2nd International Conference on Education Reform and Modern Management (ERMM 2015)

A note on finitely generated Z-module and algebraic

integers
Lijiang Zeng
(Research Centre of Zunyi Normal College,
Zunyi 563099, GuiZhou, P. R. China)
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract-- The theory of algebraic integer has its many algebraic integer.
applications, such as in algebraic coding, cryptology, information
system and other fields. The research of algebraic integer can not Proof. Let  be a zero of the monic polynomial
leave finitely generated module, and the finitely generated h(x)  Z [ x] , where h(x) may be reducible. If f(x) = Irr(  , Q),
module itself be also applied in group theory, ring theory, and we have
some applied science. In this paper, we research the theory of
algebraic integer using finitely generated module as tool, we
obtained necessary and sufficient condition that an element is h(x)= f(x) g(x) g(x)  Q[ x] (1)
algebraic integer, and an intrinsic connects between algebraic
number field and finitely generated Z-module. The polynomial f(x) has rational coefficients; let us write
f(x) =cF(x)/a, where a and c are positive integers, and where
Keywords-- algebraic coding; information system; algebraic
F(x)  Z [ x] is a primitive polynomial (that is, the G.C.D. [19]
integer; monic irreducible polynomial
of the coefficients of F(x) is l). Similarly, write g(x)=dG(x)/b,
I. INTRODUCTION whether G(x)  Z [ x] is primitive and b and d are positive
As we know, the theory of algebraic integer[1-6] has its integers. From (1)
many applications, such as in algebraic coding, cryptology,
we obtain
information system[7-9] and other fields. The research of
algebraic integer can not leave finitely generated module[10-12],
and the finitely generated module itself be also applied in cdF(x)G(x) = abh(x) (2)
group theory, ring theory, and some applied science[13-14]. In
this paper, we research the theory of algebraic integer using If we can show that the product F(x)G(x) of the two
finitely generated module as tool, First, we introduce two primitive polynomials F(x), G(x) is again primitive, then (2)
lemmas in primitive polynomial, finite extension, monic will imply that ab=cd, whence F(x) G(x) = h(x). Therefore
irreducible polynomial, and other concepts and symbols, and F(x) must be monic, so c=a, and f(x)  Z [ x] . This implies the
then regard the two lemmas as tool, we obtained necessary and desired conclusion. □
sufficient condition that an element is algebraic integer, and an
intrinsic connects between algebraic number field and finitely Suppose F(x)G(x) were not primitive; there would then
generated Z-module. exist a rational prime p such that

II. SOME PREPARATIONS AND LEMMAS F(x)G(x)  0 (mod p) (3)

Let Q denote rational field throughout this paper, and let Z
be the ring of rational integers[15-16]. Let x be an indeterminate coefficientwise. Let Z be the finite field Z/pZ, and let
over Q. A polynomial F[x] is monic if its leading coefficient is
l. For an element  of finite extension[15] of Q, we let
F [ x]  Z [ x] be gotten from F(x) by replacing each
Irr(  , Q) denote the unique monic irreducible polynomial in coefficient of F(x) by its residue class mod p. Since F(x) and
Q [ x] of which  is a zero. G(x) are both primitive, have F [ x] ≠0, G[ x] ≠0.
Definition 1. An algebraic integer is an element  of However, FG  F G , so (3) implies
finite extension of Q for which Irr(  , Q)  Z [ x] .
F [ x]G[ x]  0 . This is a contradiction: we have two
Obviously, all elements of Z are algebraic integers.
non-zero polynomials in Z [ x] whose product is zero.
Lemma 1 A rational number is an algebraic integer if and
only if it is a rational integer. □ III. MAJOR RESULTS ABOUT ALGEBRAIC INTEGERS
The proof of Lemma 1 can be found from some We now obtain major results of this paper about algebraic
papers[17-18]. integers.
Lemma 2. Any zero of monic polynomial in Z [ x] is an Theorem 1. An element  of an extension field of Q is
an algebraic integer if and only if Z[  ] is a finitely generated

