International

Standard

ISO 16810
Non-destructive testing — Second edition
Ultrasonic testing — General 2024-10
principles
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par ultrasons — Principes
généraux

Reference number
ISO 16810:2024(en) © ISO 2024
 ISO 16810:2024(en)

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 ISO 16810:2024(en)

Contents Page

Foreword..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
3 Terms and definitions................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
4 Qualification and certification of test personnel........................................................................................................................... 2
5 Information required prior to testing....................................................................................................................................................... 2
6 Principles of ultrasonic testing (UT)........................................................................................................................................................... 2
6.1 General.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
6.2 Wave mode and direction of sound propagation................................................................................................................... 3
6.3 Through-transmission technique........................................................................................................................................................3
6.4 Pulse-echo technique......................................................................................................................................................................................3
7 Test equipment................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7.1 Instrument............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7.2 Probes........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7.2.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................3
7.2.2 Probe selection.................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
7.2.3 Frequency and dimensions of transducer.................................................................................................................4
7.2.4 Dead zone................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
7.2.5 Damping................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.2.6 Focusing probes................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
7.3 Coupling media..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
7.4 Standard blocks...................................................................................................................................................................................................5
7.5 Reference blocks................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
7.6 Specific test blocks............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
8 Settings....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
8.1 General.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
8.2 Range............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
8.3 Sensitivity................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
8.4 Pulse repetition frequency........................................................................................................................................................................7
9 Preparation for testing.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
9.1 Surface preparation.........................................................................................................................................................................................7
9.2 Identification and datum points........................................................................................................................................................... 7
9.3 Application of transfer correction......................................................................................................................................................7
10 Testing......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
10.1 Coverage of testing........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
10.2 Overlapping.............................................................................................................................................................................................................8
10.3 Scanning speed.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
10.4 Evaluation and recording levels............................................................................................................................................................ 8
10.4.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................8
10.4.2 Pulse-echo technique...................................................................................................................................................................8
10.4.3 Through-transmission technique..................................................................................................................................... 8
11 Characterization of discontinuities.............................................................................................................................................................. 9
11.1 Pulse-echo technique......................................................................................................................................................................................9
11.2 Through-transmission technique........................................................................................................................................................9
12 Test procedure.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
13 Test report............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11


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 ISO 16810:2024(en)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee
SC 3, Ultrasonic testing, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16810:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— normative references have been updated;
— Clause 3 Terms and definitions refers to ISO 5577 as a source of terms;
— editorial revisions and usage of terms has been harmonized.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.


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 ISO 16810:2024(en)

Introduction
The following International Standards are linked:
ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles
ISO 16811, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Sensitivity and range setting
ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Through-transmission technique
ISO 16826, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Testing for discontinuities perpendicular to the surface
ISO 16827, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization and sizing of discontinuities
ISO 16828, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Time-of-flight diffraction technique for detection
and sizing of discontinuities


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International Standard ISO 16810:2024(en)

Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General

principles

1 Scope
This document specifies the general principles for the ultrasonic testing of industrial products that permit
the transmission of ultrasound.
The specific conditions of application and use of ultrasonic testing, which depend on the type of product to
be tested, are described in documents which can include:
— product standards;
— specifications;
— codes;
— contractual documents;
— written procedures.
This document specifies the minimum applicable requirements, unless otherwise specified in the referencing
documents.
This document does not specify:
— extent of testing and scan plans;
— acceptance criteria.
This document describes only conventional probes, however, the general principles for ultrasonic testing
also apply to ultrasonic testing using array techniques. If array techniques are used, then additional steps or
verifications can be needed.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2400, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 1
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 7963, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 2
ISO 16811, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Sensitivity and range setting
ISO 22232-1, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment — Part
1: Instruments
ISO 22232-2, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment — Part
2: Probes


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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​

4 Qualification and certification of test personnel

a) Ultrasonic testing shall be performed by personnel qualified in accordance with ISO 9712.
b) The requirements for qualification and certification of test personnel shall be specified in the product
standards and/or other applicable documents.

5 Information required prior to testing

Prior to testing the following information shall be available, as applicable:
a) purpose of testing;
b) qualification and certification of test personnel;
c) environmental conditions and state of the test object;
d) requirement for a written test procedure;
e) any special requirements for preparation of scanning surfaces;
f) volume to be tested;
g) test sensitivity and method of setting-up sensitivity;
h) requirements for evaluation and recording level;
i) acceptance criteria;
j) extent of testing including scan plan;
k) requirement for a written test report.

