Black Hole Mass and Accretion Rate of Active Galactic Nuclei

Xue-Bing Wu (Peking Univ.) [email protected]

AGN Group in Peking University

Content
1 Supermassive black holes in nearby galaxies 2 Supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei 3 Our progress in AGN BH mass estimation 4 Summary & discussion

1. Supermassive Black Holes in Nearby Galaxies (Kormendy & Richstone 1995; Ho 1999 ; Kormendy & Gebhardt 2001) Stellar dynamics Mass determined by the rotational velocity V and the velocity dispersion of stars Gas dynamics Keplerian rotation of ionized gas in a disk-like configuration Water maser dynamics 22 GHz microwave emission from extragalactic water masers

Stellar Dynamics
NGC 3115 (Kormendy et al. 1996)
M*=2E9 Msun 25 times massiver than the visible star cluster

Stellar Dynamics
Our Galaxy (Genzel et al. 1997; 2003)
M*=(3~4) E6 Msun

Stellar velocity & proper motions around Sgr A* yield a BH mass of (3~4) 106 Msun

Gas Dynamics
Optical emission lines M87: H, [NII] M*=2.4E9 Msun

Macchetto et al. (1997)

Water Maser Dynamics

Radio masers 22 GHz microwave emission from extragalactic water masers VLBA: resolution 0.0006as
NGC 4258 M*=4E7 Msun

Miyoshi et al. (1995)

Determination of Supermassive black hole masses in the center of galaxies (Kormendy & Gebhardt 2001)

2 Supermassive Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei

Black hole mass estimations of AGNs

Direct methods
Stellar dynamical studies not feasible in AGN, since the AGN outshines the stars. Can use gas kinematics, if the gas is seen in Keplerian rotation. In M87, r=75 pc gas disk yields 3 109 Msun, >107 Msun pc-3 Megamasers in edge-on nuclear gas disks: Sy2 NGC4258, 0.02 pc resolution gives perfect Keplerian rotation (pt mass), 3.6 107 Msun, >5 1012 Msun pc-3

Indirect Methods
Accretion disks fitting of the big blue bump in the spectra of AGN

Standard thin disk model (Shakura & Sunyaev 1973):

4 h 3 cos i F = c2D 2

R out

RdR e
h / kT ( R )

R in

( ergs

Hz

Accretion disk fitting of the big blue bump in the spectra of AGN (Sun & Malkan 1989)

AD model fits suggest 108-9.5 Msun for quasar, 107.5-8.5 Msun for Sy1s, plus mass accretion rates 0.1-1 and 0.01-0.5 times Eddington

Broad gravitational-redshifted Iron K line of Seyfert 1 galaxies--accretion disk modeling

Tanaka et al. (1995); Nandra et al. (1997)

Fabian et al. (1989)

Reverberation mapping from optical variability

Broad emission line region: 0.01 - 1pc; Illuminated by the AGN's photoionizing continuum radiation and reprocess it into emission lines RBLR estimated by the time delay that corresponds to the light travel time between the continuum source and the line-emitting gas: RBLR =c t V estimated by the FWHM of broad emission line

Peterson (1997)

V = f FWHM(H ), f = 3 / 2 for random distribution of BLR clouds

R BLR G

Determination of Supermassive black hole masses of AGN with reverberation mapping

Kaspi et al. (2000)

BLR Scaling with Luminosity

To first order, AGN spectra look the same
Q (H ) L U = 2 4 r n H c n H r 2
Same ionization
parameter Same density

r L0.60.1

r L1/2

QSOs (Kaspi et al. 2000) Seyfert 1s (Wandel, Peterson, Malkan 1999) Narrow-line AGNs NGC 4051 (NLS1)

With the R-L relation, one can estimate the BLR size from the optical continuum luminosity

SMBH and Galactic Bulge

Relations of black hole mass with bulge luminosity and central velocity dispersion (for normal galaxies & AGNs)

AGN

Ferrarese et al. (2001) With the M- relation, one can estimate the BH mass from the stellar velocity dispersion

Summary: Methods of estimating SMBH Masses

Phenomenon: BL Lac Objects Quiescent Galaxies Stellar, gas dynamics MBH * Type 2 AGNs Megamasers Type 1 AGNs 2-d RM 1-d RM

Primary Methods: Fundamental Empirical Relationships: Secondary Mass Indicators: Fundamental plane: e, re * MBH

AGN MBH *

[O III] line width V * MBH Low-z AGNs

Broad-line width V & size scaling with luminosity R L0.7 MBH

Peterson (2004)

