2

;d;aúl ixLHd

o¾Yl yd ,>q.Kl

>k jia;=j, mDIaG j¾.M,h yd mßudj

oaúmo m%ldYk, ùÔh Nd. yd iólrK (

m%;sY;

fldgia fjf<| fmd<

uOH ,laIH m%fïhh

m%ia;dr

o;a; ksrEmKh yd w¾:l:kh

.=fKda;a;r fYa%Î

mhs;.ria m%fïhh

;s%fldaKñ;sh

kHdi

wiudk;d

ks¾udK

l=,l

iïNdú;dj

cHdus;sh

R. M. P. Jayasuriya (B.Sc – Maths Special, Postgraduate Diploma in Mathematics Education) – 2

No:1, “Ramyanee”, Fernando Place, Moratuwa, Tele-0778398974
 3
1. ;d;aúl ixLHd
Z = { }
= { }
= {- }
{2 }
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ 0, }
{ }
25213 523
wka; oYu : 2.5213 = , 52.3 =
10000 10
̇ 1 37
idudjra; oYu : 0.3333… = 0.3 = , 5.285714285714285714 ... = 5.2̇ 85714̇ =
3 7

𝑝
Q= {x : x= , p,qqQ
𝑞
:
( 5, 3/7, 5.6457, 4.692692692......)

3
√3 √11 √5  

→
→
→

= = = =

5 − 8 = 5 + (− 8) = -3, 5− (− 8) = 5 + 8 = 13,
(− 5) − 8 = (− 5) + (− 8) = − 13,
(− 5) − (− 8) = (− 5) + 8 = 3,

3
 4

(+) X (+) = (+) (+)  (+) = (+)

(+) X (−) = (−) (+)  (−) = (−)
(−) X (+) = (−) (−)  (+) = (−)
(−) X (−) = (+) (−)  (−) = (+)
•

Brackets

2 3 4 7 3 4 12 ×7 +15 ×3 −10 ×4 84 +45 −40 89

−6 −6
5 4 5 4 60 60 60

2 3 4 2 3 6 9
×4÷6 ×4×4
5 5 20
2.35
3.60 +
5.95
0.89 -
= 5.06
2.35
0.65
3.6 x
36 23.5
1410
0
705
= 235
8.460
216
190
180
10
 =  =

20.80
2 4,32 . 81,37
4 _
40 032
000
408 3281
3264
4160 1737
0000
173700

4
 5

2 17
2 8 1 1710 = 100012
2 4 0
2 2 0
1 0

1 0 0 0 1 100012 = 1710
24 23 22 21 20 = 16 x 1 + 8 x 0 + 4 x 0 + 2 x 0 + 1 x 1 = 16 + 1 = 17

:
1001011 2 → W;a;rh 0, tyd me;a;g 1
1010111 3 → W;a;rh 1, tyd me;a;g 1
10100010 4 → W;a;rh 0, tyd me;a;g 2

:
10100010
1010111
1001011

√2

√20 = √4 × 5 = √4 x √5 = √5

2√3 + 3√3 = 5√3, 6√2 − 2√2 = 4√2,

2√5 x 3√5 = 2 x 3 √5 × 8 = 6 √40 = 6√4 × 10= 6x2√10= 12√10
15√12 15 12
= √ = 5√2
3 √6 3 6
𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 3 99 2 44
√𝟗𝟗 - 2√𝟒𝟒 + √𝟒𝟒 = √𝟑𝒙𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟏 - 2√𝟐𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟏 + √ 2 22
𝟒𝟒 3 33
11 11 11 11
= 𝟑√𝟏𝟏 - 2𝒙𝟐√𝟏𝟏 + √𝟐𝟕𝟓 1 1
= 𝟑√𝟏𝟏 - 4√𝟏𝟏 + √𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟏
= 𝟑√𝟏𝟏 - 4√𝟏𝟏 + 𝟓√𝟏𝟏 = 4√𝟏𝟏