6 Principles of ultrasonic testing (UT)

6.1 General
Ultrasonic testing is based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves through the test object and monitoring
either the transmitted signal (termed the through-transmission technique), or the signal reflected or
diffracted from any surface or discontinuity (termed the pulse-echo technique).
Both techniques can employ a single-transducer probe acting as both transmitter and receiver, or a dual-
(twin-)transducer probe, or separate transmitting and receiving probes.
Similarly, both techniques can involve intermediate reflection from one or more surfaces of the test object.
The testing can be performed manually or by the use of semi-automated or fully automated test equipment,
and can use contact, gap or immersion techniques, or other coupling techniques adapted to specific
applications.


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6.2 Wave mode and direction of sound propagation

The most commonly used wave types are longitudinal waves and transverse waves, and these can be
propagated either perpendicular or at an angle to the test surface. Other types of waves, e.g. Lamb waves or
Rayleigh waves, can also be used for special applications.
The choice of wave mode and direction of propagation will depend on the purpose of the test and should
take into account the specular nature of reflection from planar reflectors.

6.3 Through-transmission technique

This technique is based on measuring the attenuation of the signal after the passage of an ultrasonic wave
through the test object.
The signal used for measurement can be either:
a) a back-wall echo;
b) any other signal received either directly, or after intermediate reflection from the surfaces of the test object.
Further details of this testing technique are contained in ISO 16823.

6.4 Pulse-echo technique

This technique utilizes the reflected or diffracted signal from any interface of interest within the test object.
This signal is characterized by its amplitude and position along the time base; the latter related to the
distance between the reflector and the probe.
The location of the reflector is determined from the knowledge of its distance, the direction of sound
propagation, and the position of the probe.
It is recommended that the signal amplitude be measured by comparison with one of the following:
a) a distance-amplitude curve (DAC), or a series of curves, obtained by using artificial reflectors such as
side-drilled holes, flat-bottomed holes or notches within one or more reference blocks;
b) a distance-gain-size diagram (DGS diagram);
c) echoes from suitable notches; or
d) echoes from large planar reflectors perpendicular to the beam axis (e.g. back wall echo).
These techniques are described in ISO 16811.
In order to obtain further information about the shape and size of reflectors, other techniques may be used.
Such techniques are based on, e.g. variations in signal amplitude with movement of the probe, determination
of sound path or frequency analysis.

7 Test equipment

7.1 Instrument
The ultrasonic instrument shall fulfil the requirements of ISO 22232-1.

7.2 Probes

7.2.1 General

The probe(s) shall initially fulfil the requirements of ISO 22232-2.


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7.2.2 Probe selection

The choice of the probe depends on the purpose of the testing and the requirements of the referencing
standard or specification. It depends on:
— the material thickness, shape and surface condition of the test object;
— the type and metallurgical condition of the material to be tested;
— the type, position and orientation of discontinuities to be detected and assessed.
The probe parameters listed in 7.2.3, 7.2.4 and 7.2.5 shall be considered in relation to the characteristics of
the test object stated above.

7.2.3 Frequency and dimensions of transducer

The frequency and dimensions of a transducer determine the shape of the sound beam (near field and beam
divergence).
a) The selection shall assure that the characteristics of the beam are the optimum for the testing by a
compromise between the following:
1) the near-field length which shall remain, whenever possible, smaller than the thickness of the
test object.
NOTE It is possible to detect discontinuities in the near field, but their characterization is less accurate and
less reproducible than in the far field.

2) the beam width, which shall be sufficiently small within the test volume furthest from the probe to
maintain an adequate detection level;
3) the beam divergence, which shall be sufficiently large to detect planar discontinuities that are
unfavourably orientated.
b) Apart from the above considerations the selection of frequency shall take into account the sound
attenuation in the material and the reflectivity of discontinuities.
The higher the frequency, the greater the axial resolution, but the sound waves are more attenuated (or the
spurious signals due to the structure of the material are greater) than with lower frequencies.
The choice of frequency thus also represents a compromise between these two factors.
Most ultrasonic tests are performed at frequencies between 1 MHz and 10 MHz.

7.2.4 Dead zone

The choice of the probe shall take into account the dead zone in relation to the test volume.

7.2.5 Damping

The probe selection shall also include consideration of the damping which influences the axial resolution as
well as the frequency spectrum.

7.2.6 Focusing probes

Focusing probes are mainly used for the detection of small discontinuities and for the sizing of reflectors.
Their advantages in relation to non-focused single-transducer probes are an increased lateral resolution
and a higher signal-to-noise ratio than with non-focussing probes.
a) Their sound beams shall be described by the focal zones (focal distance, length of the focal zone and
width of the focal zone).


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b) The sensitivity setting shall be carried out by using reference reflectors.

