Introduction

To Computer
By
AROOJ FATIMA
Roll # 37
Summitted to : Mr. Nafees Ahmad

Department of Mathematics
University of Okara
Definition of Computer :
Computer stands for
"Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational
Research".
Computer is an electronic device that operates (works) under the control of programs stored in its own memory unit. A
computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output.
Example of computers:
• Desktop
• Laptop
• iPad
• smartphone
Characteristics of computer
➢ Speed
➢ Accuracy
➢ Automation
➢ Versatility
➢ Diligence
➢ Connectivity
➢ programmability
Speed :
Speed in computers refers to how quickly tasks are performed:
➢ Processing Speed: CPU executes instructions at high speeds (GHz).
➢ Data Transfer: Fast data movement between components.
➢ Task Execution: Complex tasks completed rapidly.
➢ Response Time: Instant user input responses.
➢ Multitasking: Simultaneous program execution with minimal delay.
➢ Performance: Improved by faster hardware and optimized software.
➢ Low Latency: Quick data transfer in networks for smooth operations.
Accuracy :
Accuracy in computers refers to the precision and correctness with which a computer
performs tasks. Here are the key points:
➢ Correct Calculations: Precise mathematical operations.
➢ Error-Free Execution: No human-like mistakes.
➢ Data Integrity: Reliable data storage and retrieval.
➢ Precision: Fine detail in tasks.
➢ Reproducibility: Consistent results every time.
➢ No Fatigue: No loss of accuracy over time.
➢ Error Detection: Identifies and corrects errors.
Automation:
Automation in computers refers to the ability to perform tasks without human
intervention. Here are the key points:
➢ Task Execution: Performs tasks without manual input.
➢ Efficiency: Speeds up processes and saves time.
➢ Consistency: Delivers uniform results every time.
➢ Scheduling: Executes tasks at set times.
➢ Process Control: Precise control without human error.
➢ Reduced Errors: Minimizes mistakes from fatigue or distraction.
➢ Adaptability: Can be reprogrammed for different tasks.
Versatility :
Versatility in computers refers to the ability to perform a wide range of tasks across
various domains. Here are the key points:
➢ Multiple Applications: Handles various tasks (e.g., word processing, gaming).
➢ Adaptability: Can be reprogrammed for different uses.
➢ Software Support: Runs diverse software for different needs.
➢ Hardware Flexibility: Customizable for specific tasks.
➢ Multitasking: Runs multiple programs simultaneously.
➢ Cross-Platform: Works with different OS and devices.
➢ Scalability: Scales from personal devices to supercomputers.
Diligence :
Diligence in computers refers to their ability to perform tasks consistently and without
fatigue. Here are the key points:
➢ Continuous Operation: Works 24/7 without breaks.
➢ No Fatigue: Performs without tiring or errors.
➢ Repetitive Tasks: Handles repetitive work efficiently.
➢ High Productivity: Completes large tasks quickly.
➢ Error-Free Execution: Delivers consistent, accurate results.
➢ Long-Term Reliability: Performs reliably over time.
Connectivity :
Connectivity in computers refers to the ability to connect to other devices, networks,
and systems. Here are the key points:
➢ Internet Access: Connects to the internet for online use.
➢ Network Communication: Links with other devices on local or wide networks.
➢ Peripheral Devices: Connects to printers, storage, etc.
➢ Data Sharing: Allows file transfer between devices.
➢ Remote Access: Accesses or is accessed remotely.
➢ Wireless: Supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for wireless connections.
➢ Cross-Platform: Connects with various devices and systems.
Programmability :
Programmability in computers refers to the ability to write and modify instructions to
perform specific tasks. Here are the key points:
➢ Customizable: Perform specific tasks as needed.
➢ Software Creation: Build applications through coding.
➢ Adaptable: Can be reprogrammed for new tasks.
➢ Automation: Automates processes and workflows.
➢ Problem Solving: Solves tasks through tailored code.
key components of a computer :
The key components of a computer are:
➢ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
➢ Memory (RAM)
➢ Storage (Hard Drive/SSD)
➢ Motherboard
➢ Power Supply Unit (PSU)
➢ Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse)
➢ Output Devices (Monitor, Printer)
➢ Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
➢ Cooling System
Central processing Unit (CPU) :
The central processing unit (CPU) is the main component of a computer that controls the flow of data and
instructions, and is responsible for the majority of a computer's computing tasks.

Components of computer:
➢ The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
➢ The control unit, this unit controls the operations of all parts of computer.
➢ The memory unit or registers, which store intermediate results of ALU.

key functions of a CPU :

➢ Fetch: Retrieve instructions from memory.
➢ Decode: Interpret the instructions.
➢ Execute: Perform the required operation.
➢ Control: Manage data flow between components.
➢ Store: Save results back to memory.
Types of Central processing Unit (CPU) :
There are several types of CPUs based on their design, functionality, and architecture.
Here are the primary types of CPUs:
➢ Single-Core CPU: One processing core, handles one task at a time.
➢ Multi-Core CPU: Multiple cores (e.g., dual-core, quad-core, octa-core), allows multitasking and
parallel processing.
➢ x86 (CISC): Complex Instruction Set Computing, used in most personal computers (Intel Core, AMD
Ryzen).
➢ ARM (RISC): Power-efficient, used in mobile devices (Apple A-series, Qualcomm Snapdragon).
➢ RISC-V: Open-source CPU architecture, growing in popularity.
➢ Server CPUs: High-performance processors for servers and data centers (Intel Xeon, AMD EPYC).
➢ Embedded CPUs: Specialized processors for embedded systems (e.g., ARM Cortex, Intel Atom).
➢ GPU: Graphics Processor Unit, handles parallel processing for graphics and compute tasks (Intel
Iris, NVIDIA GeForce).
Memory :
Memory refers to the components, devices, and systems used to store data temporarily or
permanently in a computer.
Computer memory storage capacity is measured in Bytes, Kilobytes(KB), Megabytes(MB), Gigabytes(GB), and Terabytes(TB).
Types of Memory:
➢ RAM(Volatile)
➢ ROM(Non-volatile)
RAM( which stands for random access memory) :
• RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files you are working on.
• Used for active programs and data.
ROM( which stands for read –only memory) :
• ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer.
• Stores the computer's BIOS (Basic Input /output System).
Storage (HDD/SSD)
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
➢ Description: Traditional storage with spinning disks (platters) and mechanical parts.
➢ Advantages:
• Larger capacity at lower cost.
• Cheaper per GB.
➢ Disadvantages:
• Slower speeds.
• Prone to damage from shocks.
➢ Use Cases: Large data storage (e.g., backups, archives).