2 2 √3 2√3
×
√3 √3 √3 3

5
 6

• :-
(-3)
0.0012345 = 1.2345 x 10
(-2)
0.0123456 = 1.23456 x 10
(-1)
0.1234567 = 1.234567 x 10
0
1.2345678 = 1.2345678 x 10
1
12.3 456789 = 1.23456789 x 10
2
123.4567890 = 1.23456789 x 10

(23.4356)

(2.343434….) ( 345.2343456456756…)

6
 7

2.
•
•
=

÷ =

= 
1
= 𝑎𝑛
1
=
𝑎−𝑛

=
=
𝑎 𝑎𝑛
= 𝑏𝑛
𝑏
3
√𝑎 =
𝑎 𝑏
=
𝑏 𝑎

= =

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥

= =
=
=
=
=
=
=
= =

1̅
2̅
f) 1̅.2572
3.9140
3.1712
−1̅.1111
4.0601
7
 8

log10 59.47 log10 5.947 × 101

2̅ 10−2

3. >k jia;=j, mDIaG j¾.M,h yd mßudj



𝑥
 360

1
= 2

1
2


π𝑟 2
𝟐

8
 9
𝑥
 × 360

=
 
= 


1
3
4

3
1

3
•
•
•
•
•
=
• =
= =

4. oaúmo m%ldYk, ùÔh Nd. yd iólrK (

2 2 2
(a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 2
(a − b)2 = a − 2ab + b
2 2
a −b = (a+ b)(a − b)
3 3 3
(a + b) = a + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b
3 3
(a − b)3 = a − 3a2b + 3ab2− b
3 3 2 2
a −b = (a − b)( a + ab + b )
3 3 2 2
a +b = (a + b)( a − ab + b )

(a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd

(a + b) (c - d) = ac - ad + bc - bd

(a - b) (c + d) = ac + ad - bc - bd

(a - b) (c - d) = ac - ad - bc + bd

9
 10

a2 + 6a + 9 √9 = 


a2 + 6a + 9 6
=
2
2


2 - 8xy - 9x2 = 2 - 8xy - 9x2 -9 x 1 = -9

-9 + 1 = -8
= 2 - 9xy + xy - 9x2
= - 9x) + x(y - 9x )
= (y - 9x) (y+x)
2 + 9x - 9x2 = 2 + 12x - 3x- 9 -9 x 4 = -36
= 4x (x + 3) - 3(x + 3) 12 x –3 = -36
12 = -3 = -36
= (x + 3) (4x - 3)

5 2 5 2
+ −
(3a – 2b) (6a + 7b) (5a + 3b) (2b – 3a) (3a – 2b) (6a + 7b) (5a + 3b) (3a−2b)

5(5a + 3b) − 2 (6a + 7b) 25a + 15b − 12a − 14b 13 a + b

= = =
(3a – 2b) (6a + 7b) (5a + 3b) (3a – 2b) (6a + 7b) (5a + 3b (3a – 2b) (6a + 7b) (5a + 3b)

÷
− −
𝑥
− 𝑥+4
−

10
 11

• x, 2y, 3a+5, 4x2+3x+y

• x = 2, y = 3, z = 1
3x2 + 2y + 1 = 3x(2)2 + 2x3 + 1
3z 3x1
= 3x4 + 6 + 1 = 12+ 6 + 1
3 3
= 18 + 1 = 6+1 = 7
3

1) 8x + 12 = 4(2x + 3)
2) 2x(c-7) + 5(c-7) = (c-7)(2x + 5)
3) 2x(c-7) - 5(c-7) = (c-7)(2x - 5)
4) ay - 2a + 3y - 6 = a(y - 2) + 3(y - 2) = (y - 2)(a+3)
5) ac - bd + bc - ad = ac + bc - bd - ad = c(a + b) - d(b + a) = (a + b)(c - d)

3x = 12 x+3 = 12 x-3 = 12 x = 12
3x = 12 x+3-3 = 12-3 x-3+3 = 12+3 3
3 4 x =9 x = 15 xX3 = 12 X 3
x = 3 3
x = 36

