Example 11.8. The cylinder head of a steam engine is subjected to a steam pressure of 0.7 Nimm:. It's held in position by means of 12 bolts. soft copper gasket i used 10 make the joint leak-proof. The effective diameter of eylinder is 300 mm. Find the size ofthe bolts so that the stress inthe bolts is not to exceed 100 MPa. Solution. Given: p= 0.7 Nimm?; n= 12 ; D= 300 mm ; 6, = 100 MPa= 100 Nim? ‘We know that the total force (ar the external load) acting on the cylinder head i.e. on 12 bolts, Foy p=% G07 0.7 = 49 490 N External load on the cylinder head per bolt, 9.490 /12= 4124 N ‘ominal diameter ofthe bolt, and “ore diameter ofthe bolt. ‘We know that inital tension due to tightening of bol, Let a 4. (ovhere dis in mm) P, = 2840 dN From Table 11.2, we find that for soft copper gasket with long through bolts, the minirmam value of K=0.5 Resuliant axial load onthe bolt, P =P, +K.Py= 2840 d+ 0.5 « 4124 = (2840 d + 2062) N We know that load on the bolt (P). 2840 d-+ 2062 = F(a.) 0, = 7 (O84d)* 100 = 58.4? (Taking d,= 0.84 a) 55.4 d? ~2840d ~206: or d?~313d-372 =0 13 G13 + 4x372 aed XI72 _S13#827 6s ay 2 2 (Taking + ve sign) ‘Thus, we shall use a bolt of size M 52. Ans. Example 11.9. A steam engine of effective diameter 300 mm is subjected to a steam pressure of 1.5 Nénm?. The evlinder head is connected by 8 bolts having yield point 330 MPa and endurance limit at 240 MPa, The bolts are tightened with an intial preload of 1.5 times the steam load. A soft copper gasket is used to make the joint leak-proof. Assuming a factor of safety 2, find the size of bolt required. The stiffness factor for copper gasket may be taken as 0.. :D = 300 mm ; p = 15 Nimm? ; n 40 Nim; P) = 1.5 Py; FS.=2;K=05 ‘We know that steam load acting on the cylinder head, 130 MPa = 330 Nimm?, P, = 2 (0) p= G00)? 1.5 = 106 040 N Initial pre-load, P, = 1.5 P,=1.5 « 106 040= 159 060 N ‘We know that the resultant load (or the maximum load) on the eylinder head, Pras = Py + K.P y= 159 060 + 0,5 * 106 040 = 212 080 NThis load is shared by 8 bolts, therefore maximum load on cach bolt, Progr = 212 080 / 8 = 26 SION and minimum load on each bolt, Prin = Py (m= 159 060/8 = 19 882 N We know that mean or average load on the bolt, P,= Fea ¥ Thuy - 265105 1S? 3 196 N and the variable load on the bolt, p, ~ Fax ~ Frm _ 26 510 - 19 882 _ 314 . 2 Let d, = Core diameter of the bolt in mm, .. Stress area of the bolt, A,= Fay = 0.7854 (d.)? mm? We know that mean or average stress on the bolt, g, ~ Pee 23196 _ 29934 ™ A 0.7884(d,% (dy? and variable stress on the bolt, and variable stress on the bolt, Nimm? 3314 A, 0.1854 (4. (aF According to *Soderberg’s formula, the Variable stress, 29534) yg _ 21480 (dF 330, ay 4220 | 25700 _ 459 ay - or d= 146mm From Table 11.1 (coarse series), the standard core diameter is d, = 14.933 mm and the corresponding size of the bolt is MIS. Ans.11.17 Design of a Nut ‘When a bolt and nut is made of mild steel, then the effective height of nut is made equal to the nominal diameter of the bolt. Ithe nut is made of weaker material than the bolt, then the height of mut should be larger, such as 1.5 d for gun metal, 2d for cast iton and 2.5 ¢ for aluminium alloys (where dis the nominal diameter of the bolt) In case east iron or aluminium nut is used, then V-threads are permissible only for permanent fastenings, because threads in these materials are damaged due to repeated screwing and unscrewing. When these materials