SSD (Solid-State Drive)

➢ Description: Flash-based storage with no moving parts.
➢ Advantages:
• Much faster speeds.
• More durable and energy-efficient.
➢ Disadvantages:
• More expensive per GB.
• Smaller capacities for the price.
➢ Use Cases: Fast access storage (e.g., operating systems, gaming, high-performance apps).
Key Differences Between HDD and SSD:
(CPU) Components
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical
operations.
The control unit, this unit controls the operations of all parts of computer.
The memory unit or registers, which store intermediate results of ALU.
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects and allows communication
between all the hardware components, such as the CPU, memory, storage, and peripherals.
Key Functions of the Motherboard:
➢ Central Hub: Connects and facilitates communication between all components.
➢ Power Distribution: Distributes power from the PSU to components.
➢ Data Transfer: Enables data transfer via buses (e.g., PCIe, SATA).
Components on the Motherboard:
➢ CPU Socket: Where the processor is installed.
➢ Memory Slots: For inserting RAM.
➢ Storage Connectors: For HDD/SSD connections (SATA, M.2).
➢ Expansion Slots: For additional cards (GPU, sound, network).
➢ Chipset: Manages communication between CPU, RAM, and components.
➢ Power Connectors: Connects to PSU for power.
➢ I/O Ports: For connecting peripherals (USB, HDMI, Ethernet, audio).
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
The PSU is a hardware component that converts electrical power from an outlet into the correct voltage
and current needed to power the computer's internal components.
Main Function:
• Power Conversion: Converts AC (alternating current) from the wall outlet into DC (direct current)
used by the computer’s components.
Use Cases:
•Essential for powering desktops, workstations, gaming PCs, and servers.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
The GPU, also known as the video card or graphics card, is a specialized processor designed to render
and process images, videos, and animations on the computer.
Functions of GPU:
➢ Graphics Rendering: Renders visuals, including 2D/3D graphics, video playback, and UI elements on
the monitor.
➢ Parallel Processing: Handles multiple calculations simultaneously, ideal for tasks like gaming, video
editing, and AI.
Components:
➢ GPU Core (Processor): The main chip that performs calculations for rendering images.
➢ VRAM (Video RAM): Dedicated memory used to store image data, textures, and frame buffers.
➢ Cooling System: Fans or heat sinks to keep the GPU cool during intense workloads.
Input Devices:
Input devices are hardware peripherals used to interact with a computer by sending data or commands
from the user to the computer.
Main Function:
➢ Input devices allow users to enter data or control signals into a computer for processing and output.
Common Types of Input Devices:
➢ Keyboard: Used for typing text and entering commands.
➢ Mouse: A pointing device to interact with the GUI via cursor movement and clicks.
➢ Touchscreen: A display that responds to touch for direct interaction.
➢ Scanner: Converts physical documents/images into digital form.
➢ Microphone: Captures audio for recording or voice commands.
➢ Webcam: A video camera for capturing live video or images.
➢ Trackpad/Touchpad: A touch-sensitive surface to control the cursor (common in laptops).
➢ Game Controller: Used for playing video games with buttons, joysticks, and triggers.
➢ Graphics Tablet: Used for drawing and digital art with a stylus.
Output Devices:
Output devices are hardware peripherals that allow a computer to communicate information to the
user by converting digital data into a readable or perceivable form (e.g., visual, auditory, or physical).
Main Function:
• Output devices display, print, or project information processed by the computer, allowing users to
receive feedback or results.
Common Types of Output Devices:
• Monitor: Displays text, images, videos, and GUIs; includes types like LCD, LED, OLED, and
touchscreen.
• Printer: Converts digital documents into physical copies (Inkjet, Laser, Dot Matrix).
• Speakers: Convert digital audio signals into sound; includes desktop speakers, surround systems, and
headphones.
• Projector: Displays video/images on a larger surface; used in presentations and home theaters.
• Headphones: Personal audio output device for sound transmission directly to the ears.
• Plotter: Used for printing large-scale designs and images, common in engineering and design.
Cooling compounds :
A cooling system in a computer is designed to dissipate heat generated by internal components (like
the CPU, GPU, and power supply) to maintain optimal operating temperatures and prevent
overheating.
Types of Cooling Systems:
• Air Cooling:
• Fans: Common and affordable, used to blow air over components like the CPU, GPU, and case
to remove heat.
• Heat Sinks: Metal (usually aluminum or copper) structures attached to components,
dissipating heat into the surrounding air. Often paired with fans for enhanced performance.
• Liquid Cooling:
• Closed-loop (AIO) Systems: A pre-assembled liquid cooling solution with a pump, radiator,
and coolant that circulates to absorb and dissipate heat. More efficient than air cooling,
especially for high-performance systems.
• Custom Water Cooling: A more advanced, customizable liquid cooling system using water
blocks, tubing, and radiators, offering superior cooling but requiring maintenance.
Thank you