High-z AGNs

3. Our progress in AGN BH mass estimations

1. On black hole masses, radio loudness and bulge luminosities of Seyfert galaxies,

Wu & Han 2001, A&A, 380, 31 2. Inclinations and black hole masses of Seyfert 1 galaxies, Wu & Han 2001, ApJ, 561, L59 3. Supermassive black hole masses of AGNs Application of the with elliptical hosts, fundamental plane relation Wu, Liu, & Zhang 2002, A&A, 389,742 4. Black hole mass and binary model for BL Lac object OJ 287, Liu & Wu 2002, A&A, 388, L48 5. Black hole mass estimation with a relation between the BLR size and emission line luminosity of AGN, Application of the R-L relation Wu, Wang, Kong, Liu, & Han 2004, A&A, 424, 793 6. Black hole mass and accretion rate of AGNs with double-peaked broad emission line, Wu & Liu 2004, ApJ, 614, 91

Application of the M- relation

(1) Estimation of BH masses of Seyfert galaxies

(Wu & Han 2001, A&A, 380, 31) Sample of Seyfert galaxies
37 Seyferts (22 Sy 1s, 15 Sy 2s) with measured MBH or from two bright Seyfert samples Palomar: B < 12.5 mag, 49 Seyferts (21 Sy 1s, 28 Sy 2s) 21 Sys selected (13 Sy 1s, 8 Sy2s) CfA: Zwicky magnitude <14.5, 48 Sys (33 Sy 1s, 15 Sy 2s) 23 Sys selected (15 Sy 1s, 8 Sy2s), 8 common with Palomar sample 5 Sys with dynamical measured MBH, 10 Sy 1s with MBH measured by reverberation mapping 22 Sys with measured but unknown MBH
(M- relation applies here!)

Sample of Seyfert galaxies

Relation of radio power with SMBH masses

Correlation between BH mass and bulge magnitude

MVbulge= -11.01 -1.22 log (MBH /Msun )

For inactive galaxies => MBH Mbulge1.74 a non-linear relation

(2) Determing the BLR inclination of Seyfert 1

galaxies based on BH mass estimations

(Wu & Han 2001, ApJ, 561, L59)

BLR dynamics (Wills & Browne 1986)

Virial BH mass

BH mass-velocity dispersion relation (Gebhardt et al. 2000)

Inclinations of BLR in Seyfert galaxies

Mean value of 36 degree, supporting the AGN unification scheme!

Inclinations of BLR in Seyfert galaxies

NLS1

Inclination affects the line width; NLS1s seem to have smaller BH masses.

Woo & Urry, 2002, ApJ, 579, 530 (November); astro-ph/0207249

(3) SMBH Mass of AGNs with elliptical host galaxy

(Wu, Liu & Zhang, 2002, A&A, 389, 742; August; astro-ph/02032158)

Reverberation mapping can not apply to BL Lacs; Only 10 BL Lacs have measured values (Falomo et al. 2002; Barth et al. 2002) Host galaxies of BL Lacs are ellipticals (Urry et al. 2000) values can be derived based on the fundamental plane of ellipticals; then SMBH masses could be estimated for BL Lacs with high-quality images

(Bettoni et al. 2001)

Comparison of Eddington ratios of AGNs

The Eddington ratios (dimensionless accretion rates) of radio galaxies are about two orders lower than those of quasars.

(4) Black hole mass and binary BH model for BL Lac object OJ 287
(Liu & Wu, A&A, 2001, 388, L48)
OJ 287, one of the best studied BL Lacs with optically outbursts recurrent with a period of 11.65 year (Sillanpaa et al. 1988). A predicted optical outburst in 1994 was observed and a binary black hole model is favored (Lehto & Valtonen 1996). The previous binary BH model requires the primary BH mass of 1.5E10 solar masses (Pietila 1999), which is much larger than the estimated BH masses of other BL Lac objects. A new binary BH model (Valtaoja et al. 2000) with BH mass <1E9 solar mass can explain the observed double-peaked outburst behavior.

r r ps

ms

(Valtaoja et al. 2000)

Primary black hole mass of OJ 287: The host galaxy was marginally resolved of an effective radius re=0.72 and R-band absolute magnitude MR= -23.23 (Heidt et al. 1999) Using the BH mass bulge luminosity relation (McLure & Dunlop 2002),

It gives MBH=4.6E8 solar masses. Using the fundamental plane and the MBH - relation,

It gives MBH=3.2E8 solar masses.

