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Addressing - Social - Inequalities

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57 views

Addressing - Social - Inequalities

Uploaded by

Ashleigh Martinez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson The Concept of Social

1 Inequality

Social inequality is the state of unequal distribution of valued goods and


opportunities. All societies today have social inequality. Examining social
stratification requires a macro sociological perspective to view social systems that
make inequalities visible, although individuals may support or fight inequalities,
social stratification is created and supported by society through values and norms
and consistently durable systems of stratification.

What is It

The Concept of Social Inequality


Social Inequality

Social inequality results from a society organized by hierarchies of class, race,


and gender that unequally distributes access to resources and rights. It can manifest
in a variety of ways, like income and wealth inequality, unequal access to education
and cultural resources, and differential treatment by the police and judicial system,
among others. Social inequality goes hand in hand with social stratification. Social
inequality is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for
different social positions or statuses within a group or society. It contains structured
and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities,
rewards, and punishments. The following are some of the social inequalities and the
programs that the government is undertaking to address these inequalities.

Different Forms of Social Inequality

1. Gender Inequality – acknowledges that men and women are not equal, and that
gender affects an individual’s living experience. These differences arise from
distinctions in biology, psychology, and cultural norms.

2. Economic Inequality – generally refers to the disparity of wealth or income


between different groups or within a society. This is often characterized by
Aphorism “The rich become richer while the poor get poorer,” the phrase often
refers more specifically to the gap in income and asset between the poorest and
riches segments of an individual nation. (By: Nicolas Birdsong)

3. Class Stratification – is a form of social stratification in which a society is


separated into parties whose member have different access to natural resources

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and power. An economic, religious, interest and ideal rift usually exist between
different classes.

4. Health Inequality – are unfair and avoidable differences in health across the
population and between different groups within the society. Health inequality
arise because of the condition in which we are born, grow, live, work, economic
status, and age.

Social Inequality is visible in many other social institutions affecting other


social aspects such as:
1. Gender (e.g. Violence against women and children, Gender discrimination among
LGBTQIA+,).
2. Capital (e.g. Economic, symbolic and cultural).
3. Social exclusion (ethnic inequalities, Persons with disabilities).
4. Social Stratification (e.g. Income, position and resources).
5. Human Dignity, Rights and the Common Good (e.g. quality education, basic
needs-food, clean water and shelter).
6. Health Care –some individuals receive better and more professional care
compared to others.

Government Programs Addressing these Inequalities are:

1. Conditional Cash Transfer program – locally known as Pantawid Pamilya


Pilipino Program, or 4Ps, is a government program that provides conditional cash
grants to the poorest of the poor in the Philippines. Households receive cash
grants if children stay in school and get regular health check-ups, have their
growth monitored, and receive vaccines. Pregnant women must get pre-natal
care, with their births attended to by professional health workers.

2. Agrarian reform in the Philippines – seeks to solve the centuries-old problem


of landlessness in rural areas. Through the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP) initiated in 1987, the government addressed key national goals:
the promotion of equity and social justice, food security and poverty alleviation
in the countryside.

3. SK Reform Act of 2015 – has the provisions that prohibits political dynasty. It
prohibits any person to run in any Sanggunian Kabataan Office either elected or
appointed if it has a relative up to second degree in the barangay level to
governorship.

4. Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act – is a law that


institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in state universities
and colleges (SUCs), local universities and colleges (LUCs) in the Philippines. The
law also foresees subsidies also for private higher education institutions. It is
intended to give underprivileged Filipino students a chance to earn a college
degree.

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5. Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD) – rests on a
vision of development that is equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful
of human rights, supportive of self-determination and the actualization of human
potentials, and participatory and empowering.

6. Magna Carta of Women (MCW) – is a comprehensive women’s human rights law


that seeks to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection,
fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of Filipino women, especially those
belonging in the marginalized sectors of the society. It conveys a framework of
rights for women based directly on international law.

Its salient features are:

• Increasing the number of women in third level positions in government to achieve


a fifty-fifty (50-50) gender balance within the next five years while the
composition of women in all levels of development planning and program
implementation will be at least 40 percent.

• Leave benefits of two (2) months with full pay based on gross monthly
compensation for women employees who undergo surgery caused by
gynecological disorders if they have rendered continuous aggregate employment
service of at least six (6) months for the last twelve (12) months.

• Non-discrimination in employment in the field of military, police and other


similar services that include according to the same promotional privileges and
opportunities as their men counterpart, including pay increases, additional
benefits, and awards, based on competency and quality of performance.

• Provision for equal access and elimination of discrimination in education,


scholarships, and training. Thus, “expulsion, non-readmission, prohibiting
enrollment, and other related discrimination of women students and faculty due
to pregnancy out of marriage shall be outlawed.

• Non-discriminatory and non-derogatory portrayal of women in media and film to


raise the consciousness of the public in recognizing the dignity of women and
the role and contribution of women in family, community, and the society
through the strategic use of mass media.

• Equal status given to men and women on the titling of the land and issuance of
stewardship contracts and patents.

7. Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), was
enacted in 1997. It has been praised for its support for the cultural integrity of

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indigenous peoples, the right to their lands and the right to self-directed
development of these lands.

8. Republic Act No. 9442, an Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, Otherwise
known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and For Other Purposes’
Granting Additional Privileges and Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal,
Non-verbal Ridicule and Vilification Against Persons with Disability. Its
objective is to provide persons with disability, the opportunity to participate fully
into the mainstream of society by granting them at least twenty percent (20%)
discount in all basic services.

9. Enactment of Anti-Bullying Law which mandates directed all elementary and


secondary schools to adopt policies to address the existence of bullying in their
respective institutions.

References
Contreras, Antonio, et al. 2018. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics.
Quezon Ave., Quezon city. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Office, 2020.

Arnett, Jeffrey J. 1995. „Broad and Narrow Socialization: The Family in the Context
of a Cultural Theory‟, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57 (3): 617-28.
Asch, S.E

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/421717405/Module-6- Enculturation-and-
Socialization

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