=
=

−
→ =

=
=
= − =

•
1. ay = b 3. y =b
ay=b a
a a yxa =bxa
y=b a
a y = ab

2. y+a =b 4. y - a =b
y + a - a = b-a y-a+a=b+a
y = b-a y =b+a

11
 12

5. 1 = a = y
y b
y = b = →
a 

l%uh
= 1) 𝑥 2 ys ix.=Klh 1 fkdfjS kuS tu ix.=Klfhka iEu
= mohlau fnokak.
= 2) ksh; moh ol=Kq mig f.kshkak
= 3) x ys ix.=Klh foflka fnod tu w.h jra. lr fomig
=  = tl;= lrkak
= = 4) juSmi mQraK jra.hla f,i ,shkak
5) ol=Kqmi iq,q lrkak
6) fomi jra.uQ,h .kak
7) iqM lr ms,s;=r ,nd .kak

=
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
= 2𝑎

Wod :
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 2 → 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −1. , 𝑐 = −2
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 =
2𝑎
−(−1) ± √ (−1)2 − 4 × (2) × (−2) 1 ± √1 + 16
𝑥 = → 𝑥 = →
2 ×2 4

1 ± √17 1 + √17 1 − √17

→ 𝑥 = → 𝑥 = හ ෝ𝑥 = →
4 4 4

√17 = 4.12;
1 + 4.12 1 − 4.12 5.12 3.12
𝑥 = හ ෝ 𝑥 = → 𝑥 = හ ෝ𝑥 = − →
4 4 4 4
→ 𝑥 = 1.28 හ ෝ 𝑥 = −0.78

12
 13

=
𝒙 𝟓
=𝟐
𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝟓
= =
𝟐

=
𝑥 4
=8
10
4
= =
8

𝑃𝑇𝑅
→
100

1$ =
$ = =
=$ =$

13
 14

WodyrKh wjqreoaog 8% ne.ska jQ je,a fmd,shg remsh,a 60 000la nexl=jl ;ekam;a

l< mqoa.,hl=g wjqreÿ 2lg miq ysñ jk uq¿ uqo, fidhkak'
108 108
fojk wjqreoao wjidkfha uq¿ uqo, = re 60 000 x x = re 69984
100 100

=
=

TSkEu ySk jk fYaI l%uh hgf;a fokq ,nk .Kkla my; wkqms,sfj,g fijSu, Tng
tu .Kk myiqfjka iEoSug fndfyda fia WmldrS jkq we;.

i) Kh uqo,
ii) uil § f.úh hq;= Kh fldgi
iii) udi tallhlg fmd,sh (udisl Kh uqqo,g fmd,sh)
iv) fmd,sh f.úh hq;= udi tall .Kk
v) f.úh hq;= uq¿ fmd,sh
vi) f.úh hq;= uq¿ uqo,
vii) udisl jdßlhl jákdlu

fujeks .Kkla idok wdldrh ixfLS;d;aulj my; bosrsm;a lr we;.

m%YaKh : P Kh uqo,la r% jd¾Isl fmd,shla hgf;a udi m .Kklska f.jSug Khg

.;a jsg f.jsh hq;= iudk udisl jdrslhl w.h lSh o?

ms,s;=r : (fuh iQ;%hla f,i oS we;.)

i) Kh uqo, =P
𝑃
ii) uil § f.úh hq;= Kh fldgi =𝑚
𝑃 𝑟 1
iii) udi tallhlg fmd,sh (udisl Kh uqqo,g fmd,sh) = 𝑚 x 100 x 12 = fuys ms,s;=r A hhs is;uq
𝑚(𝑚 + 1)
iv) fmd,sh f.úh hq;= udi tall .Kk = = fuys ms,s;=r B hhs is;uq
2
v) f.úh hq;= uq¿ fmd,sh =AxB
vi) f.úh hq;= uq¿ uqo, = P + (A x B)
P+(AxB)
vii) udisl jdßlhl jákdlu = 𝑚

