Academic Research International Vol.

5(2) March 2014

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Dual Responsibility: A Contributing Factor to Psychological Ill-being in

Married Working Women
Riffat Sadiq1, Amena Zehra Ali2
1
Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat,
2
Department of Psychology, University of Karachi,
PAKISTAN.
1
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
The aim of present paper was to examine the psychological ill-being in married
working women as a consequence of dual responsibility they pay at home and
workplace. A sample of about fifty (N=50) married working women was compared
with fifty (N=50) married non-working women. The entire sample was taken from
general population. Data was gathered using Semi-Structured Brief Interview Form,
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Anger and Hostility, subscales of
Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Obtained data was statistically analyzed by
computing frequencies, percentages and independent t-test. Independent t-test, show
that married working women significantly reported more somatic complaints (t=
2.00, df = 98, p< .048), social dysfunction (t= 2.31, df = 98, p<.023), anger (t =
2.10, df = 98, p < .038) and hostility (t=2.27, df = 98, p <.025) than non-working
married women. However, working and non-working married women did not
significantly differ on the variables of insomnia (t= .773, df = 98, p < .441) and
depression (t = .709, df = 98, p < .375). Paying dual responsibility at home and
workplace is quit hectic causing psychological problems among married working
women.
Keywords: Married, Working women, dual responsibility, psychological ill-being

INTRODUCTION
Leading marital life along with employment puts dual responsibility on married working
women that demands to be paid equally up to the expected level as determined by society. In
Pakistan, assuming the role of working women is not always a passion. There are women
who need to go out to earn enough money to meet their household expenses. Sometimes,
their husbands and in-laws do not fulfill their basic needs that compel them to work for being
self-supporting. Moreover, living in joint family, they have to take care of their in-laws along
with husband and children. As a result, a huge burden is put on women leading psychological
ill-being.
It is empirically evident that working women pay dual responsibility and only 7 % women
seemed to balance their dual roles (Pillai & Sen, 1998). Doing paid job and household
activities are not easy for married women belonging to all social classes (Davendran, 2008).
Married working women have to pay second shift at home (Hochschild, 1989). They were
overburdened with household chores along with jobs (Tripathi & Bhattacharjee, 2012).
Women with home roles and non-home roles had conflicts while completing role demands
(Begum & Tasneem, 1984). Working women are more prone to job stressors due to assuming
multiple roles. They face different quality and intensity of work stressors (Vermeulen &
Mustard, 2000).

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Exposure to job stressors along with family demands has negative impact on mental health of
women (Lennon & Rosenfield, 1992). Balancing dual roles, at workplace and home, is a big
challenge for married working women that physically and psychologically disturb them
(O’Neil & Greenberg, 1994). In a study, married working women were found to be suffering
from more occupational stress than unmarried working women due to multiple
roles/responsibilities of a mother, wife and homemaker, more demands from society and
traditional trends as well (Parveen, 2009).
Working outside reduces some negative effects of marital stress but it does not give relief and
stress related to childcare (Krause, 1984). Employment outside of home affects the
psychological well-being of married women. Less cooperation from husband, more
responsibilities and difficulties at home and workplace have deleterious effects on
psychological well-being of married working women (Kessler & McRae, 1982).
Empirical data depicts that married working women suffer from more stress (Hashmi,
khurshid & Hasan, 2006), aggression and frustration (Sexena, n.d), anxiety (Mukkhupadhah,
1996) and depression (Dudhatra & Jogsan, 2012) as compare to non-working women. Job
hassles and pressure contributed to anxiety in dual career women in India (Aleem & Danish,
2008). Working women, while managing work and family, tried to cope with the situation via
reactive role behavior (Ahmed, 1995). Working women encountered more problems at home
and workplace (Manas & Mubeen, 2011). A study addressing the family and psychosocial
health status reveals that about 36% married working women, out of total sample, reported
family responsibilities and day to day tension affecting their mental health. Moreover, about
56% women, in the same study, reported work-family conflict and mental tension at their
workplace (Singh & Singh, 2005).
Following same path, the present investigation is going to be carried out to highlight the role
of dual reasonability in developing mental health problems among married working women
in comparison of non-working married women. Pakistani married working women have
several obligations; to be a perfect mother/wife/daughter-in-law and to be a good employee at
workplace. The basic learning of Pakistani women is to manage household activities besides
pleasing husbands and in-laws. In this society, women from their childhood are learned to be
homemakers and men are to be bread earners. This cultural training, most of the time, make
the women skilled merely in handling household tasks. For this reason, going out for paid job
becomes an additional burden for them which, sometimes, contradict to their temperament.
Dual responsibility (at home and workplace) consumes double energy, time and intellectual
resources which, sometimes, result in exhaustion and psychological problems. For this
purpose, it has been assumed that;
Married working women will significantly report more somatic complaints, insomnia, social
dysfunction, depression, anger and hostility than married non- working women

