PROJECT ID : 13988

"Single Phase Inverter Controlled Using SPWM Technique"

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

PADHIYAR DUSHYANTSINH (110800109033)

SOLANKI ASHISH (110800109015)
PATEL DHARAM (090800109052)
UPADHYAY KETUL (110800109014)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VADODARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,

Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmadabad

December 2014-15.

VIER(E.E) i
PROJECT ID : 13988

Vadodara institute of engineering

Vadodara Halol Toll Road, At & Po. Kotambi,

Ta. Waghodia, Dist. Vadodara-391510,Gujarat.

CERTIFICATE
This is to be certify that the report, submitted along with the project entitled
"Single Phase Inverter Controlled Using SPWM Technique" has been
carried out by

DUSHYANT G. PADHIYAR
ASHISH M. SOLANKI
DHARAM PATEL
KETUL D. UPADHYAY
under my guidance in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical 7th Semester of Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2013-14.These student
have successfully completed activity under my guidance.

Internal Guide Head of The Department

Prof. Dhirendra Rana, Prof. Ujval Shah

Electrical Department, Electrical Department,

VIT, Kotambi. VIT, Kotambi.

VIER(E.E) ii
PROJECT ID : 13988

Vadodara institute of engineering

Vadodara Halol Toll Road, At & Po. Kotambi,

Ta. Waghodia, Dist. Vadodara-391510,Gujarat.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to The Dept. of Electrical Engineering, VIT kOTAMBI for giving me
the opportunity to execute this project, which is an integral part of the curriculum in
B.E at the Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Kotambi. I would like to take this
opportunity to express heartfelt gratitude for my project guide Prof. Dhirendra
Rana, who provided me with valuable inputs at various stages of this project
execution. I would also like to acknowledge the support of every individual who
assisted me in making this project a success and I would like to thank Prof. Ujval
Shah , H.O.D Electrical Dept. for his guidance, support and direction without
which project would not have taken shape. I am also thankful to the staff of
Electrical Engineering. Department for cooperating with me during the course of
my project.

Name of the student Sign of student

1. Dushyantsinh Padhiyar

2. Solanki Ashish

3. Dharam Patel

4. Ketul Upadhyay

VIER(E.E) iii
PROJECT ID : 13988

Vadodara institute of engineering

Vadodara Halol Toll Road, At & Po. Kotambi,

Ta. Waghodia, Dist. Vadodara-391510,Gujarat.

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that Project Report for the Project entitled "Single Phase
Inverter Controlled Using SPWM Technique" submitted in partial fulfilment for
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical to Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmadabad, is a bonafide record of the project work carried out at
Vadodara Institute of Engineering under the supervision of Prof. Dhirendra
Rana and that no part of these PSAR report has been directly copied from any
students' report or taken from any other source, without providing due reference.

Name of the student Sign of student

1. Dushyantsinh Padhiyar

2. Solanki Ashish

3. Dharam Patel

4. Ketul Upadhyay

VIER(E.E) iv
PROJECT ID : 13988

ABSTRACT

 Inveter are circuit that convert DC source into AC sourse. Power switches are used
in inverter with BIPOLAR/UNIPOLAR SPWM tchniques. The SPWM techniques
provides improve fundamental of current. A Variable frequense output waveform
is produced by the inverter switching to run a motor at variable speed that are
directly proportional to output frequency. Importtant part of this circuit is to
interface high voltage and low voltage part of the circuit.The different modulation
techniques can be used to reduce harmonics due to the non-linear load.The SPWM
techniques reduce harmonics and improve fundamental. It also reduce THD of
voltage. Another important thing is to designe the control circuit to provide
switching signal to the power circuit. The contol circuit consist of micro-controller,
opto-coupler,and volatage amplification. The Power Circuit consist of Mosfet
Switches.
 At the end of this project,The SPWM signal is devloped from the micro controller
circuit and applied to the driver circuit . After switching by SPWM technique
inverter provid output voltage to an motor based on gate voltage.
 In this method controller determine the speed of motor and modify the gate voltage
to control the required speed of motor . Hence we control the motor speed
Automatically.