7.3 Coupling media

a) Different coupling media can be used, but their type shall be compatible with the materials to be tested.
Examples are:
— water, possibly containing an agent, e.g. wetting, anti-freeze, corrosion inhibitor;
— contact paste;
— oil;
— grease;
— cellulosic paste containing water.
b) The characteristics of the coupling medium shall remain constant throughout the verification, the
setting operations and the testing.
c) If the constancy of the characteristics cannot be guaranteed between setting and testing, a transfer
correction may be applied.
One method for determining the necessary correction is described in ISO 16811.
d) The coupling medium shall be suitable for the temperature range in which it will be used.
e) After testing is completed, the coupling medium shall be removed if its presence will adversely affect
subsequent operations or use of the test object.

7.4 Standard blocks

The blocks which shall be used are specified in ISO 2400 and ISO 7963.
NOTE The term “calibration block” is intended to be replaced by “standard block” in future revisions of ISO 2400,
ISO 7963 and ISO 16946.

The stability of test equipment and setting can be verified by using the blocks specified in ISO 2400 and
ISO 7963.

7.5 Reference blocks

a) When amplitudes of echoes from the test object are compared with echoes from a reference block,
certain requirements relating to the material, surface condition, geometry and temperature of the block
shall be observed.
b) Where possible, the reference blocks shall be made from a material with acoustic properties which are
within a specified range with respect to the material to be tested and shall have a surface condition
comparable to that of the test object.
c) If these characteristics are not the same, a transfer correction shall be applied.
The corresponding method for determining the necessary correction is described in ISO 16811.
d) The geometrical conditions of the reference blocks and the test object shall be considered according to
ISO 16811.
e) The geometry of the reference blocks, its dimensions, and the position of any reflectors, shall be
indicated on a case by case basis in the specific standards and specifications.
f) The position and number of reflectors shall relate to the scanning of the entire test volume.


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g) The most commonly used reflectors are:

1) large planar reflectors, compared to the beam width, perpendicular to the beam axis (e.g. back wall);
2) flat-bottomed holes;
3) side-drilled holes;
4) grooves or notches of various cross sections
h) When reference blocks are submerged, e. g. for immersion testing, the influence of water in the holes
shall be considered or the ends of the holes shall be plugged.
i) The consequences of temperature differences between test object, probes, and reference blocks shall be
considered.
j) If necessary, the reference blocks shall be maintained within the specified temperature range during
the testing.

7.6 Specific test blocks

In certain cases, specific blocks, e.g. with identified natural discontinuities, can be used to optimise the test
technique and to check the stability of the test sensitivity.

8 Settings

8.1 General
a) In the absence of specified instructions in the standards or detailed specifications, it is essential to
ensure that:
1) suppression of signals shall not be used unless specified in the referencing documents;
2) the amplifier shall be used in an appropriate frequency band;
3) filtering shall be set to give optimum resolution;
4) the impedance matching of the test system shall be adjusted, if necessary, to obtain the maximum
echo height while preserving resolution;
5) the pulse energy setting shall be as low as possible taking the amplification reserve into
consideration.
b) These settings shall be maintained throughout the whole testing.
c) The settings shall be made at the start of each test sequence and then checked periodically at established
time intervals and whenever a system parameter is changed or the operator suspects a drift.
d) An allowable maximum drift of amplitude and range shall be specified.
If these maxima are exceeded new settings are required or agreed actions shall be taken.

8.2 Range
a) Each range shall be selected to cover the test volume defined in the relevant standard, procedure or
detailed specification.
b) The time base and delay settings shall be made using a standard block or by calculation.
c) They shall be verified by ultrasonically checking the location of the reflectors in the reference block.


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8.3 Sensitivity
a) The gain and pulse energy settings shall be made using the echoes from artificial reflectors, or from the
opposite surface of the reference block or the test object.
They shall be adequate to:
1) detect all the indications of discontinuities from which the signal exceeds the recording level or
other signals of interest defined in the referencing documents;
2) evaluate all the discontinuity indications, or other signals of interest, by one of the methods
described in the relevant document or by any other method described in detail in specifications
associated with the test object.
b) The sensitivity settings can be different during the tests for detection, and during the tests for evaluation
of discontinuities.
c) For the detection of discontinuities by manual testing, the setting shall be such that all signals above
the evaluation level, up to the maximum range to be tested, are displayed at a minimum of 20 % of full
screen height or as specified in the reference documents.
Methods of sensitivity setting are described in ISO 16811.

8.4 Pulse repetition frequency

The pulse repetition frequency shall be sufficiently high to detect all relevant signals (see also 10.3), whilst
being sufficiently low to avoid the production of ghost echoes when working on long path lengths, particular
in materials with low sound attenuation.

9 Preparation for testing

9.1 Surface preparation

a) All scanning surfaces shall be free from dirt, loose scale, weld spatter, and shall be of sufficiently uniform
contour and smoothness that satisfactory acoustic coupling can be maintained.
b) In addition, such features of the surface of the test object that may give rise to errors of interpretation
shall be removed prior to the test.

