Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances (reactants) undergo a chemical
change to form new substances (products). It involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds,
accompanied by energy changes.

Chemical Change

A chemical change refers to a transformation in the chemical properties of a substance, resulting

in the formation of new substances with different properties. Examples include burning of wood,
digestion of food, and rusting of iron.

Chemical changes often involve:

• Change in color.

• Change in temperature.

• Evolution of gas.

• Production of sound.

• Change in shape or size.

Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reaction

A combination reaction occurs when two or more substances combine to form a single product.
These reactions are generally exothermic, releasing energy in the form of heat or light.

• General Form:

A+B→AB
• Examples:

1. Formation of Magnesium Oxide: 2Mg+O2→2MgO

2. Formation of Calcium Hydroxide : CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2 + 𝜟

2. Decomposition Reaction

A decomposition reaction occurs when a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler
substances. These reactions often require energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity to
proceed.

• General Form: AB→A+B

Types of Decomposition Reactions:

1. Thermal Decomposition
𝜟
General Form: AB→A+B

• Thermal decomposition occurs when a compound breaks down into simpler substances
upon heating. This type of reaction typically requires high temperatures.

• Examples:

1. Decomposition of Ferrous Sulfate

𝜟
FeSO4→Fe2O3+SO2+SO3
2. Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate :
𝜟
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
3. Decomposition of Lead Nitrate :
𝜟
Pb(NO3)2→PbO+2NO2+O2
2. Electrolytic Decomposition
⚡︎
General Form: AB→A+B

• Electrolytic decomposition occurs when a compound breaks down into simpler substances
due to the passage of an electric current. This type of reaction is also known as electrolysis.

• Examples:

1. Electrolysis of Water :
⚡︎
2H2O→2H2+O2
 2. Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride :
⚡︎
2NaCl→2Na+Cl2
3. Photolytic Decomposition
s𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
General Form: AB → A+B
• Photolytic decomposition occurs when a compound breaks down into simpler substances
due to exposure to light energy. These reactions are also known as photodecomposition
reactions.

• Examples:

1. Decomposition of Silver Chloride :

s𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2AgCl → 2Ag+Cl2
2. Decomposition of Silver Bromide :
s𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2AgBr → 2Ag+Br2

3. Displacement Reaction

A displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which one element replaces another
element in a compound. This can occur when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive
element from a compound. There are two types of displacement reactions:

1. Single Displacement Reaction (also known as Single Replacement Reaction)

2. Double Displacement Reaction (also known as Double Replacement Reaction)

1. Single Displacement Reaction (Single Replacement)

General Form: A+BC →AC+B

• In a single displacement reaction, one element displaces another element from a

compound. A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound.

• Example 1:

Zn+2HCl →ZnCl2+H2
• Example 2:

Cu+AgNO3 →Cu(NO3)2+Ag

2. Double Displacement Reaction (Double Replacement)

• General Form: AB+CD→AD+CB

• In a double displacement reaction, the ions of two ionic compounds swap places, forming
two new compounds. Often, one of the products is insoluble in water and forms a
precipitate.

1. White Precipitate:

Reaction 1: Formation of Silver Chloride (AgCl)

When silver nitrate (AgNO₃) reacts with sodium chloride (NaCl), a white precipitate of silver
chloride (AgCl) forms.

AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq) →AgCl (s)+NaNO3(aq)

Silver chloride (AgCl) forms a white precipitate.

Reaction 2: Formation of Barium Sulfate (BaSO₄)

When barium chloride (BaCl₂) reacts with sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), a white precipitate
of barium sulfate (BaSO₄) forms.

BaCl2(aq)+Na2SO4(aq) →BaSO4(s)+2NaCl(aq)
Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) forms a white precipitate.

2. Yellow Precipitate:

Reaction: Formation of Lead (II) Iodide (PbI₂)

When lead nitrate (Pb(NO₃)₂) reacts with potassium iodide (KI), a yellow precipitate of lead
(II) iodide (PbI₂) forms.

Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI(aq) →PbI2(s)+2KNO3(aq)
Lead iodide (PbI₂) forms a yellow precipitate.
 3. Black Precipitate:

Reaction: Formation of Silver Sulfide (Ag₂S)

When silver nitrate (AgNO₃) reacts with hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a black precipitate of silver
sulfide (Ag₂S) forms.

2AgNO3(aq)+H2S(aq) →Ag2S(s)+2HNO3(aq)
Silver sulfide (Ag₂S) forms a black precipitate.

4. Purple Precipitate:

Reaction: Formation of Manganese (III) Phosphate (MnPO₄)

When manganese (II) sulfate (MnSO₄) reacts with ammonium phosphate ((NH₄)₃PO₄),
a purple precipitate of manganese (III) phosphate (MnPO₄) is formed.

MnSO4(aq)+(NH4)3PO4(aq) →MnPO4(s)+NH4SO4(aq)
Manganese (III) phosphate (MnPO₄) forms a purple precipitate.

Summary of Precipitate Colors:

• White Precipitate:

• Silver chloride (AgCl)

• Barium sulfate (BaSO₄)
• Yellow Precipitate:

• Lead (II) iodide (PbI₂)

• Black Precipitate:

• Silver sulfide (Ag₂S)

• Lead (II) sulfide (PbS)
 • Purple Precipitate:

• Manganese (III) phosphate (MnPO₄)

Rancidity
Rancidity is the process by which fats and oils (especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids)
degrade over time due to exposure to oxygen, moisture, or light. This results in the formation of
undesirable odors, flavors, and a decrease in nutritional value.

C18H34O2 (oleic acid)+O2→C18H34O3+C9H16O2 (aldehydes and ketones)

Corrosion
Corrosion is the process by which metals, particularly iron, deteriorate due to a reaction with
environmental elements such as oxygen, moisture, or chemicals. The most common form of
corrosion is rusting , which involves the reaction of iron with oxygen and water .

4Fe+3O2+6H2O→4Fe(OH)3