VIER(E.E) v
Project ID: 13988 Index

CONTENTS
Topic PageNo.
Abstract
Chepter-1: Introduction 1
1.1 Inverter 1

1.2 General Concept 1

1.2.1 DC to AC Converter 1

1.2.2 General Block Diagram 2

1.3 Simple Block Diagram of an inverter 2

1.3.1 Block Diagram Description 2

1.4 Background 3

1.5 Objective of the Project 3

1.6 Scope of the Project 4

Chapter-2: Theory and Literature Reivew 5

2.1 Inverter 5

2.1.1 voltage sourse inverter 6

2.1.2 current sourse inverter 6

2.2 Single phase half bridge inverter 8

2.3 Single phase full bridge inverter 9

2.4 Basic Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)Technology 11

vi
Project ID: 13988 Index

2.4.1 Single Pulse Width Modulation 11

2.4.2 Multiple Pulse Width modulatiom 12

2.4.3 Sinusoidal Pulse With Modulation 12

2.5 SPWM Switching Technique 13

2.5.1 SPWM With Bipolar Switching 14

2.5.2 SPWM With Unipolar Switching 15

2.6 Advanteges of SPWM 16

2.7 Dis-Advanteges of SPWM 16

2.8 Feature For Comparing Various PWM Technique 17

CHAPTER 3 Patent Search 18

3.1 Patent search 18

3.2 Different patent 18

CHAPTER 4 Methodology 23
4.1 Basic Diagram 23

4.2 Designe Specification 23

4.3 SPWM Inverter 24

4.3.1 Theoretical operation of SPWM Inverter 24

CHAPTER 5 Major Component 26

5.1 MOSFET 26

5.1.2 A Warning About Static Electricity 27

vii
Project ID: 13988 Index

CHAPTER 6 Canvas Work 30

6.1 Canvas 30

6.2 Observation matrix 31

6.3 Ideation Canvas -1 32

6.4 Ideation Canvas -2 33

6.5 Production Devlopment Canvas 34

Chepter:-7 Simulation Result 36

7.1 Simulation of Single Phase SPWM Inverter by MOSFET 36

7.1.1 Power Circuit Simulation By MOSFET 37

7.1.3 Output Waveform of Switching Pulse 38

7.2 Simulation of PWM 39

7.2.1 Output Waveform of PWM Simulation 39

7.3 Power circuit 40

7.4 Control circuit 40

CHAPTER 8 Application of an Inverter 42

8.1 Applications 42

CHAPTER 9 Work Plan 43

9.1 7th Semester project work 43

9.2 8th Semester project work 43

viii
Project ID: 13988 Index

Conclusion and Reference 47

Conclusion 47

Future work 47

Referances 47

ix
Project ID: 13988 Figure

FIGURES

List of Figure Page No.

Fig-1.1 General Block Diagram 2
Fig-1.2 Inverter Block Diagram 2
Fig-2.1 Voltage sourse inverter 6
Fig-2.2Current source inverter 7
Fig-2.3 Half bridge inverter 8
Fig-2.4 Full bridge inverter 10
Fig-2.5 single pulse width modulation 18
Fig-2.6 Multiple pulse width modulation 19
Fig-2.7 sinusoidal pulse width modulation 20
Fig-2.8 Bipolar Switching 21
Fig-2.9 Waveform of bipolar switching pulse 21
Fig-2.10 Unipolar SPWM generator 22
Fig-2.11 Unipolar switching signal Waveform 22
Fig-4.1 Basic blockdiagram 24
Fig-4.2 Operation of single phase inverter 26
Fig-5.1 Circuit Symbols and Transfer Characteristics of MOSFET 27
Fig-5.2 Photograph of N-Channel MOSFET 28
Fig-5.3 Diagram of MCT 6 29
Fig-5.4 Internal Diagram of MCT 6 29
Fig-5.5 Types of IR2111 30
Fig-5.6 Input / Output Diagram 30
Fig-6.1 Observations matrix 32
Fig-6.2: Ideation canvas -1 33

VIER(E.E) x
Project ID: 13988 Figure

Fig-6.3 Ideation canvas -2 34

Fig-6.4 The Product Development Canvas 36
Fig-7.1 Simulation of single phase inverter by MOSFET 38
Fig-7.2 Simulation of SPWM pulse 38
Fig-7.3 Output Waveform of SPWM pulse 39
Fig-7.4 Simulation of PWM 40
Fig-7.5 Output Waveform of PWM Simulation 40
Fig-7.6 power circuit 41
Fig-7.7 Micro-controller 41
Fig-7.8 control circuit 42

VIER(E.E) xi
PROJECT ID : 13988 TABLES

TABLES
List of Table Page No
Table 1: switching state of half bridge inverter 9
Table 2: switching states of full bridge inverter 10
Table 3: Product Summary 37
Table 4: 7th sem work plan 44

VIER(E.E) xii
PROJECT ID: 13988 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INVERTER

An inverter is basically a device that converts electrical energy of DC form into that of
AC. The purpose of DC-AC inverter is to take DC power from a source and converts it to
AC. For example the household apllication an inverter receives DC supply from 12V or
24V batteries, which are connected in series to increase DC voltage level, and then
inverter converts it to 240V AC with a desirable frequency of 50Hz .

These DC-AC inverters have been widely used for industrial applications such as motor
speed control, output voltage control, Emergency power supply,uninterruptible power
supply (UPS),etc.

The DC-AC inverters usually operate with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique.
The PWM is a very advance and useful technique in which width of the Gate pulses are
controlled by Voltage reference. PWM inverter is used to keep the output voltage of the
inverter at the rated voltage depends on the output load .

In a conventional inverter the output voltage changes according to the changes in the load.
To nullify this effect of the changing loads, the PWM inverter correct the output voltage
by changing the width of the pulses and the output AC depends on the switching
frequency and pulse width which is adjusted according to the value of the load connected
at the output so as to provide constant rated output.

1.2 GENERAL CONCEPT

1.2.1 DC to AC Converter

• DEFINITION: Converts DC to AC power by switching the DC input voltage (or

current) in a pre-determined sequence so as to generate AC voltage (or current)
output.

VIER(E.E) 1
PROJECT ID: 13988 INTRODUCTION

1.2.2 General block diagram

IDC Iac

+ +

VDC Vac
−
−

Fig:- 1.1 General Block Diagram

1.3 SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN INVERTER

1.3.1 Block Diagram Description:

The input of the inverter ia taken from the DC sourse like Battary, Alternator,etc.The
MOSFET Circuit is use as power circuit and the gate pulse to that MOSFET is given from
contrl circuit.The output of power circuit ti given to state up transformer to gate desired
magnitude of voltage(240 Volt, 50 Hz).

