OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 220/132 KV

SUBSTATION
A
Minor project Submitted to
Gopal Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Jeypore
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By
ALOK KUMAR BEHERA
(Regd. No.: 2221228004)

Under the guidance of

ER. DEBASHIS SAHU
(Department of Electrical Engineering)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOPAL KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JEYPORE
BIJU PATTANAIK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA, ODISHA
October 2024
 2

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

GOPAL KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that we have examined the dissertation entitled “Operation And Maintenance Of 220/132
Kv Substation” submitted by ALOK KUMAR BEHERA, Regd. No. 2221228004, in partial fulfillment for
the degree of Bachelor of Technology at the Department of Electrical Engineering of Gopal Krishna
College of Engineering and Technology, Jeypore, Odisha

We hereby accord our approval of it as a dissertation work carried out and presented in a manner
required for its acceptance for the partial fulfillment for the minor project for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering for which it has been submitted. The approval does not necessarily
endorse or accept every statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusions drawn as recorded in this report.
It only signifies the acceptance of the report for the purpose it has been submitted.

__________________________ ____________________________
External Examiner Er. Debashis Sahu
Head of Department of Electrical
Engineering
GKCET, JEYPORE, Odisha.
 3

DECLARATION

I declare that this project report titled OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 220/132 KV
SUBSTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Tech in (Electrical Engineering) is
a record of original work carried out by me under the supervision of Er. Debashis Sahu, and has not
formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other Institution or
University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific information, due
acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings of others have been cited.

GKCET, Jeypore ALOK KUMAR BEHERA

Date: Regd. No. 2221228004
 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deepest gratitude to my project guide Er. Debashis Sahu whose encouragement,
guidance, and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the
subject also for providing his invaluable advice and for providing me with an environment to complete my
project successfully.
I am deeply indebted to all faculty members of Electrical Engineering Department, Gopal Krishna
College of Engineering and Technology, Jeypore, for their help in making the project a successful one.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my deep appreciation to my family and friends, for all that
they meant to me during the crucial times of the completion of my project.

ALOK KUMAR BEHERA

Regd. No.- 2221228004
5
 6

ABSTRACT
A Substation
receives electrical
power from TABLE OF CONTENT generating
station via incoming
SL CONTENT PAGE
transmission line and
delivers NO. NO. electrical
power through
1 INTRODUCTION 7
feeders and this is used
for 2 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS 8 controlling
the power on different
routes. 3 SUBSTATION COMPONENT 9 Substations
are integral part of a
4 SUBSTATION OPERATION 11
power system and
form 5 SUBSTATION MANTANANCE 19 important
part of transmission
and 6 SAFETY PROTOCOL 20 distribution
network of electrical
7 CONCLUSION 21
power system.
Their main functions
are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value
appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching
stations different connections between various transmission lines are made, others are converting sub-
stations which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vice-
versa. The various circuits are joined together through these components to a bus-bar at substation.
Basically, Sub-station consists of power transformers, circuit breakers, relays, isolators, earthing switches,
current transformers, voltage transformers, synchronous condensers/ Capacitor banks etc.
 7

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed
in the form of alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at
favourable places, generally, quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a
large network of transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the power system, it may be
desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, Power factor
etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (say 220KV or
132KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this
purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped
down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called ‘substation.
1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBSTATION
At the time of constructing a substation, we have to consider some factors which affect the substation
efficiency like selection of site.

1.2.1 SELECTION OF SITE:

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are as follows:
 8

i) The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.

ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipment’s.
iii) Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.
iv) The source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water
is required for various construction activities;
(Especially civil works,), earthing and for drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of
public places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be having sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipment’s, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards
and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State
Highways should be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt.
land over Private land.
ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
x) The site should permit easy and safe approach to outlets for EHV lines.

CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most important ways of classifying
them are according to
(1) service requirement and
(2) constructional features.
2.1 ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT:
A sub-station may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power factor or convert A.C. power
into D.C. power etc. According to the service requirement, sub-stations may be classified into:
(i) Transformer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of electric supply
are called transformer sub-stations. These sub-stations receive power at some voltage and deliver it at some
other voltage. Obviously, transformer will be the main component in such sub-stations. Most of the sub-
stations in the power system are of this type.
(ii) Switching sub-stations: These sub-stations do not change the voltage level i.e. incoming and
outgoing lines have the same voltage. However, they simply perform the switching operations of power
lines.
 9

(iii) Power factor correction sub-stations: Those sub-stations which improve the power factor of
the system are called power factor correction sub-stations. Such sub-stations are generally located at the
receiving end of transmission lines. These sub-stations generally use synchronous condensers as the power
factor improvement equipment 4.
(iv) Frequency changer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the supply frequency are
known as frequency changer sub-stations. Such a frequency change may be required for industrial
utilization.
(v) Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change A.C. power into D.C. power are
called converting sub-stations. These sub-stations receive A.C. power and convert it into D.C. power with
suitable apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for such purposes as traction, electroplating, electric welding etc.
(vi) Industrial sub-stations:- Those sub-stations which supply power to individual industrial
concerns are known as industrial sub-stations.
2.2 ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES:
A sub-station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses,
instruments etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable
service. According to constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as:
 Indoor sub-station
 Outdoor sub-station
 Underground sub-station
 Pole-mounted sub-station
(i) Indoor sub-stations:- For voltages up to 11KV, the equipment of the substation is installed indoor
because of economic considerations. However, when the atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these
sub-stations can be erected for voltages up to 66 KV.
(ii) Outdoor sub-stations:- For voltages beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed out-door. It is
because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the space required for switches, circuit
breakers and other equipment becomes so great that it is not economical to install the equipment indoor.
(iii) Underground sub-stations:- In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and
building is limited and the cost of land is high. Under such situations, the sub-station is created underground.
(iv) Pole-Mounted sub-stations:- This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed over-head
on H-pole or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest form of substation for voltages not exceeding 11KV (or 33
KV in some cases). Electric power is almost distributed in localities through such sub-station.
 10

Fig: 2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUBSTATION.

CHAPTER 3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned Electrical
System which includes all the required electrical equipment connection sequence wise from the point of
entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work. As in the case of 132KV Substation,
the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T & C.T.
Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all protective devices/relays
and other special equipment like CVT, GUARD RINGS, etc as per design criteria. And the symbols are
shown below. There are several feeders enter into the substation and carrying out the power. As these
feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments.

3.1 FEEDER CERCUIT:

1. Lightening arrestors;
2. CVT;
3. Wave trap;
4. Isolators with earth switch
5. Current transformer;
6. Circuit breaker;
7. Feeder Bus isolator
8. BUS;
9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator
3.2 TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT:
ii) LV side:
1. Lightening arrestors
 11

i) HV side:
1. Transformer bus Isolator 3. Current transformer
2. Circuit breaker 4. Lightning Arrestors
5. Auto Transformer 100MVA (220/132KV)

3.3 AUXILIARY SUPPLY:

220V.Battery system: To control and protect the substation equipment the 220 volts DC battery system is
necessary. It is provided in the main control room. It will be discussed below.

Fig: 3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF A 220/132KV SUBSTATION