METHODOLOGY
Participants
This was a comparative study done on married working and non-working women dwelling in
Karachi, Pakistan. Among hundred participants, fifty (N=50) women were working, whereas
fifty (N=50) were non-working. Working women were included in the present study via
convenient sampling technique and non-working married women were approached through
referral sampling technique. Demographics were controlled for all participants. Grade ten
was considered as a minimum educational level of all but working women were holding the
diploma/short course certificates along with secondary school certificates. Working women

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were employed in primary and secondary schools, beauty salon, vocational training institute
and health care centers. Comparative group of the present study comprised of housewives
(fulltime home makers). The age range of entire sample was 21 to 50 years. The minimum
duration of marriage was 3 years and they must have at least one child. They were hailing
from middle class joint family. In joint family, they were living with their in-laws (parents
and siblings of husbands, spouses and children of siblings-in-law).
Measures
Data for the current study was collected using four measurements. Semi-Structured Brief
Interview Form covered the information about demographic characteristics of the
participants, daily responsibilities at home (cooking, dusting/cleaning, washing clothes,
washing dishes), having facility of maid/servant, having cooperation from husbands and in-
laws while doing household chores, criticism over daily task and spare time for taking rest.
Psychological ill-being was examined by using Urdu Version of General Health
Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and two subscales of Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Anger and
Hostility. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) by Goldberg (1981) comprises of 28 items
and 4 subscales (Somatic Complaints, Insomnia, Social Dysfunction and Depression). There
are 7 items for each subscale which are scored at 4-point scale.
Subscales of Anger and Hostility by Buss and Perry (1992) comprise of 15 items. There are
7 items for Anger subscale and 8 items for Hostility subscale.
Procedure
Brief interview and administration of all scales were done at home and workplace (only
working women) of the participants. Initially, purpose of the study along with ethics of
confidentiality and responsibility were briefed to all participants. On their verbal consent for
volunteer participation, interview was conducted using Semi-Structured Brief Interview
Form. Then, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Subscales of Anger and Hostility were
administered individually to all women of the present study.
Information gained through Semi-Structured Brief Interview Form (SBIF) was described in
terms of frequencies and percentages. To test all hypotheses of the present study, independent
t-test was computed using SPSS, Version, 17.

RESULTS
Regarding daily responsibilities at work and home, results (Table 1) show that both working
and non-working were performing household activities such as; cooking, dusting/cleaning,
washing clothes, washing dishes etc. However, non-working women were more involved in
household chores. Among working women, about 92% were responsible for preparing meal
for entire family, 72% were involved in dusting/cleaning, 38 % were washing clothes and
70% were washing dishes. Approximately, 22 % were having facility of maid/servant, 42%
were having cooperation from in-laws and husbands of only 18% women were cooperative in
this regard. Criticism over daily work and routine was faced by 46% working women. Most
of them (58%) were not financially supported at all or given insufficient amount for daily
expenses. About 38 % found time for taking rest. Besides that, at workplace, they had to
follow job description properly. About 44% were school teachers in public and private sector,
26% were working in beauty salon, 16% were vocational teachers and 14 % were responsible
for dealing health issues of community or working as lady health workers.

