ISC MATHEMATICS PROJECT

SECTION A

Submitted by

B.Dhanyaprema Sree
GRADE 11-COMMERCE
UNIQUE ID -
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report is a bonafide work of

B. Dhanyaprema Sree (Unique ID- )

In ISC Mathematics for the academic year 2024-25.

Teacher in Charge Principal

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Math teacher, Mr. Prem

Kumar , for providing their constant guidance and encouragement in completing
this project.

I would like to extend my special gratitude to my parents for being so

supportive and helping me to Collect data, without which this could not have been
possible.

B. Dhanyaprema Sree
 Topic

Identify distinction between a relation and a function with suitable

examples and illustrate graphically.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. What is a Relation? 1

2. What is a Function? 2

3. Distinction between relation and function 3

4. Examples of relation and functions 5

5. Graph of a relation 7

6. Graph of a function 8

7. Conclusion 9

8. Bibliography 10
What is a relation ?
Relation in Mathematics is defined as the relationship between two sets. If

we are given two sets set A and set B and set A has a relation with set B

then each value of set A is related to a value of set B through some unique

relation. Here, set A is called the domain of the relation, and set B is called

the range of the relation.

For example if we are given two sets, Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Set B = {1, 4, 9,

16} then the ordered pair {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)} represents the relation

defined as, R, A: → B {(x, y): y = x2: y ϵ B, x ϵ A}.

What is a function ?
Function is a special type of relation in which the two entities are exclusively

related to each other only. A relation from set A to set B is defined as a

function if all the elements of set A are related to at least one element of B

and no two elements of B are related to a single element of A.

A function is represented as

f:X→Y

f:A→B Indicates that f is a function from set X (domain) to set Y (codomain).

Distinction between relation and function :

Relation Function

A relation is a set of ordered A function is a special type of

pairs, where each pair consists of relation where each input value

two elements, establishing a (domain) is associated with

relationship between them. exactly one output value (range).

A single input can be related to Each input is associated with only

multiple outputs. one output.

The relationship between

Every input has a precisely
elements doesn't guarantee a
defined output.
unique output for each input.
Represented as a set of ordered Represented as a mapping from

pairs. domain to range.

Denoted as f: A → B, where f is
Often denoted as R, where R ⊆
the function, A is the domain, and
A × B, with A and B being sets
B is the range.

If R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}, it If f(x) = x2, it represents a

represents a relation between function where each input x is

elements where each element is associated with its square as the

related to the next one. output.

A relation is a broader concept

Functions are a specific type of
that includes functions as a
relation with stricter rules

regarding output associations.

special case.
Examples on Relation and Function
Question 1: Given the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and set B = {a, b, c}, define a relation
from set A to set B where each element of set A is related to each element of set B.

Solution:

To define a relation from set A to set B, we can create a relation where each
element of set A is related to each element of set B. This is essentially a Cartesian
product of A and B. So, the relation R can be defined as follows:

R = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a), (2, b), (2, c), (3, a), (3, b), (3, c), (4, a), (4, b), (4,
c)}

Question 2: Let f: ℝ → ℝ be defined as f(x) = x^2 + 1. Determine whether the

function f is injective, surjective, or bijective.

Solution:

To determine if f is injective, we need to check if every element in the co-domain

has at most one pre-image. To check if f is surjective, we need to verify if every
element in the co-domain has at least one pre-image. Finally, if f is both injective
and surjective, it's bijective.

1.Injective (One-to-One): Assume f(x₁) = f(x₂) for some x₁, x₂ in the domain. f(x₁)
= x₁² + 1 and f(x₂) = x₂² + 1. If x₁ ≠ x₂, then f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂), as squaring a real number
always results in a non-negative value and adding 1 makes it strictly greater. So, f
is not injective.

2. Surjective (Onto): To check if f is surjective, we need to verify if for every

y in the co-domain, there exists an x in the domain such that f(x) = y. Let's
take y = 0. Solving x² + 1 = 0 does not yield any real solutions. Hence, f is
 not surjective.

Question 3: Given the set A = {1, 2, 3} and set B = {x, y, z}, define a relation from
set A to set B where each element of set A is related to exactly one element of set
B.

Solution:

To define a relation from set A to set B where each element of set A is related to
exactly one element of set B, we can simply pair each element of A with an
element of B in a one-to-one manner. So, the relation R can be defined as follows:

R = {(1, x), (2, y), (3, z)}

Question 4: Let g: ℝ → ℝ be defined as g(x) = 2x - 3. Determine whether

the function g is injective, surjective, or bijective.

Solution:

1. Injective (One-to-One): Assume g(x₁) = g(x₂) for some x₁, x₂ in the

domain. 2x₁ - 3 = 2x₂ - 3 2x₁ = 2x₂ Dividing by 2, x₁ = x₂. Since every
element in the co-domain has at most one pre-image, g is injective.
2. Surjective (Onto): To check if g is surjective, we need to verify if for
every y in the co-domain, there exists an x in the domain such that
g(x) = y. Let's take any y in ℝ, say y = 0. Solving 2x - 3 = 0, we get x =
3/2. So, g(3/2) = 0. Since for any y in ℝ, there exists x = 3/2 such that
g(x) = y, g is surjective.
3. Since g is both injective and surjective, it's bijective.
Graph of relation :

This equation graphed above is: y2=x. We can define y=x2 as a relation. Its
inputs and outputs are a collection of ordered pairs. The domain is all of its x
values, and the range is all of its y values.
Graph of Function :

Graphing of linear function :

Graphing functions is drawing the curve that represents the function on the

coordinate plane. If a curve (graph) represents a function, then every point on the

curve satisfies the function equation. For example, the following graph represents

the linear function f(x) = -x+ 2.

Graphing of quadratic functions:

x=y^2

● The graph of a function also passes the vertical line test as every
vertical line in the plane intersects the graph exactly once.
economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields
Conclusion :
Relations and functions are fundamental mathematical concepts that serve distinct
purposes. A relation connects two sets, allowing multiple outputs for a single input,
and doesn't necessarily follow a clear rule. In contrast, a function connects two sets
with a predictable pattern, ensuring each input corresponds to exactly one output.
This crucial difference impacts problem-solving and real-world modeling. For
instance, a person can have multiple friends, illustrating a relation, whereas a
person has only one birthday, exemplifying a function. Functions provide
determinism, enabling predictive modeling and precise calculations. Relations,
however, facilitate identifying complex patterns and dependencies. Understanding
the distinction ensures mathematical accuracy and effective communication.

In practical applications, functions accurately model phenomena like physics and

economics, while relations uncover hidden connections in data analysis and
computer science. Recognizing these differences enables mathematicians,
scientists, and engineers to construct robust models, optimize systems, and drive
innovation. By grasping relations and functions, professionals can tackle complex
problems, make informed decisions, and advance their fields. The clarity provided
by distinguishing relations from functions fosters a deeper understanding of
mathematical principles and their far-reaching implications, ultimately enriching
analytical capabilities and problem-solving strategies.
 Bibliography
https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/graphing-functions/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-relation-and-function
/

https://www.expii.com/t/relations-in-math-definition-examples-4309

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Algebra/Advanced_Algebra/02
%3A_Graphing_Functions_and_Inequalities/201%3A_Relations_Graph
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https://www.hawkeslearning.com/documents/prc_2e/prc_chapter%203.p
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