This question involves the use of kinetic data to deduce the order of a reaction and calculate a

1. value for a rate constant.

The data in Table 1 were obtained in a series of experiments on the rate of the reaction between
compounds A and B at a constant temperature.

Table 1

Experiment Initial concentration Initial concentration Initial rate

of A / mol dm−3 of B / mol dm−3 / mol dm−3 s−1

1 0.12 0.26 2.10 × 10−4

2 0.36 0.26 1.89 × 10−3

3 0.72 0.13 3.78 × 10−3

(a) Show how these data can be used to deduce the rate expression for the reaction between
A and B.

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The data in Table 2 were obtained in two experiments on the rate of the reaction between
compounds C and D at a constant temperature.

Table 2

Experiment Initial concentration Initial concentration Initial rate

of C / mol dm−3 of D / mol dm−3 / mol dm−3 s−1

4 1.9 × 10−2 3.5 × 10−2 7.2 × 10−4

5 3.6 × 10−2 5.4 × 10−2 To be calculated

The rate equation for this reaction is

rate = k[C]2[D]

(b) Use the data from experiment 4 to calculate a value for the rate constant, k, at this
temperature. Deduce the units of k.

k = _______________ Units = _______________

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(c) Calculate a value for the initial rate in experiment 5.

Initial rate = _______________ mol dm−3 s−1

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(d) The rate equation for a reaction is

rate = k[E]

Explain qualitatively why doubling the temperature has a much greater effect on the rate of
the reaction than doubling the concentration of E.

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(e) A slow reaction has a rate constant k = 6.51 × 10−3 mol−1 dm3 at 300 K.

Use the equation ln k = ln A – Ea / RT to calculate a value, in kJ mol−1, for the activation

energy of this reaction.

The constant A = 2.57 × 1010 mol−1 dm3.

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1.

Activation energy = _______________

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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 Iodide ions are oxidised to iodine by hydrogen peroxide in acidic conditions.
2.
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

The rate equation for this reaction can be written as

rate = k [H2O2]a [I–]b [H+]c

In an experiment to determine the order with respect to H+(aq), a reaction mixture is made
containing H+(aq) with a concentration of 0.500 mol dm–3

A large excess of both H2O2 and I– is used in this reaction mixture so that the rate equation can
be simplified to

rate = k1 [H+]c

(a) Explain why the use of a large excess of H2O2 and I– means that the rate of reaction at a
fixed temperature depends only on the concentration of H+(aq).

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(b) Samples of the reaction mixture are removed at timed intervals and titrated with alkali to
determine the concentration of H+(aq).

State and explain what must be done to each sample before it is titrated with alkali.

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(c) A graph of the results is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Explain how the graph shows that the order with respect to H+(aq) is zero.

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(d) Use the graph in Figure 1 to calculate the value of k1

Give the units of k1

k1 ____________________

Units ____________________
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(e) A second reaction mixture is made at the same temperature. The initial concentrations of
H+(aq) and I–(aq) in this mixture are both 0.500 mol dm–3

There is a large excess of H2O2

In this reaction mixture, the rate depends only on the concentration of I–(aq).

The results are shown in the table.

Time / s 0 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

[H+] / mol dm–3 0.50 0.44 0.39 0.31 0.24 0.19 0.15 0.12

Plot these results on the grid in Figure 2. The first three points have been plotted.

Figure 2

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(f) Draw a line of best fit on the grid in Figure 2.

(1)

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(g) Calculate the rate of reaction when [H+] = 0.35 mol dm–3
Show your working using a suitable construction on the graph in Figure 2.

Rate ____________________ mol dm–3 s–1

(2)

(h) A general equation for a reaction is shown.

A(aq) + B(aq) + C(aq) → D(aq) + E(aq)

In aqueous solution, A, B, C and D are all colourless but E is dark blue.

A reagent (X) is available that reacts rapidly with E. This means that, if a small amount of X
is included in the initial reaction mixture, it will react with any E produced until all of the X
has been used up.

Explain, giving brief experimental details, how you could use a series of experiments to
determine the order of this reaction with respect to A. In each experiment you should obtain
a measure of the initial rate of reaction.

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(6)
(Total 19 marks)

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 Sodium thiosulfate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown.
3.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s) + H2O(l)

(a) Give the simplest ionic equation for this reaction.

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(b) The gas SO2 is a pollutant.

State the property of SO2 that causes pollution when it enters rivers.

Give an equation to show the reaction of SO2 with water.

Property ___________________________________________________________

Equation __________________________________________________________
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(c) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a molecule of H2O
Include any lone pairs of electrons.

State the H-O-H bond angle.

Explain this shape and bond angle.

Diagram

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

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 (d) The initial rate of the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid can be
monitored by measuring the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be produced.

Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the initial rate of this
reaction.

Include

• a brief outline of your method

• how you will measure the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be formed
• how you will present your results in graphical form
• a sketch of the graph that you would expect.

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(6)
(Total 13 marks)

This question is about iron and its ions.

4.

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(a) Discuss the role of iron as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Haber process.

3 H2 + N2 ⇌ 2 NH3

Your answer should include:

• the meaning of the term heterogeneous catalyst

• how iron acts as a heterogeneous catalyst
• the factors that affect the efficiency and lifetime of the catalyst.

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(b) Fe2+ ions catalyse the reaction between peroxodisulfate(VI) ions and iodide ions in
aqueous solution.

S2O82–(aq) + 2 I–(aq) → 2 SO42–(aq) + I2(aq)

Explain why this reaction is slow before the catalyst is added.

Give two equations to show how Fe2+ ions catalyse this reaction.

Why reaction is slow before catalyst added ________________________________

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Equation 1

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Equation 2

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(c) Give a reason why Zn2+ ions do not catalyse the reaction in part (b).

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(d) Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form iron(II) chloride and hydrogen.

Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

A 0.998 g sample of pure iron is added to 30.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

One of these reagents is in excess and the other reagent limits the amount of hydrogen
produced in the reaction.

Calculate the maximum volume, in m3, of hydrogen gas produced at 30 oC and 100 kPa.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

In your answer you should identify the limiting reagent in the reaction.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Volume of hydrogen _______________ m3

(6)

The figure below shows some reactions of iron ions in aqueous solution.

(e) Identify A and state its colour.

Identity ____________________________________________________________

Colour _____________________________________________________________
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(f) Give the formula of B and state its colour.

Give an ionic equation for the reaction of [Fe(H2O)6]3+ with aqueous Na2CO3 to form B.

Formula ____________________________________________________________

Colour _____________________________________________________________

Ionic equation

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(g) Explain why an aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ions has a lower pH than an
aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.

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(3)
(Total 25 marks)

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