The output from the transformer is given to the AC Load as shwn in below Block Diagram

Fig-1.2 Block Diagram of Inverter

VIER(E.E) 2
PROJECT ID: 13988 INTRODUCTION

1.4 BACKGROUND

The semiconductor devices are use in electrical field with increase in time. power
semiconductor is the hart of the morden power electronics and mainly use to converts the
power from one to another form. There are four basic conversition mainly which is AC to
AC, AC to DC, DC to AC, DC to DC.

In which DC to AC conversion is called as INVERTER. It convert the DC power to AC a

symetrical AC output voltage at desired magnitude and frequency. Inverter is widely use
in industrial application such as variable speed AC motor control, induction heating,
standby power supply, Uninterruptible power supply(UPS). The input of inverter is taken
from various DC sourse like battery, fuel cell, alternater, etc.

Sinusoidal pulse with modulation (SPWM) is widely use in power electronics and
generate voltage pulse by simply on and off the power switch. spwm is main choise in the
power electronics, beacause of it's circuit simplycity and rugged control. spwm switching
tecnique is commanly used in industrial application.

SPWM technique are give constant amplitude pulse with different duty cycle for each
period.we can control the output voltage by change in width of pulse and heanse
harmonics are redused.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of project are:

(i) Develop SPWM Inverter for single phase AC motor whose rating is 240v, 50Hz,
and 1/2 hp.
( ii ) Develop open loop control circuit by microconntroller to genarate SPWM pulse to
control speed of AC motor.
( iii ) Designe circuit, simulate and and analyze the switching technique.

VIER(E.E) 3
PROJECT ID: 13988 INTRODUCTION

1.6 SCOPES OF THE PROJECT

 The scop of project are;

( i ) Motor speed control

( ii ) Output voltage vontrol

( iii ) For standby power supply

( iv ) For UPS,etc.

VIER(E.E) 4
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

CHEPTER 2 THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INVERTERS
A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage and
frequency is called an Inverter. The purpose of inverter is to take DC power from a battery
source and convert it into AC. These inverter widely used in industrial application such as
uninterruptible power supply(UPS), AC motor drives, standby power supply, etc.

The inverter are usually operate on Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) technique. The PWM
is very advance and useful technique in that the pulse width is very by using different
method. PWM Inverter are use to gate rated output voltage according to the load. The
output voltage change with change in load. so, By using the PWM technique we can
correct the change in output voltage by changing the width of pulse.

Because the width is depends on frequency and frequency depends on voltage and speed
as shown below equation,

����
�=
�

And,

V = 4.44T Φ m f

So, as shown above equation we can control the speed of motor and output voltage by
change in switching frequency.

 Inverter can be classified in two way according to its operation;

( i ) Voltage source inverter

( ii ) Current source inverter

VIER(E.E) 5
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

2.1.1 VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

In this inverter the input is given as voltage waveform with low impedance. and
the output waveform is not affected due to load. Due to this property the VSI is use
in industrial application such as adjustable speed control and also in power system.

Fig-2.1 Voltage source inverter

2.1.2 CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

In this inverter the input is given as current waveform which is first convert into
voltage waveform with higher impedance. Hear the output waveform is not
affected because of load and due to that properties the CSI is use in medium
voltage industrial application. Where high quality waveform is required.

VIER(E.E) 6
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

Fig-2.2: Current source inverter

 From the connection of semiconductor devices inverter are classified as below;

 Bridge Inverter
 Series Inverter
 Parallel Inverter

 Bridge inverter are classified as,

 Half bridge
 Full bridge

VIER(E.E) 7
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

2.2 Half bridge inverter

The power circuit and output waveform are as shown in figure. The inverter circuit
consist two power switches as shown in fig.
The switches can be transistors, MOSFET, IGBT, etc. Two switch shown by S1
and S2. Two diode are connect parallel to power switch to block the reverse
voltage. If we use MOSFET as power switch then there is no need to use parallel
diode due to its internal construction .

The basic operation of half bridge inverter can divided into two part. If S1 is on for
� ��� �
Period then the output voltage is . If switch S2 is on for Period then the
2 2 2
���
output voltage is − .
2

The switching operation is done in such that two switch is not on at same time, If it
is then two switch short circuit across the DC input, which is cause high flow of
current that is very harmful for power switches.

Fig-2.3: Half bridge inverter

VIER(E.E) 8
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

 Switching state Table

T1 T2 V0
ON OFF Vdc
2

OFF ON Vdc
−
2

Table 1: switching state of half bridge inverter

2.3 Full bridge inverter

A single phase full bridge inverter circuit and its output waveform are shown in
Figure. It consists of four power switches and it is used in higher power ratings
application.

The four switches are named as S1, S2, S3 and S4 as shown in fig. The operations of

single phase full bridge inverter can be divided into two cases.

(I) switches S1 and S4 are turned on and kept on for one half
period and S2 and S3 are turned off. At that time the output
voltage across the load is equal to Vdc .

(ii) When S2 and S3 are turned on, the switches S1 and

switches S4 are turned off, then at this time the output
voltage is equal to −Vdc .

VIER(E.E) 9
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

The output voltage will change alternately from positive half period and negative half
period.

Same like in half bridge inverter, to prevent short

circuit across DC supply occurred, the switches S1 and S4 must be in ‘on’ state while S2
and S3 must be in ‘off’ state.