MBH~4E8 solar masses

Support the new binary BH model (Valtaoja et al 2000)

(5) AGN BH Mass estimation with the R-LH relation

(Wu, Wang, Kong, Liu & Han 2004, A&A, 424, 793) BLR sizes are usually derived previously from the empirical relation R L5100A0.7(Kaspi et al. 2000). Can it apply to RL AGN? Optical jets of some AGNs have been observed by the HST (Scarpa et al. 1999; Jester 2003; Parma et al. 2003). Optical Synchrotron radiations have been found in some RL AGNs (Whiting et al. 2001; Chiaberge et al. 2002; Cheung et al. 2003)

 For RL AGNs, optical continuum luminosity may be significantly contributed from jets, and may not be a good indicator of ionizing luminosity Using the R-L5100A relation can overestimate MBH for radio-loud quasars It may be better to use the relation between the emission line luminosity and the BLR size

Recently we also extended such a study to UV broad emission lines (Mg II & CIV) (Kong, Wu, Wang, & Han, 2006)

(6) Black hole mass and accretion rate of AGNs with double-peaked broad emission line (Wu & Liu, 2004, ApJ, 614, 91)
Double-peaked broad line AGNs are usually believed to be LINER-type low-luminosity ones (Ho et al. 2001) 150 double-peaked AGN discovered (SDSS and RLAGN); SDSS double-peaked AGNs: 76% are radio-quiet, with medium luminosities (1E44 erg/s); 12% are LINER (Strateva et al. 2003) With the R-L relation, we estimated the BH mass (from 3E7 to 5E9 solar masses) and the Eddington ratio (from 0.001 to 0.1) of 135 double-peaked AGNs. We found big blue bumps in some luminous double-peaked AGNs We suggested that for luminous double-peaked AGNs with Eddington ratio larger than 0.01, the accretion process is probably different from that of LINER-type double-peaked AGNs

Black hole mass and accretion rate of AGNs with double-peaked broad emission line

5. Summary and Discussion

Supermassive black holes with mass of 106 to 109

solar masses exist in the center of both normal and active galaxies Direct dynamic methods of estimating the BH mass can only be applied to several nearby AGNs. Reliable BH mass of AGNs can be obtained by reverberation mapping, MBH - relation (including the fundamental plane) and two R-L relations. Estimating the BH mass is important and helpful to other AGN studies

Eddington ratio and accretion physics in different types of AGN

From the BH mass, we can derive Eddington ratio ( Lbol/Ledd), which measures the accretion rate in Eddington unit. Accretion disk structure is strongly dependent on the accretion rate
SD: Slim disk (Abramowicz et al. 1988) RTD, GTD: Radiation pressure and gas pressure dominated thin disk (Shakura-Sunyaev 1973) SLE: Hot, two-temperature disk (Shapiro, Lightman & Eardley 1976) ADAF: Advection dominated accretion flow (Narayan & Yi 1994)
Abramowicz et al. (1995)

Transition of different accretion modes as accretion rate changes

Applications in black hole X-ray binaries: (AGN too?) Fender (2003)

Knowing accretion rate may help us to understand the broad line region physics of AGN

(Nicastro et al. 2003)

A fundamental plane of black hole activity

(Merloni et al. MNRAS, 2003)

SMBH and Galaxy Formation

Black hole formation is closely related to galaxy formation MBH 4

Tremaine et al. (2002)

SMBH in highest redshift quasar (z=6.4)

Supermassive black hole formed in the early universe!
Willott et al. (2003) (UKIRT/UIST) Barth et al. (2003) (Keck II/NIRSPEC)

FWHM(MgII)=5500km/s FWHM(MgII)=6000km/s MBH=3E9 Msun FWHM(CIV)=9000km/s

MBH=2E9 Msun MBH=6E9 Msun

Rees flow chart for the formation of a very massive black hole

Rees (1984)

Have fun with black holes !

Thank you !

Variations of broad line component at different luminosity level

L Broad line component of CIV line of NGC 4151

Kong, Wu, Wang, et al. (2006)

BH fundamental plane from a uniform sample of radio and X-ray emitting broad line AGNs
Cross-identified RASS-SDSS-FIRST broad line AGNs Different slope between radio-quiet and radio-loud AGNs Beaming effect from the relativistic jet of RL AGNs can contaminate the intrinsic BH fundamental plane relation

Wang, Wu & Kong (2006)

Yuan & Cui (2005)