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11 views

RM1 Navia

Uploaded by

Nikolas WR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY

San Francisco Street, Butuan City 8600, Region XIII


Caraga, Philippines
Nursing Program

RESOURCE MANUAL

Activity : Topic Reporting


Topic : Rabies
Venue : Father Saturnino Urios University
Date : September 5, 2024
Audience : Group members and Supervising Clinical Instructor
Discussant : Nick Angelo G. Navia

CONTENT

Introduction

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of mammals, including humans.
It is caused by the rabies virus, which belongs to the Lyssavirus genus. Rabies is almost always
fatal once clinical symptoms appear, but it is preventable through vaccination and proper wound
care. The Philippines reports hundreds of human rabies cases and deaths each year. On average,
there are approximately 200-300 reported deaths annually due to rabies, with most cases
occurring in rural and underserved areas where access to medical care and post-exposure
prophylaxis (PEP) is limited. The majority of human rabies cases result from dog bites,
accounting for about 99% of transmissions. Cats and other animals contribute to a smaller
percentage of cases. Rabies cases are reported throughout the country, but certain regions, such
as the CALABARZON, Central Luzon, Bicol Region, and Western Visayas, tend to have higher
incidences of both human and animal rabies. Urban areas also report cases, but the problem is
more pronounced in rural and peri-urban settings where stray dog populations are higher, and
access to vaccination and PEP services may be limited.

Transmission of rabies

● Rabies is primarily transmitted through the saliva of infected animals via bites,
scratches, or open wounds. Common reservoirs include dogs, bats, rats, cats, and
other small mammals.
● Human-to-Human Transmission is Extremely rare but has been reported in cases of
organ transplants from infected donors. Rabies could theoretically be transmitted through
saliva if it comes into contact with open wounds, mucous membranes, or through deep
kissing if one of the individuals is symptomatic with rabies. However, no confirmed
cases of rabies transmission through these routes between humans have been reported.

Symptoms

● Incubation Period: Typically ranges from a few weeks to several months, depending on
factors like the location of the bite, viral load, and host immunity.
● Initial Symptoms: Include fever, headache, weakness, and discomfort at the bite site.
● Advanced Symptoms: As the virus progresses, neurological symptoms appear, such as
anxiety, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, hydrophobia (fear of water), and aerophobia
(fear of air).
● Fatal Outcome: Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal, leading to coma
and death within days.

Diagnosis

● Early symptoms of rabies are non-specific, making initial diagnosis challenging.


● Diagnostic Tests: Saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and skin biopsies from the neck are tested
for rabies virus antigens, antibodies, or genetic material. Post-mortem diagnosis is
confirmed through brain tissue examination.

Prevention and Control

● Vaccination: The primary method for preventing rabies is vaccination of domestic


animals (dogs, cats) and livestock. Human rabies vaccines are available for pre-exposure
prophylaxis (for high-risk individuals) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
● Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Consists of wound cleaning, rabies immunoglobulin
administration (if indicated), and a series of rabies vaccinations.
● Animal Control Programs: Include vaccination of pets, stray animal management, and
wildlife vaccination in certain areas.
● Public Education: Increasing awareness about rabies risks, symptoms, and the
importance of seeking immediate medical care after potential exposure.

Conclusion

Rabies is a preventable but deadly disease that requires coordinated efforts in vaccination,
education, and prompt medical intervention to reduce its impact. We should emphasize the
importance of vaccination, both for pets and at-risk individuals, and the need for immediate
medical care after any potential exposure to rabies.

References

● World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Rabies. World Health Organization.


https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
● Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Rabies: Transmission.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/index.html
● Department of Health (Philippines). (2022). Rabies Prevention and Control Program.
Department of Health. https://doh.gov.ph/national-rabies-prevention-and-control-program
● Global Alliance for Rabies Control. (2023). Rabies in the Philippines. Global Alliance
for Rabies Control. https://rabiesalliance.org/world/rabies-in/PH

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