To avoid such type of problem dead time is given in between two switching operation.

Fig-2.4: Full bridge inverter

 Switching state

T1 T2 T3 T4 Va Vo Vao

ON OFF OFF ON Vdc/2 -Vdc/2 Vdc

OFF ON ON OFF -Vdc/2 Vdc/2 -Vdc

ON OFF ON OFF Vdc/2 Vdc/2 0

OFF ON OFF ON -Vdc/2 -Vdc/2 0

Table 2: switching states of full bridge inverter

VIER(E.E) 10
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

2.4 BASIC PWM TECHNIQUE

There is basic three PWM technique;

( I ) single pulse pulse with modulation

( ii ) Multiple pulse width modulation

( iii ) Sinusoidal pulse width modulation

2.4.1 Single pulse width modulation

In this modulation technique only one pulse per cycle and width of pulse is varied to
control output voltage of an inverter.
The gating signal is generated by comparing the rectangular reference signal of "Ar"
magnitude and triangular carrier signal of "Ac" magnitude.

The output voltage frequency is depends on carrier signal frequency. By varying the value
of AR from 0 to Ac we can varies the pulse width. so in this way we can varies the ratio of
Ar to Ac and gate control. This ratio is called as Modulation index.

Fig-2.5: single pulse width modulation

VIER(E.E) 11
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

2.4.2 Multiple pulse width modulation:

The harmonic in waveform is reduce to increase in switching frequency, which is done by

increasing number of pulse per cycle. In this type of modulation technique Bipolar signal
are use as shown in fig. As shown in fig. the waveform are compare where the frequency
of carrier signal decide the number of pulse per half cycle. so by varying frequency of
carrier signal hence modulation index is varies and we gate control on output of inverter.

Fig-2.6: Multiple pulse width modulation

2.4.3 sinusoidal pulse width modulation

In this modulation technique, instead of maintaining the width of all pulse as in multiple
PWM technique , pulse width varied according to the amplitude of sine wave. the
advantage of this technique is that the lower order harmonics and distortion reduce.

VIER(E.E) 12
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

The gating signal generated by comparing the reference signal and carrier signal as shown
in figure. The reference signal frequency is Fr and carrier signal have Fc frequency.

The output frequency depends on the reference signal frequency and the amplitude of
output voltage is depends on amplitude of reference signal. The number of pulse per half
cycle is change with change in carrier frequency.

Fig-2.7: sinusoidal pulse width modulation

2.5 SPWM Switching Techniques

There is two switching technique are use as below given;

(i) SPWM With Bipolar Voltage Switching

( ii ) SPWM With Unipolar Voltage Switching

VIER(E.E) 13
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

2.5.1 SPWM With Bipolar Voltage Switching

The sampling of SPWM bipolar switching is as shown in figure. In that the reference
voltage waveform having magnitude Vr are compare with carrier signal having
amplitude Vc . sinusoidal waveform is taken as reference signal and triangular waveform
as carrier signal as shown in figure.

Fig-2.8: Bipolar Switching

In this technique al switch are on at same time. The output voltage magnitude depends
on Vr and Vc.

Fig-2.9: Waveform of bipolar switching pulse

VIER(E.E) 14
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

In this technique two power switch(S11 and S21) are on at same time in single
phase full bridge inverter and other two(S12 and S22) are remain in off state condition.
In next state S12 and S22 are ON and S11 AND S21 is in OFF state condition. The
output waveform are as shown in figure

2.5.2 SPWM With Unipolar Voltage Switching

In this technology one carrier signal is compare with two reference signal. In which one
of them is positive and one is negative signal. The basic idea of Unipolar switching is
shown in figure. the basic of Unipolar switching is as shown in figure. the switching
output waveform are as shown in figure. The output voltage in Unipolar switching is
varies within a limit of o to Vdc. If the switching frequency is increase then the harmonic
level is increase and frequency increase with load so, the harmonic level is low as
compared to Bipolar switching.

In this technology the power switch is turn ON or OFF according to the comparison of two
reference and carrier signal as shown in figure.

In this technology the output voltage is varies within a 0 to +Vdc or 0 to -Vdc. so, the
switching frequency is doubled and the harmonic level is reduce.

The output signal is as shown in fig.

Fig-2.10: Unipolar SPWM generator

VIER(E.E) 15
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

Fig-2.11: Unipolar switching signal Waveform

2.6 ADVANTAGE OF SPWM

 Low power consumption.

 High energy efficient up to 90%.
 High power handling capability.
 No temperature variation-and ageing-caused drifting or degradation in linearity.
 Easy to implement and control.

2.7 DISADVANTAGE OF SPWM

 Attenuation of the wanted fundamental component of the waveform.

 Drastically increased switching frequencies that leads to greater stresses on
associated
 Generation of high-frequency harmonic components

VIER(E.E) 16
PROJECT ID: 13988 THEORY & LITERATURE REIVEW

2.8 Features for comparing various PWM Techniques

 Switching Losses
 Utilization of Dc power supply that is to deliver a higher output voltage with the
same DC supply.
 Linearity in voltage and current control.
 Harmonics contents in the voltage and current.