are to be used for parts frequently removed. and fastened, a screw in steel bushing for castiton and cast-in-bronze ot monel metal insert should be used for aluminium and should be drilled and tapped in place, 11.18 Bolted Joints under Eccentric Loading ‘There are many applications of the bolted joints which are subjected to eccentric loading such a a wall bracket, pillar crane, ete. The eccentric load may be 1, Parallel to the axis of the bolts, 2. Perpendicular to the axis of the bolts, and 3. Inthe plane containing the bolts ‘We shall now discuss the above cases, in detail, in the following articles. 11.19 Eccentric Load Acting Paralllel to the Axis of Bolts Consider a bracket having a rectangular base bolted to a wall by means of four bolts as shown in Fig, 11.31. A little consideration will show that each bolt is subjected to a direct tensile load of ¥ WW,, = “7+ where is the number of bots. A A ¢ a4 Fig. 11.31. Eecentric load acting parallel to the axis of bolts. Further the load W tends to rotate the bracket about the edge 4-4. Due to this, each bolt is, stretched by an amount that depends upon its distance from the tilting edge. Since the stress is a function of *elongation, therefore each bolt will experience a different load which also depends upon the distance from the tilting edge. For convenience, all the bolts are made of same size. In case the flange is heavy, it may be considered asa rigid body. Let w be the load in a bolt per unit distance due to the turning effect of the bracket and let I, and W, be the loads on each of the bolts at distances L, and L, from the tilting edge.++ Load on each bolt at distance L,, W, = wl, and moment of this load about the tilting edge = wil, *L,= wy? Similarly, load on each bolt at distance L, Wy = wily and moment ofthis load about the tiling edge = wily * Ly=w Ly? + ‘Total moment of the load on the bolts about the tilting edge = 2w (L,)? +20 (Ly? of) (There are two bots each at distance of y and 3) Also the moment due to load 1 about te tiking edge WL Adi) From equations (i) and (if), we have we KL = 2w (L,Y + 2w or u - oli, WL = 2w (L,? + 2W(L,P 2y + (hy) It may be noted that the most heavily loaded bolts are those which are situated at the greatest distance from the tiling edge. Inthe ease discussed above, the bolts t distance Z, are heavily loaded «, Tensile load on each bolt at distance L,, Wl ow ewt,<— ee + [From equation (i) Ma Wee who 2Ly + Uy] and the total tensile load on the most heavily loaded bolt, Wo WW If-d_ is the core diameter of the bolt and o, is the tensile stress for the bolt material, then total tensile load, wiv) Ros W,= 7 (Po, ©) From equations (iv) and (v), the value of d, may be obtainedExample 11.12. bracket, as shown in Fig. 11.31, supports a load of 30 kN. Determine the size of bolts ifthe maximum allowable tensile stress in the bolt material is 60 MPa. The distances are = 500mm, 10 MPa = 60 Nimm?; £, = 80 mm ; £, 1, = 80mm, L, = 250 mm, and Solution, Given : 1V = 30 kN; 6, 1 = 500mm ‘We know that the direct tensile load carried by each bolt, Ww _30 yg A TSIN and load in a bolt per unit distance, we 30% 500 "2[L)P + Gy] 2 (180) + 280") Since the heavily loaded bots ata distance of L mim from the tilting edge, therefore load on the heavily loaded bolt, Wey = wLy = 0.109 * 250 = 27.25 kN + Maximum tensile load on the heavily loaded bolt, W, = Wy, + Wy= 7.5 + 27.25 = 34.75 kN = 34 750 N Let d, = Core diameter