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Table 1
Working Non- Working
Nature of Responsibilities Women Women
(N=50) (N=50)
Responsibilities at Home F % F %
Cooking 46 92 50 100
Dusting/cleaning 36 72 45 90
Washing clothes 19 38 41 82
Washing dishes 35 70 45 90
Having facility of servant 11 22 6 12
Having cooperation from in-laws 21 42 25 50
Having cooperation from husband 09 18 4 08
Spare time for taking rest 19 38 31 62
Criticism over work 23 46 28 56
Responsibilities at Workplace
Nature of work
Teaching school children 22 44 X X
Grooming women in beauty salon 13 26 X X
Training vocational students 08 16 X X
Dealing health issues of community 07 14 X X
Daily duty hours
6 hours 32 64 X X
More than 6 hours 18 36 X X
Duty Shift
Morning shift 29 58 X X
Evening shift 21 42 X X
Majority (64%) were paying duty for 6 or less than 6 hours, whereas 58% were employed in
the morning shift.
On the other hand, all married non-working women (100%) had to prepare meal for entire
family, 90% were involved in dusting/cleaning, 82% were washing clothes and 90% were
washing dishes. Approximately, 56% were facing criticism from in-laws, 12 % had the
facility of servant, 50% were having cooperation from in-laws and 8% women had
cooperation from their husbands. About 56% were being criticized over work. Furthermore,
majority (62%) reported to have spare time for taking rest.

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Table 2. Independent t-test shows significant difference among working and non-working
married women with regards to psychological ill-being

Working Women Non-Working

(N= 50) Women (N = 50)
Variables
M SD M SD df t P

Somatic Complaints 2.940 2.36824 2.040 2.10887 98 2.00 .048

Insomnia 2.600 2.24063 2.240 2.41221 98 .773 .441

Social Dysfunction 2.160 2.12238 1.300 1.55511 98 2.31 .023

Depression 1.460 2.17790 1.300 2.09226 98 .709 .375

Anger 20.94 5.56010 18.36 6.63559 98 2.10 .038

Hostility 22.14 6.68538 19.04 6.93986 98 2.27 .025

Independent t-test (Table 2) depicts that married working women reported significantly more
somatic complaints (t= 2.00, df = 98, p< .048), social dysfunction (t= 2.31, df = 98, p<.023),
anger (t = 2.10, df = 98, p < .038) and hostility (t=2.27, df = 98, p <.025). Analysis further
reveals that there is a non-significant difference among women of both groups related to the
variables of insomnia (t= .773, df = 98, p < .441) and depression (t = .709, df = 98, p <
.375).

DISCUSSIONS
In South Asian societies, where men are only deemed as bread earner, due to that, they are
fully dependent on women for minor things. Women are responsible for serving meal and
preparing attire for men on times. They are usually expected to accomplish daily household
tasks perfectly. At the same time, they have to deal workplace issues. This dual
responsibility leads to role conflicts in women. Role conflicts between family and work
create tension because working women are in a continuous struggle to come up to the
expectations of family and employer at the same time (Ahmed, 1999). As the findings of
present study also show that, owing to dual responsibility, married working women
significantly reported more somatic complaints (t= 2.00, df = 98, p< .048), social
dysfunction (t= 2.31, df = 98, p<.023), anger (t = 2.10 , df = 98 , p < .038) and hostility
(t=2.27 , df = 98, p <.025 ) than married non-working women.
Middle class married working women have to perform all household duties besides doing
paid job. Assuming the dual roles of bread earner and homemaker, married working women
spend more time and energy on daily tasks of two opposite environment (Gani & Ara, 2010).
At home, after returning from workplace, they pay additional duty of a home maker socially
assigned to them. In Pakistan, household activities are deemed as women’s domain (Hussain,
2006). Inside home, women are seen in forms of multiple roles such as; mother, wife and
daughter-in-law. These multiple roles increase work load with more input of energy, time and
resources that put profound impact on women’s health (Waldron, Weiss & Hughes, 1998).
In the present study, married working women also seemed to be balancing their family and
work responsibilities. They were having more pressure of work in form of home
management, dealing husbands/in-laws and employer at workplace. In comparison to them,