VIER(E.E) 17
PROJECT ID : 13988 PETENT SEARCH

CHAPTER 3 PATENT SEARCH

3.1 PATENT SEARCH

In this section we discussed about What are the other solution already existing and what
are the patent are resister for defined problem related to our project. Here we see about the
improvement for batter product. After that what is the new feature to improve your
product and make it unique/innovative. Here we see the different patent related to our
project.

3.2 DIFFERENT PATENT

Different patent related to our project is as below,

(1) A Method of Controlling an inverter Operable Output Voltage to an Electrical

Motor and an inverter

Application Number : 838/KOL/2008

PG
Publication Patent Date Of
Journal Grant Date Title Of Invention
Date Number Filing
Number
A METHOD OF
CONTROLLING
AN INVERTER
OPRABLE
13/2014 28/03/2014 259653 21/03/2014 OUTPUT 07/05/2008
VOLTAGE TO AN
ELECTRIC
MOTOR AND AN
INVERTER

Methods and apparatus are provided for dynamic voltage control of electric motors. An
inverter provides an output voltage to an electric motor based on a gate voltage. The
method includes determining a speed of the electric motor and modifying the gate voltage
based on the speed of the electric motor. The apparatus includes a gate drive circuit and a

VIER(E.E) 19
PROJECT ID : 13988 PETENT SEARCH

controller coupled to the gate drive circuit. The gate drive circuit provides a gate voltage
to a switch network, and the switch network produces the output voltage in response to the
gate voltage. The controller modifies the gate voltage based on a speed of the electric
motor.

(2) An Energy Controller for providing Electrical Power of Predetermine voltage

and Frequency to Load

Application Number : 724/MAS/1996

PG
Publication Patent Grant Date Of
Journal Title Of Invention
Date Number Date Filing
Number
AN ENERGY
CONTROLLER FOR
PROVIDING
ELECTRIC POWER
30/2009 24/07/2009 194249 N/A OF 06/05/1996
PREDETERMINED
VOLTAGE AND
FREQUENCY TO
LOAD

An energy controller for providing electric power of predetermined voltage and

frequency to a load consisting of a front end converter comprising a single phase/three
phase isolator, line filter, a single phase /three phase diode rectifier, dc filter, power factor
improvement circuit, input current/voltage sensing circuits and under/over voltage
protection circuits, said
converter rectifying the input ac supply while ensuring that the input sinusoidal current is
drawn at unity power factor; a PWM inverter comprising IGBTs and snubber circuits, the
input of the inverter receiving the output of the converter; a control circuit including a line
voltage monitor for monitoring the input line voltage and setting the operating point of the

VIER(E.E) 20
PROJECT ID : 13988 PETENT SEARCH

load, a microprocessor based PWM generator and gate drive circuits, for providing PWM
gate pulses for the IGBTs and thus for generating a pulse width modulated wave form of
predetermined amplitude and frequency at the inverter output, the said output of the
inverter being the input to the said 1 road.

(3) Control circuit for an inverter with a variable output voltage and frequency

Publication number US3848176 A

Publication type Grant

Publication date Nov 12, 1974

Filing date Mar 26, 1973

Priority date Mar 30, 1972

An inverter with a variable output voltage and frequency, intended to supply an a.c.
motor or a similar load, in which the variation of amplitude of the output voltage is
provided by a chopper supplying the inverter with pulses of variable width or by switching
of the inverter itself, is controlled by an electronic circuit in which
the voltage supplied by the chopper or the rectified output voltage of the inverter is
integrated to give an image of the instantaneous variation of the flux induced in the motor.
The output voltage of the inverter is cancelled or reduced each time that the integrated
signal reaches a maximum value corresponding to a desired variation of said flux, and the
integrated signal is then set to zero. The chopper or the inverter is periodically reset to the
minimal switching frequency of the inverter to obtain the desired output frequency or to a
whole number multiple of said minimal frequency, means being provided for
automatically modifying said multiple when the frequency of the chopper or of
the inverter is too small or too large and for making the maximum value of the integrated
signal correspond to a variation of flux equal to that obtained at said minimal frequency
divided by the said chosen multiple.

VIER(E.E) 21
PROJECT ID : 13988 PETENT SEARCH

(4) Efficiency maximization control and variable speed drive

of single phase induction
motors
Publication number US7768227 B2

Publication type Grant

Application number US 12/110,293

Publication date Aug 3, 2010

Filing date Apr 26, 2008

Priority date Apr 26, 2008

A control method and a control system for single phase induction motors driven by two-
power electronic switch inverter are disclosed. The system fulfills two main tasksi.e.
precise motor speed control and maximum motor efficiency control over wide ranges
of motor load and speed command without a motor speed feedback.

(5) Method and apparatus for controlling the speed of

a single phase induction motor using frequency variation

Publication number US5422557 A

Publication type Grant

Application number US 08/136,696

Publication date Jun 6, 1995

Filing date Oct 15, 1993

Priority date Oct 22, 1992

VIER(E.E) 22
PROJECT ID : 13988 PETENT SEARCH

A method for controlling speed of a single phase induction motor using frequency
variation, including the steps of generating an operation start signal and a speedcommand
signal according to a user's selection, outputting a digital data for formation of a sinusoidal
wave signal of a desired frequency, to converting means at an interval of a predetermined
time period set by a timer to thereby generate the sinusoidal wave signal of the frequency
desired by the user, generating the sinusoidal wave based on the digital data, comparing
the sinusoidal wave with a triangular signal for controlling a speed of a motor, and
converting a DC voltage from a power source into an AC voltage of a frequency band
desired by the user to thereby operate the motor. An apparatus for controlling the speed of
a single phase induction motor is also provided