14
 15
WodyrKh iuka uy;d remsh,a 24 000l Kh uqo,la iudk udisl jdßl 12lska
f.jd ksu lsÍug ,nd f.k we;' udisl jdßlhl jákdlu remsh,a 2
130ls'

(i) udisl j f.úh hq;= Kh uqof,a fldgi fidhkak'

(ii) jdßl f,i f.úh hq;= uq¿ uqo, fidhkak'
(iii) f.úh hq;= uq¿ fmd,sh fidhkak'
(iv) udi tall .Kk fidhkak'
(v) udi tallhlg fmd,sh fidhkak'
(vi) jd¾Isl fmd,S wkqmd;slh fidhkak'

fujf.a .KkloS jd¾Isl fmd,S wkqmd;slh r% f,i f.k by; wdldrhgu .Kk
lrf.k hkak.
Kh uqo, = 24000
24000
uil § f.úh hq;= Kh fldgi = = 2000
12
𝑟 1 5r
udi tallhlg fmd,sh = 2000 x x =
100 12 3
12 𝑥 13
fmd,sh f.úh hq;= udi tall .Kk = = 78
2
5r
f.úh hq;= uq¿ fmd,sh = x 78 = 130r
3
f.úh hq;= uq¿ uqo, = 24,000 + 130r
24,000 + 130r
udisl jdßlhl jákdlu =
12

oeka udisl jdßlhg ,enqkq w.h 2130g iudk lr r ys w.h ,nd .kak.
24,000 + 130r
= 2130 → 24,000 + 130r = 2130 x 12 = 25560
12
130r = 25560 − 24,000= 1560
1560
r= = 12
130
∴ jd¾Isl fmd,S wkqmd;slh = 12%

i) 2000
ii) 24,000 + 130r = 25560
iii) 130r = 1560
iv) 78
5r 5 x 12
v) = = 20
3 3
vi) 12%

15
 16
6

g f.jk uqo,

úl=Kqï ñ, > .eKqï ñ, kï" túg m%d.aOk ,dNhla ,efnk w;r"

m%d.aOk ,dNh = fldgiaj, úl=Kqï ñ, – fldgiaj, .ekqï ñ, f,i w¾: oelafõ'

tfia u" úl=Kqï ñ, < .ekqï ñ, kï" m%d.aOk w,dNhla isÿ jk w;r"

m%d.aOk w,dNh = fldgiaj, .ekqï ñ, – fldgiaj, úl=Kqï ñ, f,i w¾: oelafõ'

m%d.aOk ,dNh = (fldgil úl=Kqï ñ, – fldgil .ekqï ñ,) x fldgia .Kk

uOH ,laIH m%fïhh

m%fïhh:

;%sfldaKhl mdo foll uOH ,laIH hd lrk f¾Ldj ;%sfldaKfhys b;sß mdohg
iudka;r jk w;r" È.ska tu mdofhka yß wvla fõ'
uOH ,laIH m%fïhfha úf,dauh
m%fïhh:

;%sfldaKhl tla mdohl uOH ,laIHh yryd ;j;a mdohlg iudka;rj w`Èk f¾Ldfjka
b;sß mdoh iuÉfþokh fõ'

➔ PY = RY

m%ia;dr

16
 17
Wod : m%ia;drfha iuSlrKh : y = 𝑥2+2x + 1

ir, frLSh m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh fijSfuS m%Odk l%uh

