Data Communication and

CYS | IT | IS Lecture 2 Course code :

Networking

Network Types &

Internet

Dr. Ali Haider Shamsan

Assistant Professor,
Faculty of Engineering and Computing,
University of Science and Technology, Yemen
[email protected]
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Lecture Outlines

• Network Types
• The Internet
• Protocols and Standards

Review

• Data communication
• Components
• Data representation
• Network
• Network Model

Keywords

Data communication, Network, OSI, Physical layer

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 NETWORK TYPES

• Today when we speak of networks, we are generally

referring to two primary Types:
• local-area networks and wide-area networks. The
types into which a network falls is determined by its
size.
• LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a
single office, building, or campus.
• WAN can be worldwide.
• MAN Networks of a size in between LAN & WAN are
normally referred to as metropolitan area networks and
span tens of miles.
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 LAN (Local Area Network)
• A LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone's
home office;
• or it can extend throughout a company and include audio and
video peripherals.
• Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
• Past LANs had data rates in the 4 to 16 megabits per second
(Mbps) range.
• They were designed to allow resources to be shared
between the hosts.
• Today, however, speeds are normally 100 or 1000 Mbps.
• LANs today are connected to each other and to WANs to
create communication at a wider level
• Wireless LANs are the newest evolution in LAN technology.
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 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 WAN (Wide Area Network)
• A Wide Area Network (WAN) provides long-distance
transmission of data over large geographic areas that may
comprise a country, a continent, or even the whole world.

LAN WAN
• LAN is normally limited in size, • WAN has a wider geographical
spanning an office, a building, span, spanning a town, a state, a
or a campus country, or even the world
• LAN interconnects hosts; • WAN interconnects connecting
• LAN is normally privately devices such as switches,
owned by the organization that routers, or modems
uses it • WAN is normally created and
run by communication
companies and leased by an
1.28 organization that uses it
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
• A point-to-point WAN
• It is a network that connects two communicating devices
through a transmission media (cable or air).
• The point-to-point WAN is normally a line leased from home
computer or a small LAN to an Internet service provider
(lSP).

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 WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Switched WAN
• It is a network with more than two ends.
• A switched WAN is used in the backbone of global
communication today.
• We can say that a switched WAN is a combination of several
point-to-point WANs that are connected by switches.
• The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually
comprise a router that connects to another LAN or WAN.

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 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network )

• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network with

a size between a LAN and a WAN.
• It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
• It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city.
• A good example of a MAN is the part of the telephone
company network that can provide a high-speed DSL
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line to the customer.
 INTERCONNECTION OF NETWORKS: INTERNETWORK

• Today, it is very rare to see a LAN in isolation; they are

connected to one another.
• When two or more networks are connected, they become an
internetwork, or internet.
• As an example, assume that an organization has two
offices, one on the east coast and the other on the west
coast.
• To create a backbone WAN for connecting these three
entities, a switched WAN (operated by a service provider
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such as a telecom company) has been leased.
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 1-3 THE INTERNET
• An internet (note the lowercase i)
• It is two or more networks that can communicate
with each other.
• The most notable internet is called the Internet
(uppercase I ),
• It is composed of thousands of interconnected
networks
• Backbones and provider networks are also called
Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
• The backbones are often referred to as international
ISPs;
• the provider networks are often referred to as
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national or regional ISPs.
1-3 THE INTERNET

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 Accessing the Internet
• The Internet today is an internetwork that allows any user to
become part of it.
• The user, however, needs to be physically connected to an ISP.
• The physical connection is normally done through a point-
to-point WAN.
• Using Telephone Networks
• Dial-up service.
• DSL Service.
• Using Cable Networks
• Using Wireless Networks
• Direct Connection to the Internet
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 Internet Today
• The Internet today is not a simple hierarchical structure.
• It is made up of many wide- and local-area networks joined
by connecting devices and switching stations.
• It is difficult to give an accurate representation of the
Internet because it is continually changing, new networks are
being added, existing networks are adding addresses, and
networks of out-of-date companies are being removed.
• Today most end users who want Internet connection use the
services of Internet service providers (lSPs).
• There are international service providers, national service
providers, regional service providers, and local service
providers.
• The Internet today is run by private companies, not the
government
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 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

• The two widely used terms: protocols and standards.

• First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with
rule..
• Then we discuss standards,, which are agreed-upon
rules.

Topics discussed in this section:

Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet
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Standards
 1-4 PROTOCOLS
• In computer networks, communication occurs between entities
in different systems.
• An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving
information.
• However, two entities cannot simply send bit streams to
each other and expect to be understood. For communication
to occur, the entities must agree on a protocol.
• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
• A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
• The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and
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timing.
 1-4 PROTOCOLS

Syntax.
• The term syntax refers to the structure or format of the data,
meaning the order in which they are presented.
• For example, a simple protocol might expect the first 8
bits of data to be the address of the sender, the second 8
bits to be the address of the receiver, and the rest of the
stream to be the message itself.
Semantics.
• The word semantics refers to the meaning of each section of
bits.
• How is a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what
action is to be taken based on that interpretation?
• For example, does an address identify the route to be
1.41 taken or the final destination of the message?
 1-4 PROTOCOLS

Timing.
• The term timing refers to two characteristics:
• when data should be sent and
• how fast they can be sent.
• For example, if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission
will overload the receiver and some data will be lost.

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 1-4 Standards

• Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open

and competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in
guaranteeing national and international interoperability of
data and telecommunications technology and processes.

• Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,

government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the
kind of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and
in international communications.

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 1-4 Standards

• Data communication standards fall into two categories: de facto

(meaning "by fact" or "by convention") and de jure (meaning
"by law" or "by regulation").
• De facto.
• Standards that have not been approved by an organized
body but have been adopted as standards through
widespread use are de facto standards.
• De facto standards are often established originally by
manufacturers who seek to define the functionality of a new
product or technology.
• De jure.
• Those standards that have been authorized by an officially
recognized body are de jure standards.
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Assignment

In details, survey the network devices with full

explanation and examples

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