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Lecture 8 - Distributed Multimedia Systems

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10 views

Lecture 8 - Distributed Multimedia Systems

Uploaded by

flowerinthedawnn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Distributed

Multimedia System
Main Content

❖ Introduction
❖ Characteristics of multimedia data
❖ Quality of service management
❖ Resource management
❖ Stream adaptation
❖ Case studies: Tiger, BitTorrent and
End System Multicast
Introduction
Introduction

❖ Streams of continuous, time-based


data such as digital audio and video
❖ More demanding applications are
beyond the capabilities of current
networking and distributed system
technologies
❖ Multimedia systems are real-time
systems:
▪ Must perform tasks and deliver results
according to a schedule that is externally
determined
❖ Quality of service (QoS)
Introduction

❖ Real-time system design had been


studied before but it is not for general-
purpose operating systems and
networks.
▪ Avionics
▪ Air traffic control
▪…
❖ Planned allocation and scheduling of
resources to meet the needs of
multimedia and other applications is
referred to as quality of service
management
Introduction

❖ Requirement of multimedia system


differs from others
▪ Highly distributed and operate within
general purpose distributed computing
environments
▪ Resource requirements are dynamic
▪ Users often wish to balance the resource
costs with other activities
❖QoS management systems manage
the available resources dynamically
and varying the allocations in
response to changing demands and
user priorities
Introduction
Characteristics of
multimedia data
Characteristics of multimedia data

❖ Video and audio data as continuous


and time-based
▪ Continuous media are represented as
sequences of discrete values that replace
each other over time
▪ Multimedia streams are time-based
because timed data elements in audio
and video streams define the semantics
or ‘content’ of the stream
Characteristics of multimedia data
Quality of service
management
Quality of service management

❖ Competition for resources at the


workstations running the applications
and in the networks
❖ Management and allocation of
resources to provide such guarantees
is referred to as quality of service
management
Quality of service management
Quality of service management

❖ Quality of service negotiation


▪ Bandwidth: the rate at which data flows
through
▪ Latency: the time required for an
individual data element to move through
a stream from the source to the
destination
▪ Loss rate: the acceptable rate of data
losing when transfering
Quality of service management

❖ Admission control
▪ Regulates access to resources to avoid
resource overload and to protect resources
from requests that they cannot fulfil
▪ Admission control scheme is based on some
knowledge of both the overall system capacity
and the load generated by each application
▪ Bandwith reservation: reserve some portion of
resource bandwidth for its exclusive use to
ensure certain QoS level
Resource
management
Resource management

❖ Resource scheduling
▪ Processes need to have resources assigned
to them according to their priority
▪ Resource scheduler determines the priority
based on certain criteria: responsiveness and
fairness.
▪ Challenge to provide sufficient service to time-
dependent streams without causing starvation
of discrete-media access and other interactive
applications
Resource management

❖ Resource scheduling methods


▪ Fair scheduling:
• Round-robin scheduling to all streams in the same
class
• All basic round-robin schemes assign the same
bandwidth to each stream
▪ Real-time scheduling:
• Developed to meet the CPU scheduling needs of
applications.
• Earliest-deadline-first (EDF) scheduling has almost
become a synonym for these methods
• A deadline is used to determine the next item to be
processed
Stream adaptation
Stream adaption

❖ If a certain QoS cannot be guaranteed, an


application needs to adapt to changing
QoS levels
❖ Adjustment translates into different levels
of media presentation quality
▪ The simplest form of adjustment is to drop
pieces of information
▪ If there is insufficient bandwidth and data is
not dropped, the delay of a stream will
increase over time.
Stream adaption

❖ Scaling
▪ It is useful to adapt a stream to the bandwidth
available in the system before it enters a
bottleneck resource in order to resolve
contention.
▪ Techniques
• Temporal scaling
• Spatial scaling
• Frequency scaling
Stream adaption

❖ Filtering
▪ a method that provides the best possible QoS
to each target by applying scaling at each
relevant node on the path from the source to
the target
Thank You !

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