9.2 Identification and datum points

Where the reporting of discontinuities or other local features is a requirement of the referencing
document(s), each test object shall be uniquely identified, and an agreed method of referencing shall be used
to clearly locate the position of any reportable discontinuity.
This method can be based on the provision of suitably permanent datum points or on the use of suitable
geometrical features.

9.3 Application of transfer correction

a) During the evaluation of signals by means of reference blocks, these blocks shall show an ultrasonic
sound attenuation, and losses at interfaces, equivalent to that of the test object.
b) If not, a transfer correction shall be applied to compensate for differences in the losses at interfaces and
caused by sound attenuation.
Simple methods are proposed in ISO 16811.


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 ISO 16810:2024(en)

c) For certain test objects, e.g. objects of complex shape, coated objects, austenitic steel objects, it can be
difficult, or even impossible, to develop an industrial method of verification of equivalence.
If so, a specific procedure shall be implemented.
d) For the testing of specific products of relatively low thickness, or whose attenuation is known to be
negligible, transfer correction is possibly not necessary.

10 Testing

10.1 Coverage of testing

a) Scanning shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the referencing document(s).
b) These requirements shall include the area to be scanned and the scanning direction(s), and can include
the type, size, frequency and beam angle of the probe(s) to be used.

10.2 Overlapping
For a 100 % test, the interval between two successive scan lines shall not be greater than the −6 dB beam
width at any depth within the test volume.

10.3 Scanning speed

a) The choice of scanning speed shall take into consideration the pulse repetition frequency and the ability
of the operator to recognize or of the instrument to record signals.
b) In semi-automated or automated testing, the maximum scanning speed (Vmax, in mm/s) is determined
by the passage of a reference block beneath the probe, or it shall be calculated using Formula (1):
d · f rep
Vmax = (1)
n
where:

d is the minimum beam width at −6 dB, in millimetres as applicable for the test;
frep is the pulse repetition frequency in Hz;

n is the number of consecutive signals of an indication before alarm.

10.4 Evaluation and recording levels

10.4.1 General

a) The evaluation and recording levels shall be specified in relevant documents.

b) When these levels are not specified, the values applied during the testing shall be included in the test report.

10.4.2 Pulse-echo technique

If the amplitude of an echo exceeds the evaluation level, the signal shall be evaluated against the acceptance
criteria.

10.4.3 Through-transmission technique

If the amplitude of the received signal is below the evaluation level, the signal shall be evaluated against the
acceptance criteria.


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11 Characterization of discontinuities

11.1 Pulse-echo technique

The discontinuities can be characterized by at least:
a) their location in the test object (e.g. x-, y- and z-coordinates);
b) their reflectivity determined by measuring the maximum amplitude of the echo by one of the methods
described in ISO 16811.
Supplementary characteristics can also be determined, such as:
c) orientation;
d) size, determined by the 6 dB drop technique, or other probe movement techniques;
e) planar or non-planar characteristic.

11.2 Through-transmission technique

The discontinuities can be characterized by at least:
a) their position in the test object (e.g. x- and y-coordinates);
b) the maximum reduction of the received signal.
Supplementary characteristics can also be determined such as the extent of the area with reduced signals.

12 Test procedure
a) For any ultrasonic testing, a test procedure shall be established.
b) In addition to the requirements stated in this document, at least the following details shall be included,
as applicable:
1) description of the objects to be tested;
2) reference documents;
3) qualification of test personnel;
4) state of the test object;
5) test volume;
6) preparation of scanning surfaces;
7) coupling medium;
8) description of test equipment;
9) environmental conditions;
10) settings;
11) scan plan;
12) description and sequence of testing;
13) evaluation and recording levels;
14) characterization of discontinuities;


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 ISO 16810:2024(en)

15) acceptance criteria;

16) test report.
c) A product standard, or a standard describing a specific technique, can serve as a test procedure if it is
self-sufficient with respect to the test.
d) If referencing documents require a written test procedure, it shall include at least the information listed
in Clause 12, a) to c).

13 Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) the International standard used, i.e. ISO 16810:2024;
b) identification of the manufacturer, and/or the order;
c) complete identification of the tested object;
d) place of testing;
e) state of tested object(s);
f) identification of the test equipment used;
g) reference to contractual documents (e.g. standards, specifications);
h) reference to the test procedure;
i) any deviation from the procedure;
j) date of the testing;
k) results of testing and evaluation;
l) name, qualification and dated signature of the operator or any other responsible person for the testing.


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Bibliography

[1] ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Through-transmission technique

[2] ISO 18563-1, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 1: Instruments
[3] ISO 18563-2, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 2: Probes
[4] ISO 18563-3, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased array
equipment — Part 3: Complete systems
[5] ISO 22232-3, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment
— Part 3: Combined equipment
[6] ISO 23243, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing with arrays — Vocabulary
[7] ISO 16946Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for a step wedge standard block


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