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married non-working women were confined to single environmental activities. They were
having less time pressure and were only responsible for home related tasks. Previous
researches also show that full time house workers, as compare to working women, reported
fewer time pressure and less responsibilities regarding the situation beyond of their control
(Lennon, 1994). Whereas, married working women were engaged with two different
environmental activities, as also reported by participants of the present study. As a result,
they got exhausted and eventually suffered from more psychological problems in form of
somatic complaints, social dysfunction, anger and hostility as compare to non-working
women. It was also documented by a study conducted in Malaysia that married working
women were found exhausted while balancing work, family and studies (Davendran, 2008).
It is noteworthy that majority of the participants including both working and non-working
women in the current study reported to be facing criticism from in-laws over daily routine
work, and were having less cooperation from husband regarding household chores but it
seemed to affect working women more. The reason is that working women were utilizing
their energy at workplace, too. They were in constant pressure of doing quality of work at job
and home. This constant pressure of work served as daily hassles for working women.
According to Thakkar and Misra (1995), working women encounter more daily hassles as
compare to non-working women. Daily hassles faced within workplace and home were
significant stressors which might have produced psychological or emotional distress among
them.
Many working women, in the present study, also had reported the workload of household
chores along with paid job. Due to these problems, they might have come under more stress
leading psychological or emotional distress. That emotional distress, later on, might have
been transformed into somatic complaints. Emotional distress is the indication of stressful life
events occurred in one’s life (Young, 1995) and somatic complaints are the representation of
psychological conflict or emotional distress (Kirmayer, 1984). It could be suggested that
being responsible for two different environmental issues, married working women reported
more somatic complaints than non-working married women in the current research.
Furthermore, in case of having less cooperation from husbands or in-laws, their life becomes
a ball rolling from home to workplace and vice versa. Moreover, they face criticism over not
completing given tasks on time. Working women contribute to family finance; therefore they
expect cooperation and respect from close relations. In the absence of deserve respect and
cooperation, working women develop negative perception of self and environment that
provoke anger and hostility as shown in the present paper (Table 2).
It was also found in the present study that both working and non-working women did not
differ while reporting insomnia (t= .773, df = 98, p < .441) and depression (t = .709, df = 98,
p < .375). Previous studies also did not demonstrate significant difference in the level of
depression among working and non-working women (Hashmi et al, 2006). Non-working
women, staying at home, suffer from tension because of misbehavior of family, whereas
working women face burden of office work along with marital/ home life. However,
statistical analysis further reveal that the mean scores of married working women on
insomnia (M = 2.600, SD = 2.24063) are slightly greater than mean scores of non-working
women (M= 2.240, SD =2.41221). Similarly, married working women scored more on
depression (M= 1.460, SD = 2.17790) than non-working women (M= 1.300, SD = 2.09226).
Dual responsibility, criticism from in-laws and less cooperation from husband might have
induced frustration, hopeless and suicidal thoughts in working women. Despite being bread
earner, they were not given support as they deserved. The feelings of having family support
lessen the risk of depression. More support from parents, relatives and spouse reduces the

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level of depression in women (Kendler, Myers & Prescott, 2005). Married working women
also have several engagements in daily routine. Major portion of their time is spent in
performing duties at home and workplace. Married women spending more time at work were
suffering from more depression (Keith & Schafer, 1982). Employed wives felt more satisfied
when their husbands cooperated with regards to domestic responsibilities (Saenz et al, 1989).
In the present study, only 18% working women reported to have cooperation from their
husbands. Majority of them were trying to come up to expectation of others and majority of
them were having no spare time for taking rest. As a result, they reported slightly more
insomnia and depression. On the other hand, non-working women were also facing the
stressful family environment due to criticism at work, household responsibilities and less
support from their husbands. All these problems might have led to insomnia and depression
in married non-working women. Previous study also reveals that lower involvement of
husband in household activities increases psychological distress among wives (Khawaja &
Habib, 2007).

CONCLUSION
Thus, it is deduced that married working women suffer from more somatic complaints, social
dysfunction, anger and hostility than married non-working women because of being
overburdened with dual responsibilities. Managing workplace and family problems, taking
care of children, husbands and in-laws in the absence of insufficient time for taking rest are
major issues of married working women with middle class socio-economic status. All these
factors are playing distal role in making them psychologically ill. Besides, psychological
issues of married non-working women must be addressed in the context of household
responsibilities they pay from dawn to dusk.

LIMITATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

The main limitation of the present study was that all participants were belonging to only
middle class joint families. Middle class working women travel in public transport to go to
office, try to manage family budget in limited amount and prepare meal for their own.
Furthermore, they have to attend their children being good mothers. On the other hand,
working women belonging to upper-class benefit from facilities available to them such as;
personal vehicle plus driver, more than one servant/maid, baby sitter, etc. Future researches
must address the psychological issues of married working women in the context of class
differences and luxuries. Furthermore, married working women included in the present study
were school teachers, beautician, vocational trainers and lady health workers. Further
investigations should focus on other professional women such as; doctors, engineers,
advocates, assistant professors, professors and so forth.

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