of the bolts. We know that the maximum tensile load on the bolt (V,), 34 750 = 3 dy 6, = ; (d,)° 60 = 47 (d.y° or @, =27.2mm From Table 11.1 (coarse series), we find that the standard core diameter of the bolt is 28.706 mm and the corresponding size of the bolt is M 33. Ans. 0.109 kN/mom, 11.20 Eccentric Load Acting Perpendicular to the Axis of Bolts A wall bracket carrying an eccentric load perpendicular to the axis of the bolts is shown in Fig. 1134 | Fig, 11.34, Eccentric load perpendicular tothe axis of bolts.In this case, the bolts are subjected to direct shearing load which is equally shared by all the bolts. Therefore direct shear load on each bolts, W, = Win, where n is number of bolts, A little consideration will show that the eccentric load wil try to tlt the bracket in the elock- wise direction about the edge 4-4. As discussed earlier, the bolts will be subjected to tensile stress due to the turning moment. The maximum tensile load on a heavily loaded bolt (WV,) may be obtained in the similar manner as discussed in the previous article. In this ease, bolts 3 and 4 are heavily loaded. :. Maximum tensile load on bolt 3 or 4, W, = W,-—he - 2[(LyY +P] When the bolts are subjected to shear as well as tensile loads, then the equivalent loads may be determined by the following relations Equivalent tensile load, W, dln, + ony +4mny | w= 3 fone +a0ry | Knowing the value of equivalent loads, the size of the bolt may be determined for the given allowable stresses, and equivalent shear load, Example 11.14. For supporting the travelling crane in a workshop, the brackets are fived on steel columns as shown in Fig. 11.33. The maximum toad that comes on the bracket ts 12 &N acting Vertically at a distance of 400 mm from the face of the column. The vertical face of the bracket is Secured to @ column by four bolts, in fwo rows (fo bt each row) at et distance of 30 mm from the lower edge of the bracket. Determine the 1400 mm size of the bolts if the permissible value of the tensile stress for the L holt material ie 84 MPa Alva find the erose-cection of the arm of the bracket which Is rectangular 12kN Solution. Given : W=12KN=12*10°N;£= 400mm; 375mm 2, = $0. mm ; £, "375 mmo, = 84 MPa 84 Nimm? n= 4 att ‘We know that direct shear load on each bolt, soma LI wiz . w= eB aan Fig. 1138 theron th bls wl be tec vote oul ds tounge The maxima fol “We know that maximum tensile load carried by bolts 3 and 4, Waly __12« 400375 © 2MGY +(aY] 2 (80) + B75)"] ‘Since the bolts are subjected to shear load as well as tensile load, therefore equivalent tensile load, 1 7 a 2 = w= 4[, + fony +407, 6.29 + 6297 + 4x3" Jew SL, + ony y]-4f (6.29) ] (6.29 + 8.69) = 7.49 KN =7490N = 6.29 kNSize of the bolt Let Core diameter of the bolt We know that the equivalent tensile load (W,), X (d,) 84 = 66 (dP 7490 = Fo, 4 (dP = 7490/66= 1135 or d= 10.65 mm From Table 11.1 (coarse series), the standard core diameter is 11.546 mm and the corresponding size of the bolt is M 14. Ans. Cross-section of the arm of the bracket Let and b = Thickness and depth of arm of the bracket respe © Section modulus, alae 6 Assume thatthe arm of the bracket exten upto te face of the steel column. This assumption gives stronger section forthe arm ofthe bracket .. Maximum bending moment onthe bracket, M= 12 10° 400=4.8 108 Nemm Weknow that the bending (tensile) stress (6), x10° x gia ME ASaI 6 _ 2880 Zw ts . 