(x1, y1) (x2, y2) →

17
18

18
 19

ir, frLSh m%ia;drhl wkqlu

% Kh yd wka;: LKavh fijSu iy tys iuSlrKh ,sjSu

19
20

20
21

21
22

22
23

23
24

24
25

25
 26

o;a; ksrEmKh yd w¾:l:kh

mka;s m%dka;rhl iSud yd udhsï
mrdih = o;a;j, jeä u w.h - wvqu w.h
o;a;j, mrdih jeä jk úg" o;a; mka;s m%dka;rj,g fnod oelafjS' tjeks mka;s m%dka;rj,g fnod
oelafjk ixLHd; jHdma;s" iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;s f,i yeÈkafõ'
150 - 160 → by< iSudj 160 my< iSudj 150 mka;s m%dka;rfha ;ru = 160 – 150 + 1 = 11

iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl cd, f¾Lh

100

80
Column 1
60 Column 2

40 Column 3

20

26
 27
x f
25
28-30 2 2
31-33 4 6 20
34-36 6 12 Q3
15
37-39 5 17 Q2
Series1
10
40-42 3 20
20 Q1
Q1 msysgsu = = 5 → Q1 = 32 5
4
20
Q2 msysgsu = x 2 = 10 → Q2 = 34.5 0
4 30 33 36 39 42
20
Q3 msysgsu = x 3 = 30 → Q3 = 38
4
= Q3 – Q1 = 38 – 32 = 6

.=fKda;a;r fYa%Î

Tn = a + (n-1)d
𝑛
Sn = 2 (a+l)
𝑛
Sn = 2{2a + (n -1) d }

Tn = ar(n-1)
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 –1)
Sn = (r>1)
𝑟 −1
𝑎(1− 𝑟 𝑛 )
Sn = (r<1)
1−𝑟

mhs;.ria m%fïhh

A
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2

Rcq fldAKh wvx.= mdo fol C

B
lraKh
mhs;.ria ;%s;aj

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 iólrKh ;Dma; jk a, b yd c w.hhka mhs;.ria ;%s;aj f,i ye`Èkafõ'

Wod → (3,4,5), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17), (11, 60, 61)

27
 28

;s%fldaKñ;sh
A

B x C
= =
= =
= =

√3 √3
√2 √2
√3  
=
=

→ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 Wod : ° → ° 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1

→ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 Wod : ° → ° 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
→ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 Wod : → 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1

° ’ = 0.7604 + 0.0015 = 0.7619

28
 29

Cos 50° 35 = 0.6361 – 0.0011 = 0.6350

kHdi
2 3 −1
2 3
(4 5 0) ( ) (5 6 2)
0 −1
−3 2 1
fuf,i fma<s iy ;Sre wdldrfhka ieliQ ixLHd je,la kHdihla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
kHdihl wvx.= ixLHdj,g kHdifha wjhj hhs lshkq ,efí' wjhj ixLHd wdldrfhka fuka u ùÔh
ixfla; fyda m%ldYk f,i o ;sìh yels h'

kHdihla kï lrkq ,nkafka bx.S%is f,dl= wl=re (Capital letters) j,sks' wjhji`oyd úÔh ixfla;
fhdok wjia:dj," kHdifha wjhj bx.s%is l=vd wl=frka (Simple letters) olajhs'

kHdihl .Kh

2 0 −1
kHdihl .Kh = fma<s .Kk x ;Sr .Kk
5 −2 3
2x3
Y kHdifha we;s fma<s .Kk 2 ls' ;Sr .Kk 3 ls' kHdifha .Kh fma<s iy ;Sr weiqfrka 2 × 3
f,i olajkq ,efí' Y hkq —fofla ;=fka˜ kHdihla hehs lshkq ,efí'

fma<s kHdi : tla fma,shla muKla we;s kHdi → (2 5 8)

𝟑
;Sr kHdi : tla ;Srhla muKla we;s kHdi → 𝟏
𝟐

iup;=ri% kHdi : tl iudk fma,s .Kkla iy ;Sr .Kkla we;s kHdi

𝟑 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐 𝟏
( (𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓)
)
𝟕 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟔
iuñ;s kHdi : m%Odk úl¾Kh jgd iudk wjhj iuñ;sl j msysgk kHdi iuñ;s kHdifj
𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
𝟐 𝟕
(𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑) ( )
𝟕 𝟎
𝟓 𝟑 𝟔