WARANGAL.
 12

CHAPTER 3
SUBSTATION COMPONENTS
3.1 Power Transformers
 Function: Power transformers are used to step down the voltage from 220 kV to 132 kV.
 Operation: These transformers are designed to handle high voltage and power ratings, operating
with minimal loss to ensure efficient energy transmission.
 Maintenance: Regular inspection of insulation oil, winding resistance, and transformer bushings is
critical. Testing for oil dielectric strength and moisture content is performed periodically.
3.2 Circuit Breakers
 Function: Circuit breakers are used to interrupt fault currents and protect the system from damage
due to short circuits or overloads.
 Types: SF6, Vacuum, or Oil Circuit Breakers may be used in a 220/132 kV substation.
 Maintenance: Circuit breakers are subject to operational testing, contact resistance measurement,
and insulation testing. For SF6 breakers, gas pressure and leakage are monitored, while oil-based
breakers require oil filtration and refilling as needed.
3.3 Isolators
 Function: Isolators are mechanical switches that isolate portions of the system for maintenance
without affecting the entire network.
 Operation: Isolators are operated under no-load conditions to disconnect parts of the substation.
 Maintenance: Lubrication of moving parts and checking for wear and tear are performed regularly.
3.4 Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs)
 Function: CTs are used to measure the current, while PTs step down the voltage for metering and
protective relays.
 Operation: Both CTs and PTs ensure the system operates within safety limits by providing accurate
current and voltage data to protective devices.
 Maintenance: Regular testing for accuracy, insulation resistance measurement, and visual
inspections for oil or gas-filled units are conducted.
3.5 Lightning Arresters
 Function: Lightning arresters protect substation equipment from voltage surges due to lightning
strikes or other disturbances.
 Operation: They divert excess voltage to the ground, protecting sensitive components from damage.
 Maintenance: The health of lightning arresters is checked by measuring leakage current and thermal
imaging to detect hotspots.
 13

3.6 Busbars
 Function: Busbars are conductive elements that distribute electrical power across different circuits
within the substation.
 Operation: They are responsible for transmitting large currents from incoming to outgoing circuits
efficiently.
 Maintenance: Insulation checks, thermal scanning, and tightening of joints are part of the routine
maintenance to avoid overheating or arcing.
3.7 Earthing System
 Function: The earthing system ensures that fault currents are safely diverted to the ground,
protecting equipment and personnel.
 Operation: An effective earthing system prevents the buildup of dangerous potential differences.
 Maintenance: Regular testing of earthing resistance, ensuring all joints are secure and free from
corrosion.
3.8 Control and Relay Panels
 Function: Control and relay panels monitor and control the entire substation's operation. They house
protective relays that detect faults and command circuit breakers to operate.
 Maintenance: Relays undergo testing for functionality and sensitivity, and control panels are
inspected for any wiring or component issues.
3.9 SF6 circuit breakers:
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc extinguishing properties.
The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is more than the dielectric strength of oil at 3
kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high
voltage metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is
liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature increases with the pressure.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas, in a steel
box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of sulphur. The steel box is made
gas tight. The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input KV, say
above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breake rby force i.e. under high pressure. When if
the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas
went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas
goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line.
The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell
rings.
Some of the properties of SF6 are,
 Very high dielectric strength
 14

 High thermal and chemical inertia

 Superior arc extinguishing capability
 Low decomposition by arcing

FIG : SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS.

3.10 BUS:
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or
step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line
in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not
stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a connector between
them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.
3.11 TRANSFORMERS:
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids.
 15

All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly
all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage
power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical.

Fig: ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

3.11.1 Basic Principle:
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce
magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire
induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The
changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

Fig: IDEAL TRANSFORMER.

 16

An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure; Current passing through the primary
coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very
high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both
primary and secondary coils.
4.11.1.1 Induction law:
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage NS is the number of turns in the
secondary coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil.
If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the
product of the magnetic field strength and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant,
being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with
time according to the excitation of the primary.

Fig: MUTUAL INDUCTION.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal
transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Taking the ratio of the two
equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage Ideal power
equation The ideal transformer as a circuit element.
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted
from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the
incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit.
If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.
 17

Giving the ideal transformer equation Transformers are efficient so this formula is a reasonable
approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. If an impedance
ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of
ZS = (VS/IS).

3.11.2 Detailed operation:

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary current
required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to current in the
secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of
zero resistance. When voltage is applied to the primary winding, small current flows, driving flux around the
magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since
the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although
still required to create the magnetic field. The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force
(EMF) across each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage
drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the
corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes
termed the "back EMF". This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be
such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step down at the same
time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used. While in case of lower KV
line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used.
 18

Fig: THREE PHASE 100MVA AUTO TRANSFORMER.

3.12 CAPACITOR BANK ATTACHED TO THE BUS:

The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not get down till at the require
place. A capacitor bank is used in the outgoing bus so that it can maintain the voltage level same in the
outgoing feeder.