(6) Single phase inverter control circuit

Publication number US3694714 A

Publication type Grant

Publication date Sep 26, 1972

Filing date Sep 28, 1971

Priority date Sep 28, 1971

A four-stage shift register, responsive to the output signals of a variable frequency

oscillator, produces a discrete square wave output signal during each of four time periods,
each of which is applied to a corresponding AND gate. The output signals of a constant
frequency oscillator are applied to all of the AND gates in parallel. The output signals of
the AND gate corresponding to the first time period are applied across the gate-cathode
electrodes of the two inverter silicon controlled rectifiers through which energizing current
may be supplied to the motor in a first direction from a direct current

VIER(E.E) 23
PROJECT ID : 13988 METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER-:4 METHODOLOGY

4.1 BASIC DIGRAM

POWER SPWM OUTPUT/

SUPPLY INVERTER LOAD

MOSFET
DRIVE CIRCUIT
CONTROLLER

Fig-4.1: Basic blockdiagram

The above figure show the basic diagram of the project. The project contain high
switching frequency and microcontroller to generate gate pulse. Here in above diagram
load taken as single phase AC motor.

4.2 DESIGNE SPECIFICATION:

 Output Voltage : Single-phase 240VAC RMS

 Output Frequency : 40Hz , 50Hz and 60Hz
 Output Power Range : >500Watts
 Switching Frequency : Variable frequency, Variable duty cycle
 Controllers : 89V51RD2(Microcontroller)

VIER(E.E) 24
PROJECT ID : 13988 METHODOLOGY

4.3 SPWM INVERTER

SPWM inverter is better approach to gate AC output from inverter then other
inverter.

4.3.1 Theoretical operation of SPWM inverter:

In SPWM inverter the output voltage is gating by comparing the reference signal
and carrier signal at the desired frequency as shown in figure. During first half
cycle the output voltage is having positive value when reference signal having
more amplitude then carrier signal. In the another half cycle the output voltage is
having negative value when reference signal having less amplitude then carrier
signal.

The control frequency depends on pulse per half cycle and the output frequency
depends on reference frequency.

The basic operation circuit of single phase SPWM inverter is as shown in figure.

 S1 is on when Vr > Vc
 S2 is on when -Vr < Vc
 S1 is on when -Vr > Vc
 S2 is on when Vr < Vc

As shown above, if we use switching scheme then we can generate high frequency signal
and harmonic free output voltage control. Hence we have the controllable output voltage
and smooth speed control of single phase AC Motor.

VIER(E.E) 25
 PROJECT ID : 13988 METHODOLOGY

S1,S2 ON; S3,S4 OFF for t1 < t < t2

vO

S1 S3 VDC

+ vO −
VDC
t
t1 t2
S4 S2

S3,S4 ON ; S1,S2 OFF for t2 < t < t3

vO

S1 S3

+ vO −
VDC t2 t3
t

S4 S2
-VDC

Fig-4.2: Operation of single phase inverter

VIER(E.E) 26
PROJECT ID : 13988 MAJOR COMPONANT

CHAPTER 5 MAJOR COMPONANT

5.1 MOSFET
5.1.1 Introduction

MOSFETS are voltage-controlled switches. Unlike Triacs, MOSFETS have the capability
of being turned on and turned off. They also switch much faster than triacs. As illustrated
in Figure, the MOSFET acts as a unidirectional switch between the drain and source
terminal, and has an internal antiparallel diode. An applied gate-to-source voltage of
approximately 4 or 5V is sufficient to turn on the MOSFET (i.e., resistance between drain
and source becomes a few tenths of an ohm). Faster turn on is achieved when 12-18V is
applied. Then, when the gate-to source voltage is set to zero, the MOSFET turns off (i.e.,
drain-to-source resistance becomes very large).

Fig 5.1 Circuit Symbols and Transfer Characteristics of MOSFET

VIER(E.E) 27
PROJECT ID : 13988 MAJOR COMPONANT

Fig 5.2 Photograph of N-Channel MOSFET

5.1.2 A Warning about Static Electricity

 Until MOSFET are properly mounted with a gate pull-down resistor, a MOSFET is
very sensitive to burn out if its gate terminal is touched. Do not take the
MOSFET out of its anti-static bag until you are ready to mount it on the PC
board, and then always use a grounded static mat when handling the
MOSFET.

5.2 Optocoupler (MCT 6)

5.2.1 DESCRIPTION
The MCT6X Optocouplers have two channels for density applications. For four channel
applications, two-packages fit into a standard 16-pin DIP socket. Each channel is an NPN
silicon planar phototransistor optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting
diode.
5.2.2 FEATURES
 Two isolated channels per package
 Two packages fit into a 16 lead DIP socket

VIER(E.E) 28
PROJECT ID : 13988 MAJOR COMPONANT

Fig 5.3 Diagram of MCT 6

Fig 5.4 Internal Diagram of MCT 6

5.3 Driver IC (IR2111)

Features
 Floating channel designed for bootstrap operation Fully operational to +600V
Tolerant to negative transient voltage dV/dt immune
 Gate drive supply range from 10 to 20V
 Undervoltage lockout for both channels
 CMOS Schmitt-triggered inputs with pull-down
 Matched propagation delay for both channels
 Internally set deadtime
 High side output in phase with input
 Also available LEAD-FREE

VIER(E.E) 29
PROJECT ID : 13988 MAJOR COMPONANT

Description
The IR2111(S) is a high voltage, high speed power MOSFET and IGBT driver with
dependent high and low side referenced output channels designed for halfbridge
applications. Proprietary HVIC and latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized
monolithic construction. Logic input is compatible with standard CMOS outputs. The
output drivers feature a high pulse current buffer stage designed for minimum driver
cross-conduction. Internal deadtime is provided to avoid shoot-through in the output half-
bridge. The floating channel can be used to drive an N-channel power MOSFET or IGBT
in the high side configuration which operates up to 600 volts.

