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Basics of Quantum Electronics

Basics of quantum electronics

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18 views

Basics of Quantum Electronics

Basics of quantum electronics

Uploaded by

Giridhar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VASA Nilesh

Basics of Quantum Electronics


1. Introduction: what is LASER?
2. Wave and Quantum properties of light
3. Laser amplifier
4. Specific Laser systems
Fundamentals of lasers - I
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basics of laser
1.3 Wave properties of light
1.4 Quantum properties of light

LASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation


Electromagnetic spectrum : c=λν
λ 1Ao1nm 1µm 1mm 1m 1km
Wavelength
(m) 10-13 10-1010-9 10-6 10-3 100 103 105

ν (1THz) (1GHz) (1MHz) (1kHz)


Frequency
(Hz) 1022 1015 1012 109 106 103
Light

Radiofrequency
Microwaves
Ultraviolet

Infrared
Visible
X-Rays
γ-Rays

Near infrared : 0.75 - 1 µm


Mid infrared : 1 - 10 µm
Far infrared : 10 - 1000 µm
V I B G Y O R
0.4µm 0.75µm
History of laser :
1917 : Albert Einstein : Concept of stimulated emission
1958 : A. L. Schawlow and C. H. Townes : Concept optical MASER
1960 : T. H. Maiman : Invention of first laser : Ruby laser
1961 : A. Javan + : He:Ne gas laser
1961 : L. F. Johnson : Nd based laser (solid-state)
1962 : R. Hall : Semiconductor laser
1963 : C. K. N. Patel : CO2 laser
1964 : W. Bridges : Argon ion laser
1966 : P. P. Sorokin + : Liquid laser (dye laser) (Tunable laser)
1975 : J. J. Ewing : Rare gas-halide excimer laser
1976 : J. M. J. Madey : Free-electron laser
1979 : Walling + : Solid-state tunable laser (Alexandrite laser)
1984 : P. F. Moulton : Solid-state tunable laser (Ti:sapphire laser)
1985 : D. Matthews : Soft-X-ray laser (ionized selenium plasma)

1961 : Fox and Li : laser modes


1969 : Krupke + : Unstable resonators
1962 : McClung + : Q-switching technique
1964 : Hargrove + : Mode-locking of laser
Introduction :
LASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Feedback
Amplifier

Output
Input
Mirror Mirror
R=100% R=90%
Pump
energy Laser beam
Laser
material Output
Input Feed- Feed-
back Amplification back
Before understanding different types of lasers and
their properties,

it is necessary to understand

the principles governing interaction of radiation with matter

fundamental processes responsible for optical amplification


Wave nature of light
Light is an electromagnetic wave
Propagation of light is governed by Maxwell’s equations:
(in vacuum)

E: electric field vector, H: magnetic field vector,


µo = permeability of vacuum, 4π 10-7 H/m
εο=permittivity constant, 8.854 10-12 F/m

Flow of electromagnetic energy S is described by Poynting theorem

The average value of the Poynting vector can be expressed as


+P +
E - -
Maxwell’s equation in medium:

Wave equation Conduction charges,


for a vacuum in metallic materials
Polarization,
localized charge effects
in dielectric
Macroscopic polarization in a medium:

If the applied electric field varies with time then the differential equation
of motion of a localized charge,
The simplified wave equation can be written as,

The solution can be given in the form,


Wavelike properties of light could explain:
diffraction, refraction, reflection, interference effect
however,
it could not explain results of several other experiments,
such as photoelectric effect

Particle nature of light


In quantum mechanics, the atoms are described by their states
The electron could temporarily remain in a particular state (an orbit
having a specific radius), provided that the angular momentum

Radiation is emitted from the atom when the electron “jumps”


from a higher energy level to a lower energy level
When such radiation is emitted, its frequency is determined by the
Einstein frequency condition
E2 - E1 = h ν21

Nucleus
Electron E5 n=6

Energy
n=5
n=4
n=1 n=3
n=2
n=3
E1 n=2
n=4 E0 n=1
n=5
n=6

Energy level diagram of atom

E2 - E1 = h ν21
Stimulated Absorption (Absorption) :

N2 E2

hν21

N1 E1

Absorption between
two levels

By coupling the driving field, an atom can be promoted from


the ground state to the excited state. This process can only take
place if there is an applied external field.
Spontaneous emission :

N2 E2

hν21

N1 E1

Spontaneous emission
between two levels

This process is incoherent and always takes place


Stimulated emission :
responsible for optical frequency amplification

N2 E2 N2 E2
hν21
hν21
hν21

N1 E1 N1 E1

Photon-particle collision Stimulated emission

Analogous to “stimulated absorption”. Coherent evolution of the


atom-field system.
Two energy levels :

E2 N2

Absorption
A21 B12 B21
Spontaneous Stimulated
emission emission
E1 N1

Radiation processes connecting


two energy levels in thermal
equilibrium at temperture T
In order to calculate relationship between radiation
coefficients, it will be useful to obtain the quantity and
wavelength distribution of the radiated flux

Consider radiation within a cavity

Based on boundary condition as deduced from


electro-magnetic theory: Standing waves are involved
(standing waves are referred to as cavity modes)

Integral number of half


wavelengths occurring
within cavity
If we can calculate the number of modes at each frequency
or wavelength and multiply by the average energy of each
mode at those wavelengths, we can obtain the frequency
distribution of the emission spectrum for cavity radiation

The total number of modes in any volume V = LxLyLz for a given


wavelength λ (ν = c/λ),

Mode density ρ (number of modes per unit volume) is then given by

The number of modes per unit volume within given frequency interval dν
In the next lecture we will learn about

how to calculate number of modes in a cavity with


any volume V=LxLyLz

Planck’s law for cavity radiation

Deriving relationship between absorption and emission coefficients

Necessary condition for a light amplification


As per the Planck’s law, the average radiation energy per mode is
given by

Therefore the energy density per unit frequency:


References :
1) Walter Koechner : Solid-state laser engineering
(Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 1996)
(ISBN 3-540-60237-2)
2) Christopher Davis : Lasers and Electro-optics
(Cambridge University Press, 1996)
(ISBN 0-521-48403-0)
3) William T. Silfvast : Laser Fundamentals
(Cambridge University Press, 1996)
(ISBN 0-521-55617-1)
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