Fig: CAPACITOR BANK IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

Capacitor Control is usually done to achieve the following goals:
Reduce losses due to reactive load current; Reduce KVA demand, decrease customer energy
consumption, improve voltage profile, and increase revenue. Indirectly capacitor control also results in
longer equipment lifetimes because of reduced equipment stresses.
 19

Experience shows that switched feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest returns on equipment
investment Sources of Energy Loss. Energy losses in transmission lines and transformers are of two kinds:
resistive and reactive. The former are caused by resistive component of the load and cannot be avoided. The
latter, coming from reactive component of the load, can be avoided. Reactive losses come from circuit In the
case of concentrated industrial loads, there should be a bank,sized to almost equal the reactive load current,
located as close to each load as possible.

Fig: REACTIVE LOSSES.

CHAPTER 4
SUBSTATION OPERATION
Operation of a 220/132 kV substation involves the following key tasks:
 Voltage Regulation: Power transformers are equipped with tap changers that adjust voltage levels to
maintain proper system voltage during load variations.
 Switching Operations: Circuit breakers, isolators, and disconnectors are operated manually or
automatically to control power flow and isolate faults.
 Monitoring Load Conditions: The substation's load is continuously monitored to ensure it operates
within capacity limits and to prevent overloading.
 Fault Detection and Protection: Protective relays and breakers ensure the system operates safely by
 20

detecting faults like short circuits, overcurrent, or overvoltage and disconnecting the affected parts.

CHAPTER 5
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
Regular and preventive maintenance is essential to ensure that substation equipment operates reliably and
efficiently. Maintenance can be classified as:
5.1 Preventive Maintenance
 Objective: To inspect, test, and service equipment before any failure occurs.
 Frequency: Scheduled inspections (e.g., annually or biannually) based on equipment type and
operating conditions.
 Tasks: Include testing of transformer oil, insulation resistance, contact resistance of breakers,
checking for gas leaks in SF6 breakers, and cleaning insulators.
5.2 Predictive Maintenance
 Objective: To predict potential failures using monitoring techniques and condition assessment.
 Methods: Include infrared thermography, vibration analysis, and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) for
transformers.
 Benefits: Minimizes downtime and prevents unexpected failures by addressing issues before they
become critical.
5.3 Corrective Maintenance
 Objective: To repair or replace faulty equipment after a failure or issue has been detected.
 Scope: This includes emergency repairs, replacing damaged components, and restoring the
substation to normal operation.
 Challenges: Requires fast response times to minimize disruption and ensure the substation resumes
operation quickly.
 21

CHAPTER 6
Safety Protocols
Safety is a critical aspect of substation operation and maintenance. The following safety measures are
essential:
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Workers must wear appropriate PPE such as insulating
gloves, helmets, and arc flash protective clothing.
 Lockout-Tagout (LOTO): This procedure ensures that equipment is properly de-energized before
maintenance to prevent accidental energization.
 Clearance Procedures: Clearances must be obtained and verified before any maintenance work is
performed.
 Grounding: During maintenance, all high-voltage equipment must be grounded to prevent electric
shock.
 Fire Safety: Substations should be equipped with fire suppression systems, and workers must be
trained in fire safety protocols.
 22

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The operation and maintenance of a 220/132 kV substation are crucial for the reliable and efficient
transmission of electrical power. Regular maintenance ensures that the substation operates without
interruptions, while proper safety protocols protect both the equipment and the personnel working within the
substation. With advancements in predictive maintenance techniques, substations can be operated more
efficiently, minimizing downtime and extending the lifespan of critical components.

Future Scope
Advancements in automation, remote monitoring, and predictive analytics can further enhance the
reliability and performance of substations. The integration of IoT-based monitoring systems and AI-driven
fault detection systems could provide real-time insights, allowing for more accurate and timely maintenance
interventions.

REFERENCES
 IEEE Standards for Substation Maintenance and Operation.
 Power System Protection and Switchgear, B. Ravindranath and M. Chander.
 Operation and Maintenance of Electrical Substations, CIGRE.
 Substation Automation and Maintenance Techniques, ABB Technical Papers.