Fig:-5.5 Types of IR2111

Fig 5.6 Input / Output Diagram

VIER(E.E) 30
PROJECT ID : 13988 CANVAS WORK

CHAPTER 6 CANVAS WORK

6.1 CANVAS
In Final Year project There is a total four canvas. Like other work the canvas is consider
as a part of an evaluation of project work. Canvas is an Representation of project and it's
feature, problem and various solution of it on paper work. In which we have to stick the
sticky notes on sheets as shown in below canvas picture. In canvas we cover the different
problem face by us during project work may occur. In canvas different problem of peoples
and its solution for different sites are given.

As shown in canvas work this project is use to solve different problem like a speed
control of motor, voltage control, harmonics reduction, emergency light system, ups, etc.
at different place like industry, hospital, workshop, laboratory, substation, etc.

Here we most discussed about the speed control of motor using inverter and those problem
in speed control are solved by this project up to sufficient level.

The four canvas names are as below,

( 1 ) Observation matrix

( 2 ) There is two type,

( a ) Ideation canvas -1

( b ) ideation canvas -2

( 3 ) The product Development canvas

( 4 ) The business model canvas

Out of four canvas we are done three canvas in 7th semester. Whose detailed expenation is
as below,

VIER(E.E) 31
PROJECT ID : 13988 CANVAS WORK

6.2 OBSERVATION METRIX

This canvas contain the systematic approach to solve the particular problems or
challenges. Here discussed multiple problem and it's solution to solve them. In this canvas
we discussed in various part/box, which is as below,

Observation: In this box we are discussed about the which type of methodology are use in
project.

Scouted challenges: In this block we are discussed about the problem are arise during the
project work may be occur.

Top problem: In this block discussed the problem which is solve by this project.

Final problem: In this block we discussed about the one main problem whic is solve
during this project work.

The picture of this canvas is shown below,

Fig:6.1 Observations matrix

VIER(E.E) 32
PROJECT ID : 13988 CANVAS WORK

6.3 IDEATION CANVAS -1

This canvas give the rough ideas about the project application, applicant and it's
Dimension. The main aim of this canvas is not to find the solution of given problem but
the aim is to find best possible problem and it's possible scope.

In this canvas we discussed about the different problem faced by different people at
various people. The various part of this canvas is as below,

People: In this block we disused about the those people who face the problem whose
solution is in this project.

Activities: This is the activity must performed by people and that is why we use this
project.

Location: This is the various place where this activity are preformed.

Possible solution: Here we discussed about the different possible solution for above
activities.

The picture of this canvas is as below,

Fig 6.2: Ideation canvas -1

VIER(E.E) 33
PROJECT ID : 13988 CANVAS WORK

6.4 IDEATION CANVAS -2

This canvas is same as a ideation canvas -1 but additional is to choose it's economical cost.
This canvas give the rough ideas about the project application, applicant and it's
Dimension. The main aim of this canvas is not to find the solution of given problem but
the aim is to find best possible problem and it's possible scope. In this canvas we discussed
about the different problem faced by different people at various people. The various part
of this canvas is as below,

People: In this block we disused about the those people who face the problem whose
solution is in this project.

Activities: This is the activity must performed by people and that is why we use this
project.

Possible solution: Here we discussed about the different possible solution for above
activities.

Input: In this block we dicide the rough idea of cost of the project. The overall cost must
economical. The picture of this canvas is as below,

Fig :6.3 Ideation canvas -2

VIER(E.E) 34
PROJECT ID : 13988 CANVAS WORK

6.5 PRODUCTION DEVLOPMENT CANVAS

This canvas is for strategic orientation of the project and developing the strategy for
product or solution design. The various part of the canvas is as below,

People: In this block keep in mind those people use these product or those people for
whom you are made this product.

Purpose: In this discussed about the main purposes of your product or what problem you
want to solve by this product.

Product Experiences: Here we discussed about the costumers feel experiences for your
product after use.

Product Function: Here discussed about What function of your product performed to
meet customer need.

Product Feature: Here discussed about the product feature to fulfil the consumer need.

Components: In this discussed about the which component is required in this need of
consumer.

Customer Revalidation: In this see the feature you are select is fulfil the customer need or
left some feature.