16? = 288% 108/84=343 10" or = 343% 108/82 Assuming depth of arm ofthe bracket, = 250 mm, we have = 343 « 105/(250)°=5.5 mm Ans. 11.21 Eccentric Load on a Bracket with Circular Base Sometimes the base of a bracket is made circular as in ease of a flanged bearing of a heavy ‘machine tool and pillar crane ete. Consider a round flange bearing of a machine tool having four bolts as shown in Fig. 11.40. i. W Ad, @ o Fig. 1.40. Eccentric load on a bracket with cireular base.Let R = Radius of the column flange, r= Radius of the bolt pitch circle, w = Load per bolt per unit distance from the tilting edge. L = Distance of the load from the tilting edge, and 1. Ly, Ly and L, = Distance of bolt centres from the tilting edge 4 |As discussed in the previous article, equating the external moment IV’ * L to the sum of the resisting moments of all the bolts, we have, WL = w((LP + (LP + (LP + (LP) Wa 0 GY +Y + bY + Lay" ‘Now from the geometry of the Fig. 11.40 (b), we find that 1, = R-reos Ly=Rersing L,=R+reosa and L,=R=rsina ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), we get 4R 42 Load in the bolt situated at | aR +27? 4 RP +20? This load will be maximum when cos ois minimum i.e. when cos «=~ 1 or a= 180°. + Maximum load in a bolt In general, if there are m number of bolts, then load in a bolt 2W.L (Rr cos a) nQR +r) anv maximum load ina bolt 2 (R+r) 0, Fig tut The above relation is used when the direction ofthe load IV changes with relation tothe bolts as in the case of pillar erane. But if the direction of load is fixed, then the maximum load on the bolts. may be reduced by locating the bolts in such a way that two of them are equally stressed as 8 Fig. 111. In such a case, maximum load is given by 180) an ere n WR+r W, Knowing the value of maximum load, we can determine the size of the bolt, Note : Generally, wo dowel pins as shown in Fig. 1141 are used 1 take up the shear load. Thus the bolts are relieved of shear stress and the bolts are desianed for tensile load onl:Example 11.17. The base of a pillar crane is fastened to the foundation (a level plane) by eight bolts spaced equally on a bolt circle of diameter 1.6 m. The diameter of the pillar base is 2 m. Determine the size of bolts when the crane carries a load of 100 KN at a distance of 5 m from the centre of the base. The allowable stress for the bolt material is 100 MPa. The table for metric coarse threads is given below : ‘Major diameter (mm) 20 4 30 | 36 2 | Pitch (mm) 25 30 | 35 | 40 4s | 50 Stress area (mm?) 245, 353 s6l_|_8i7 u20 | 1472 8m; D=2m or R= Im; W= 100 kN Solution, Given: = 8 ; d= 1.6 m or r= = 100 10° N; e= 5 m;0,= 100 MPa = 100 N/mm? ‘The pillar erane is shown in Fig. 1142. ‘We know that the distance of the load from the thing edge 4. 5-l=4m Let ‘ore diameter of the bolts. ‘We know that maximum load on. bolt, 2WL(R+r) OR +r) = 21002610" x4 (1+ 0.8) et mall “82x? + 0.8)"] 1440 10% ~ 212 We also know that maximum load on a bolt (7). Tilting edge = 68.18 « 10° N 68.18 « 10° = 7 (dyPo,= 7 (d,)* 100 = 78.54 (dP ay = Gets 104 98.54= 868 or d,=29.5mm. From Table 11.1 (coarse series), we find that the standard core diameter of the bolt is 31.093 ‘mm and the corresponding size of the bolt is M 36. Ans.11.22 Eccentric Load Acting in the Plane Containing the Bolts When the eccentric load acts in the plane containing the bolts, as shown in Fig. 11.44, then the same procedure may be followed as discussed for eccentric loaded riveted joints. i ' sed oe} I ‘ Ww Fig. 