29
 30
tall kHdi :

A kHdifha m%Odk úl¾Kfha msysá ish¨ wjhjj, w.h 1 fõ' úl¾Kfha msysá wjhj yer b;sß
wjhj ish,a, 0 fõ' fujeks kHdihla tall kHdihla f,I ye`Èkafõ' A hkq .Kh 3 × 3 jQ tall
kHdihls' B hkq .Kh 2 × 2 jQ tall kHdihls'

iuñ;s kHdi yd tall kHdih w¾: oelafjkafka o iup;=ri% kHdi i`oyd muKs'

kHdi tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu

kHdi foll iudk;dj

kHdihla ixLHdjlska .=K lsÍu

kHdi .=K lsÍu

30
 31

wiudk;d
X
(1) X = Y
(2) X > Y
(3) X < Y

1) a>0 a<0 a=0

2) a>b a+c>b+c
3) a>b a-c>b–c
4) a>b,c>0 ac > bc
5) a>b,c>0 a/c > b/c
6) a>b,c<0 ac < bc
7) a>b,c<0 a/c < b/c
8) a>b,b>d a>d
9) a>b,c>d a+c>b+d
10) a>b a < -b

00000

31
 32

m: yd ks¾udK
•
•
•

32
 33
•

• ,uSn l

33
34

34
 35

l=,l
•

{ 2,3,5,8}
• :
•
•
•
= =
•
• { },
•
•
A= { 2,3,5,8} , B = { a,b,c,d} A~B
•
A= { 2,3,5,8} , B = { 1,6,7}
•
•
•
 {1,2,3,5,6,7,8} A= { 2,3,5,8} A’={1,6,7,}
•
{ 2,3,5,8} , B = { 5,3,1,6,7} A  B = { 5,3}
•
A= { 2,3,5,8} , B = { 5,3,1,6,7} A  B = {1,2,3,5,6,7,8}

35
 36

•
n (A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
•
AB= BA, AB= BA, (AB)C = A(BC)
(AB)’= A’B’ (AB)’= A’B’ (AB)C = A (BC)
AA’=  AA’= A(BC) = (AB)(AC)
AA=A AA=A A(BC) = (AB)(AC)
A=A A= (A’)’=A

B
A
ABC’
ABC)’ BAC)’

ABC

ACB’ BCA’

CAB)’
C
(ABC)’

iïNdú;dj

• l=,lhl
•

{H,T} {Ú &Ú÷Àß½ {H,T},{H},{T},{ }

36
 37

∪ ∩

•
∩

1/2
½x½ =¼

1/2 1/2
½x½ =¼

1/2 1/2
½x½ =¼

1/2
½x½ =¼

= = =

62,64,51,50,51,55,30.31,32,36,34,39,45,42,43,28,25,13,26,22,21,8,15,7,19

0 7,8
1 3,5,9
2 1,2,5,6,8
3 0,1,2,4,6,9
4 2,3,5,
5 0,1.1,5
6 2,4
37
 38
= 51
= (25 + 1)/2 = 13
= Q2 = 32
= (25 + 1)/4 = 6.5
= 21 + 0.5(25-22) = 22.5
= (25 + 1)3/4 = 19.5
= 45 + 0.5(50-45) = 47.5
= Q3 - Q1 = 47.5- 22.5 = 25

7 22.5 32 47.5 64

3200.00 360 x 3200 = 192

6000
1400 360 x 1400 = 84
6000
800 360 x 800 = 48
6000
600 360 x 600 = 36
6000

è´ùß

100

80

60

40

20

38
 39

=
= =
=
=  fx /  f = 718/20 = 35.9

=
=
=  fd /  f
= 400 + ( - 240/50)
= 400 – 4.8
= 395.2

=
= =
=
=  fx /  f = 724/20 = 36.2

cHdus;sh

•
• 39
•
 40

➢
➢

•
• = −
• =
•

• =
• =
•
• =
• =
• =
•

40