Reject/Redesign: Here discussed about the improvement in product for customer

requirement. The picture of this canvas is as below,

VIER(E.E) 35
PROJECT ID : 13988 CANVAS WORK

Fig 6.4:The Product Development Canvas

VIER(E.E) 36
PROJECT ID : 13988 HARDWARE & SIMULATION

CHAPTER:-7 SIMULATION AND RESULTS

7.1 Simulation of single phase inverter by MOSFET

Here we use MOSFET IRF840 and Microcontroller 89V51RD2

Table:- 3 Product Summary

VIER(E.E) 37
PROJECT ID : 13988 HARDWARE & SIMULATION

7.1.1 Power Circuit Simulation by MOSFET

Fig-7.1: Simulation of single phase inverter by MOSFET

7.1.2 Simulation of SPWM Switching signal scheme

Fig-7.2: Simulation of SPWM pulse

VIER(E.E) 38
PROJECT ID : 13988 HARDWARE & SIMULATION

7.1.3 Output waveform of switching pulse

Fig-7.3: Output Waveform of SPWM pulse

VIER(E.E) 39
PROJECT ID : 13988 HARDWARE & SIMULATION

7.2 Simulation of PWM

Fig 7.4: simulation of PWM

7.2.1 Output Waveform of PWM Simulation

Fig 7.5: Output Waveform of PWM Simulation

VIER(E.E) 40
PROJECT ID : 13988 HARDWARE & SIMULATION

7.3 POWER CERCUIT

Fig 7.6: power circuit

7.4 CONTROL CIRCUIT

Fig 7.7: Micro-controller

VIER(E.E) 41
PROJECT ID : 13988 HARDWARE & SIMULATION

7.5 CONTROL CIRCUIT

Fig 7.8: CONTROL CIRCUIT

VIER(E.E) 42
PROJECT ID : 13988 APPLICATION

CHAPTER:-8 APPLICATION OF AN INVERTER

8.1 APPLICATIONS
1. Speed Control AC motors.

2. To interconnect two power grids operating at different frequencies

3. Controlled induction heating

4.House hold application

5. Cement mill drives

6. Ship propulsion drives

7. Rolling mill drives

8. Scherbius drives

9.Back power in computer lab

10. Emergency power

11.UPS

12.In Hospital, etc.

VIER(E.E) 43
 PROJECT ID : 13988 PLAN WORK

CHAPTER:-9 WORK PLAN

7 TH SEMESTER PROJECT WORK

JULY AUGST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER

SELECTION
OF PROJECT
AND
PROJECT
GUIDE

UNDERSTANDING
OF PROJECT

SELECTION
AND DETAIL
STUDY OF
COMPONENTS

SIMULATION PREPARATIO
OF CIRCUIT N OF
PROJECT

TABLE 4: 7TH SEM WORK PLAN

VIER(E.E) 44
PROJECT ID : 13988 PLAN WORK

PLAN FOR 8TH SEMESTER

 Preparation of hardware model.

 The design of inverter is a tedious process. As inverter uses power semiconductor

devices, they must be handled with care. Even a small mismatch in the connection
may lead to damage of the semiconductor devices. The plan of our work is to first
of all find suitable semiconductor devices and to study them thoroughly, as per
their specifications provided by the manufacturer.

 Our next job is to design a circuit of inverter using MATLAB Simulink. The
simulation is very important step of our work as it will give an idea about the
circuit designed on paper by us. Before assembling the hardware model the
connections are well checked using simulation of MATLAB Simulink. Our main
planning of work is to simulate the inverter and study its various aspects like as
below state,

 Input voltage
 current through each power switch
 Transformer Rating
 Power switch rating. etc.

 The connections of the inverter will be tested to find out of the most optimum
level. After completion of simulation in MATLAB our aim will be to design the
hardware model as per the connections simulated in the MATLAB. Our main
focus will be in designing the triggering circuit of the switches used. In Triggering
the important thing its synchronization with the input supply. After the completion
of hardware model, we would test the input and output ratings, and check whether
they are as per the predetermined levels and then after the hardware model is

VIER(E.E) 45
PROJECT ID : 13988 PLAN WORK

connected to the CRO using proper modules to test the input and output frequency
waveforms.
 If there is any problem with the circuit regarding the output voltage waveform as
per the CRO, then further assessment of the circuit will be done and problems will
be sort out. Our next step will be to test the inverter practically on some load.
 The tests conducted will be performed by taking proper precautions, so that there is
no damage to the circuit or the surroundings, due to any problem in the designed
circuit. The records of each and every minute details are planned to be noted while
the process of designing and testing is going on.

VIER(E.E) 46
PROJECT ID : 13988 CONCLUSION & REFERANCES

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

CONCLUSION

This Thesis Report deals with the analysis and literature survey of "Single Phase inverter
controlled using SPWM Technique". It includes Simulink model for SPWM and PWM
pulse in MATLAB. The output voltage Waveform of that is also analyse. The power and
control circuit are practically implemented.

FUTURE WORK

In next semester we generate the SPWM pulse by control circuit and microcontroller. And
implement the all circuit then perform the practically speed control of motor.

REFERENCES

(1) Book of "Morden power electronics and AC drives" by BIMAL.K.BOSE

(2) Book of “Power Electronics circuits devices and applications” By RASHID.
(3) Research paper by," SITI FAIRUZ BINTI HAMID"
(4) Book of "Power Electronics: Converter, Application and Design." by NED MOHAN.
(5) Ming Li, Dong Dai & Xikui Ma, "Slow-Scale and Fast-Scale Instabilities in Voltage-
Mode Controlled Full-Bridge Inverter" Journal: Circuits Systems and Signal Processing
CIRC SYSTSIGNAL PROCESS , vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 811-831, 2008.

VIER(E.E) 47