11.44. Eccentric load in the plane containing the bolts.Example 11.20. Fig. 11.45 shows a solid forged bracket to carry a vertical load of 13.5 KN applied through the centre of hole. The square flange is secured to the flat side of a vertical stanchion through four bolis. Calculate suitable diameter D andd for the arms of the bracket, ifthe permissible stresses are 110 MPa in tension and 65 MPa in shear Estimate also the tensile load on each top bolt and the maximum shearing force on each bolt, Solution, Given : 17= 13.5 kN = 13 500.N; 6, = 110 MPa = 110 Nimm?; 7= 65 MPa = 65 Nimm? J 200 >| All dimensions in mm, All. dimensions in mm. Fig. 11.45 Fig. 11.46 Diameter D for the arm of the bracket ‘The section of the arm having D as the diameter is s twisting moment, We know that bending moment, -M = 13 500 x (30025) = 3712.5 * 10° N-mm bjected to bending moment as well as and twisting moment, 7 = 13 500 x 250 = 3375 * 10° N-mm +. Equivalent twisting moment, T= {M+ (3712.5 x 10°)? + (3375 x 10°)? N-emm = 5017 « 10° N-mm ‘We know that equivalent twisting moment (T,), © yk 3 xg) = SxtxD' =x 65x Dp) = S017 « 108 = Te i 12.76 s D} = 5017 « 10/ 12.76 = 393 * 108 or D = 73.24 say 75 mm Ans.Diameter (d) for the arm of the bracket The section of the arm having das the diameter is subjected to bending moment only. We know that bending moment, M= 13 00 (250 - 2868.8 « 108 N-mm rp zx = 2 2 0.0982 a ‘We know that bending (tensile) stress (6,), M _2868.8%10° _ 29.2108 and section modulus, Mos 0.0982 d? a : 4} = 29.2% 10"/110= 265510) or d= 64.3 say 65 mm Ans. Temsile load om each top bolt Due to the eccentric load FY, the bracket has a tendency to tlt about the edge F Fig, 11.46. Let 1w = Load on each bolt per mm distance from the tilting edge due to the tilting effect of the bracket. Since there are two bolts each at distance L, and L, as shown in Fig. 11.46, therefore total moment of the load on the bolts about the tilting edge E-E = 2 (Ly) Ly + Monks) Ly = 2w [LP +L] = 20 [(37.57° + (237.5)2] = 115 625 w Nem od) (> L, =375 mm and £,=237.5 mm) as shown in and turing moment ofthe load about te tting edge = WL = 13 500 * 300 = 4050 = 10° N-mm ii) From equations (i) and (ii), we have w = 4050 x 10°/ 115 625 = 35.03 Nimm. <. Tensile load on each top bolt = w.L, = 35.03 x 237.5 = 8320 N Ans. Maximum shearing force on each bolt We know that primary shear load on each bolt acting vertically downwards, Ww _ 13500 Wy pay = BSN {Cs No, of bolts, n= 4) Since all the bolts are at equal distances from the centre of gravity of the four bolts (G), therefore the secondary shear load on each bolt is same.Distance of each bolt from the centre of gravity (G) of the bolts, (100)? + 100)? = 141.4mm 200 1 yoy Wa Wo Wy Fig. 11.47 Secondary shear load on each bolt, Wel ___ 135002502114 gop GY FY +) sasiay Since the secondary shear load acts at right angles to the line joining the centre of gravity of the bolt group to the centre of the bolt as shown in Fig, 11,47, therefore the resultant of the primary and secondary shear load on each bolt gives the maximum shearing force on each bolt. From the geometry of the Fig. 11.47, we find that 0, = 8,= 135°, and 6. Maximum shearing force on the bolts 1 and 4 = LO? + WP + 2 Wy, x Wea & cos 135° (5967)? — 2x 3375 x 5967 x 0.7071 = 4303 N Ans. 5° and maximum shearing force on the bolts 2 and 3 = (OP + Ma +2 Hy x Ma x 008 45° = = 8687 N Ans. VG375)? + (5967)? + 2% 3375 x 5967 x 0.7071 ns