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Explicityle Model

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8 views

Explicityle Model

Uploaded by

cadetpalang
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The seismic mass shall be determined based on the expected seismic weight of the

building,
including the dead load, superimposed dead load, and storage live loads. The mass
shall be
distributed in plan to represent the translational and torsional inertial effects.
Inherent
eccentricities resulting from the distribution of mass and stiffness shall be included.
Where
vertical ground motions are included in the analysis, the vertical component of mass
with
sufficient horizontal distribution to compute the important vertical modes of
response shall be
included.
The seismic mass of the entire building shall be included in the model, including
both the
superstructure and below grade structure with the following exceptions:
1. In response spectrum analyses, where inclusion of the below grade mass may
overestimate floor accelerations if the lateral stiffness of the below grade soil may
be
ignored; and,
2. In response history analyses where it can be demonstrated that the inertial mass
below
grade will either (a) not exert forces on the structural components that are modeled
in the
analysis or (b) be incorporated through other means in determining required
member
forces that are consistent with the system behavior.
The mass of the ground floor shall be considered in analysis. Consideration of the
mass
C.3.4.2. (continued). At podium levels it is particularly important to model the
interaction
among stiff vertical elements, the diaphragms, and the basement walls. The so-
called
“backstay effect” can result in very large transfer forces and may produce a drastic
change in
the distribution of shear force and overturning moment below the podium-level
diaphragm.
The backstay effect will depend strongly on the in-plane stiffness and strength of
the
diaphragm and its supporting elements. Realizing that these stiffness values depend
on the
extent of cracking, and that such extent is difficult to accurately calculate, it may be
necessary
to make bounding assumptions on stiffness properties to envelope the forces for
which the
various components of the podium structure should be designed. Appendix A of ATC
72
(2010) and Moehle et al. (2016) provide further discussion and guidance on design
and
modeling considerations to address the backstay effect.
LosAngelesTallBuildingsStructuralDesignCouncil
2023 LATBSDC Guidelines for New Buildings 41
41
corresponding to the footprint of the areas within core walls of the tower for
subterranean floors
which are surrounded by soil on all sides is an acceptable option.
The torsional amplification factor, Ax, shall be calculated per Provisions of Sections
12.8.4.2 and
12.8.4.3 of ASCE 7-22 using equivalent static lateral loads and documented during
the SLE
evaluation. For the MCE evaluation accidental torsion need only be considered if the
value of Ax
as calculated during the SLE evaluation exceeds 1.50 for any floor (see Section
3.5.4).
C.3.4.3. In general, there are four possible mechanisms to resist inertial forces of
below
grade mass: (1) passive soil bearing pressures on basement walls and mat
foundation, (2) side
friction on basement walls, (3) friction below the foundation, or (4) shear resistance
of drilled
shafts, piles or other deep foundation elements. The extent to which one or more of
these will
resist inertial loads depends primarily on the relative stiffness of each, which in turn
depends
on the site conditions, basement depth, and type of foundation (deep versus
shallow). In
cases with shallow foundations (e.g., mat foundations without piles), the primary
resistance is
likely to be due to friction below the foundation and side friction on basement walls.
On the
other hand, in cases with deep foundations, the deep foundations and side friction
on the
basement wall are likely to resist most of the inertial force from the superstructure
and
substructure. In any case, provisions should be made for resisting the inertial forces
due to
the below grade mass either in the nonlinear analysis model or through separate
design
checks. In the examples shown below, the mass corresponding to the area inside
core walls
may be used for Case 1 and mass corresponding to tower area may be used for
Cases 2 and 3.
Perimeter retaining wall
Core walls and
area inside the
core walls
LosAngelesTallBuildingsStructuralDesignCouncil
2023 LATBSDC Guidelines for New Buildings 42
42
3.4.4. Equivalent Viscous Damping
A small amount of equivalent viscous damping may be included in both linear
response spectrum
analyses and in linear and nonlinear response history analyses to account for
energy dissipation
that is not otherwise represented by the analysis model. Unless evidence is
provided to justify
larger values, effective additional modal or viscous damping for the primary modes
of response
for SLE evaluation shall not exceed the fraction of critical damping given below:
 = 0.36 /  0.05 critical H (1)
where H is the height of the roof, excluding mechanical penthouses, above the
grade plane, in
feet. Figure 1 plots the above equation for buildings of differing heights. For MCE
analysis the
same equation may be used but need not be taken less than 0.025. Where viscous
damping
is explicitly modeled in the soil–foundation interface, an analysis of the total viscous
damping
shall be conducted to determine whether the equivalent viscous damping applied
through modal
or Rayleigh models should be reduced.
Figure 1. Equivalent viscous damping versus building height
zcritical
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Height of Roof Above Grade (ft)
0 100 200 300
Height of Roof Above Grade (m)
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
Fraction of Critical Damping
SLE
MCER
Option 3
LosAngelesTallBuildingsStructuralDesignC

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