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Digital Communication Tutorials

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Digital Communication Tutorials

Uploaded by

Mudra Bhedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat

B. Tech. II (4th Semester)

Principles of Communication Systems (EC204)


Tutorial

Important terms

For PAM to avoid slope overload


2
𝑅𝑏 = 𝐵
1+r 𝑇
Where,
𝑅𝑏 = Pulse rate
𝐵𝑇 = Transmission Bandwidth
r = roll-off factor

For Delta Modulation


To avoid slope distortion
𝜎 𝐹𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑚 2𝜋 𝐹𝑟
Where,
𝐴𝑚 Peak Amplitude of message signal
𝐹𝑠 Sampling Frequency
σ step size
𝐹𝑟 Reference Frequency
B Bandwidth of message signal

𝜎2𝐵
Granular Noise 𝑁0 =
3 𝐹𝑠
𝐴𝑚 2
For sinusoidal message signal, Signal Power 𝑆0 =
2
𝑆0
SNR =
𝑁0

For μ-law quantizer

3 𝐿2
SNR or SQNR =
[ln(μ+1)]2
For PCM,
Quantization level 𝐿 = 2𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = log 2 𝐿
Step size

Where 𝑚𝑝 = peak amplitude of message signal


Max quantization error

SNR

Where Power of message signal is

Question 1: A signal m(t) band-limited to 3 kHz is sampled at a rate 33½ % higher


than the Nyquist rate. The maximum acceptable error in the sample amplitude
(the maximum quantization error) is 0.5% of the peak amplitude mp. The
quantized samples are binary coded. Find the minimum bandwidth of a channel
required to transmit the encoded binary signal. If 24 such signals
are time-division-multiplexed, determine the minimum transmission bandwidth
required to transmit the multiplexed signal.

Question 2: A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz.
This signal is sampled, quantized, and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal.
(a) What is the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20% above
the Nyquist rate.
(b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the number of binary
pulses required to encode each sample.
(c) Determine the binary pulse rate (bits per second) of the binary-coded signal,
and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.
(d) if Framing and synchronizing requires an additional 0.5% extra bits.
Determine the binary pulse rate (bits per second) of the binary-coded signal, and
the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.
Question 3: A signal band-limited to 2 MHz is sampled at a rate 50% higher than
the Nyquist rate and quantized into 128 levels by using a μ-law quantizer with μ
= 127.
(a) Determine the signal-to-quantization-noise ratio.
(b) The SNR (the received signal quality) found in part (a) was unsatisfactory. It
must be increased at least by 15 dB. Would you be able to obtain the desired
SQNR without increasing the transmission bandwidth if it was found that a
sampling rate 5% above the Nyquist rate is adequate? If so, explain how. What is
the maximum SQNR that can be realized in this way?

Question 4: In a single-integration DM system, the voice signal is sampled at a


rate of 32 kHz, similar to PCM. The maximum signal amplitude is normalized as
Amax = 2. (reference frequency 800 Hz)
(a) Determine the minimum value of the step size σ to avoid slope overload.
(b) Determine the granular noise power 𝑁0 if the voice signal bandwidth is 2.5
kHz.
(c) Assuming that the voice signal is sinusoidal, determine 𝑆0 and the SNR.

Question 5: In a PAM scheme with M = 8:


(a) Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth required to transmit data at
a rate of 9600 bits/sec with zero ISI
(b) Determine the transmission bandwidth if Nyquist criterion pulses with a roll-
off factor r = 0.5 are used to transmit data.

Question 6: A message signal m(t) is transmitted by binary PCM without


compression. If the SNR is required to be at least 47 dB, determine the minimum
value of L= 2𝑛 required, assuming that m(t) is sinusoidal. Determine the actual
SNR obtained with this minimum L.

Question 7: A compact disc (CD) records audio signal digitally by using PCM.
Assume the audio signal bandwidth to be 15 kHz.
(a) What is the Nyquist rate?
(b) If the Nyquist samples are quantized into L = 65536 levels and then binary
coded, determine the number of binary digits required to encode a sample.
(c) Determine the number of binary digits per second (bit/s) required to encode
the audio signal.
(d) For practical reasons, signals are sampled at a rate well above the Nyquist
rate. Practical CDs use 44,100 samples per second. If L = 65536, determine the
number of bits per second required to encode the signal.
[(b)16 binary digits, (c) 480000bits/s, (d) 705600 bits/s)
Question 8: Consider an analog input signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 0.1 ∗ sin(2𝜋 ∗ 104 𝑡)
For a DM system signal is sampled at a rate of 2 ∗ 104 Hz Find out whether
overload distortion occurs for the following step size
• 4mv
• 60mv

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