximum Deflection**: \( \Delta = \frac{5}{384} \cdot \frac{wL^4}{EI} \) for
simply supported beams under uniform load.
- **Crack Control**: Ensuring cracks do not exceed allowable widths for
serviceability, especially for slabs and beams under service loads.

---

### **Key Formulas**

1. **Moment Capacity of Beam**:


\[ M = \frac{f_y A_s d}{\phi} \]

2. **Shear Stress in Beam**:


\[ \tau = \frac{V}{A} \]

3. **Slenderness Ratio**:
\[ \lambda = \frac{L}{r} \]

4. **Axial Load in Columns**:


\[ P = A f'_c \]

5. **Reinforcement Ratio**:
\[ \rho = \frac{A_s}{b \cdot d} \]

---

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