INTERNATIONAL IEC

STANDARD 60076-10-1
First edition
2005-10

Power transformers –

Part 10-1:
Determination of sound levels –
Application guide

This English-language version is derived from the original

bilingual publication by leaving out all French-language
pages. Missing page numbers correspond to the French-
language pages.
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Reference number
IEC 60076-10-1:2005(E)
 Publication numbering
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 INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 60076-10-1
First edition
2005-10

Power transformers –

Part 10-1:
Determination of sound levels –
Application guide
This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version online.

 IEC 2005 Copyright - all rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.

International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iec.ch

Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

International Electrotechnical Com m ission
PRICE CODE X
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
For price, see current catalogue
 60076-10-1  IEC:2005 –3–

CONTENTS
FOREWORD...........................................................................................................................7
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 11
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................... 11
3 Basic physics of sound ................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Sound pressure, p ................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Particle velocity, u ................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Sound intensity, I .................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Sound power, W .................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Sound fields .......................................................................................................... 15
4 Sources and characteristics of transformer and reactor sound ........................................ 17
4.1 General ................................................................................................................. 17
4.2 Sources ................................................................................................................. 17
4.3 Vibration transmission ........................................................................................... 27
4.4 Sound radiation ..................................................................................................... 29
5 Measuring principles ...................................................................................................... 29
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 Sound pressure level measurement....................................................................... 31
5.3 Sound intensity measurements .............................................................................. 31
5.4 Guidance on narrow-band measurements.............................................................. 33
6 Comparison of measuring methods................................................................................. 39
6.1 General ................................................................................................................. 39
6.2 Sensitivity of the sound pressure method to the test environment .......................... 41
6.3 Sensitivity of the sound intensity method to test environment ................................ 43
6.4 Guidance on method selection .............................................................................. 47
7 Practical aspects of making sound measurements .......................................................... 47
7.1 General ................................................................................................................. 47
7.2 Orientation of the test object ................................................................................. 47
7.3 Number of measurement points on a measuring surface........................................ 47
7.4 Choice of microphone spacer for sound intensity measurements ........................... 49
7.5 Impact of background noise on sound intensity measurements .............................. 51
7.6 Measurements in the presence of sound-proofing screens .................................... 53
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8 Difference between factory tests and field sound level measurements ............................ 53
8.1 General ................................................................................................................. 53
8.2 Load power factor ................................................................................................. 53
8.3 Load current .......................................................................................................... 55
8.4 Operating voltage .................................................................................................. 55
8.5 Operating temperature .......................................................................................... 55
8.6 Harmonics in the load current and voltage ............................................................. 57
8.7 DC magnetization .................................................................................................. 57
8.8 Effect of remanent flux .......................................................................................... 57
8.9 Sound level build-up due to reflections .................................................................. 57
8.10 Influence of distance when making on-site measurements..................................... 59
8.11 Converter transformers with saturable reactors and/or interphase
transformers .......................................................................................................... 59
 60076-10-1  IEC:2005 –5–

9 Specifying transformer and reactor sound levels............................................................. 61

9.1 General ................................................................................................................. 61
9.2 Guarantee sound levels......................................................................................... 61
9.3 Choice of test method ........................................................................................... 63
9.4 Load conditions ..................................................................................................... 65
9.5 Auxiliary cooling equipment ................................................................................... 67
9.6 Voltage regulation ................................................................................................. 67
9.7 On-site operating conditions .................................................................................. 67
9.8 Example noise specification for power transformer and cooling auxiliaries
(see Annex A) ....................................................................................................... 67
9.9 Example noise specification for a distribution transformer (see Annex B) .............. 69

Annex A (informative) Worked example: Power transformer with cooling auxiliaries

mounted on a separate structure >3 m from the principal radiating surface of the
transformer – Sound power level determined via sound pressure method ............................. 71
Annex B (informative) Worked example: Distribution transformer, sound power
determined via time-synchronous sound intensity method ..................................................... 91

Figure 1 – Example curves showing relative change in length for one type of core
lamination during complete cycles of applied 50 Hz a.c. induction up to different peak
flux densities B max = 1,2 T – 1,9 T ....................................................................................... 19
Figure 2 – Induction (smooth line) and relative change in lamination length (dotted) as
a function of time due to applied a.c. induction: 1,8 T, 50 Hz – no d.c. bias........................... 21
Figure 3 – Example curve showing relative change in lamination length during one
complete cycle of applied a.c. induction with a small d.c. bias: 1,8 T, 50 Hz and
0,1 T, 0 Hz ............................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 4 – Induction (smooth line) and relative change in lamination length (dotted) as
a function of time due to applied a.c. induction with a small d.c. bias: 1,8 T, 50 Hz and
0,1 T, 0 Hz ............................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 5 – Sound level increase with d.c. current in the windings .......................................... 23
Figure 6 – Typical load current sound spectrum measured under short-circuit
conditions ............................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 7 – Microphone arrangement ..................................................................................... 33
Figure 8 – Test environment ................................................................................................. 41
Figure 9 – Distribution of disturbances to sound pressure in the test environment................. 43
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Figure 10 – Sketch of dry-type transformer showing measurement points ............................. 49

Figure 11 – Illustration of background sound passing through test area and sound
radiated from the test object. Microphone pair positions indicated by open
(microphone A) and full (microphone B) circles ..................................................................... 51

Table 1 – Values of A-weighting as a function of frequency................................................... 37

 60076-10-1  IEC:2005 –7–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

POWER TRANSFORMERS –

Part 10-1: Determination of sound levels –

Application guide

FOREWORD
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International Standard IEC 60076-10-1 has been prepared by technical committee 14: Power
transformers.

This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60076-10.

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

14/505/FDIS 14/513/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
 IEC 60076-10-1 Ed. 1.0 (English 2005) Power transformers -
Part 10-1: Determination of sound levels - Application guide
This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version online.

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