© 2015. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 172

Z-module. g ( x)  a0 x n  a1 x n 1    an
Proof. If  is an algebraic integer, then clearly from
Lemma 2 and Lemma 1 Then a0  is a zero of

Z [ ]  Z  Z  Z 2    Z m 1
y n  a1 y n 1  a0 a2 y n  2   a0n 1an ,
where m is the degree of Irr(  , Q).
a monic polynomial in Z [ y ] . Hence a0  R , and,
Suppose, conversely, that Z [ ] is a finitely generated
Z-module, since a0  Z  R , this shows that  is a quotient of
elements of R. (In fact, it establishes the stronger result that
Z [ ]  Zf1 ( )  Zf 2 ( )    Zf n ( ) every element of K is the quotient algebraic integer and a
rational integer.)
Theorem 2. Let R=alg.int.{K}, where K is an algebraic
With each f i ( x)  Z [ x] . Choose N greater than the number field. Then R is a finitely generated Z-module,
degrees of all the { f i ( x )} . Since  N  Z [ ] , we may and ( R : Z )  ( K : Q ) .
write. Proof. Since K is a finite separable extension of Q, there
  a1 f1 ( )  a2 f 2 ( )    an f n ( )
N
ai  Z exists an element   K such that K  Q ( ) . By the above
discussion, we may then choose a  Z, a≠0 such that a  R.
But this shows that  is a zero of a monic polynomial in
Set   a ; we then have K  Q( ) and Z ( )  R .
Z [ x] , from Lemma 2 above, we know that  is an
algebraic integer. This completes the proof. □ Now let   R ; we may write
Corollary 1. Let  ,  be elements of finite
n 1
extension of Q. If  and  are algebraic integers, so are    bi i bi  Q
  and  . i 0

Proof. From the hypothesis we see that Z [ ] and where n=(K: Q). Let   1 ,  2 , …,  n be the
Z [  ] are finitely generated Z-modules, say distinct conjugates of  in some normal extension L of Q
which contains K. Then the conjugates of  in L are
Z [ ]   Z i , Z [ ]   Z  j ,   1 ,  2 , …,  n , (not necessarily distinct) where
i j

n 1
Z [ ,  ]  Z [ ][  ]   Z [  ] i   Z  j i  j   bi ij 1 j  n (4)
i i, j i 0

so Z [ ,  ] is finitely generated. Then every Let A denote the n  n matrix whose (i, j ) entry is
Z-submodule of Z [ ,  ] is also finitely generated. Since  i 1
j ; since
Z [   ] , Z [   ] and Z [ ] are all submodules of
{ 1 ,
 2 , …,  n } are distinct, the van der Monde
Z [ ,  ] , the result now follows from Theorem 1. □
2
determinant | A | is 0. Further, | A | is unchanged by all
IV. THE FURTHER RESULTS automorphisms in the Galois group of L over Q and so must lie
Definition 2. An algebraic number field is a finite 2
in Q. On the other hand, | A | is a polynomial with
extension field of Q.
rational integral coefficients in the algebraic integers {  j }.
i
Let R=alg.int.{K} denote the set of all algebraic integers
contained in an algebraic number field K(It is same below ). 2
Therefore, | A | is also an algebraic integer. How ever, the
By Corollary 1, R is a subring of K and so R is obviously an
only rational numbers which are algebraic integers are the
integral domain. We claim that K is the quotient field of R.
rational integers, and therefore | A |  Z. Thus, setting
2
For let   K be a zero of the primitive irreducible
polynomial g(x)  Z [ x] , and let c | A |2 we see that c is a non-zero element of Z.
We now use Cramer's rule to solve equations (4) for the

173
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Then c  R  Z [ ] . □
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Natural Science
Foundation(16339952) of China; Natural Science
Foundation([2015]2067) of Science and Technology
Department of Guizhou; Natural Science
Foundation([2015]722) of Education Department of Guizhou;
Hundred of talents project(2015) of Zunyi Normal College.
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