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Definitions - Topic 2 Bonding and Structure - Edexcel Chemistry A-Level

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Definitions - Topic 2 Bonding and Structure - Edexcel Chemistry A-Level

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kimwansi534
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Definitions and Concepts for Edexcel Chemistry A-level

Topic 2: Bonding and Structure


Ionic bond​ : Strong electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Strength of
attraction depends on the relative sizes and charges of ions.

Cation​
: A positively charged ion, e.g. Na​+​.

Anion​: A negatively charged ion, e.g. S​ .


2​−​

Isoelectronic species​: Chemical species that have the same number of electrons, e.g. N​ , O​−,​ F​− ions
3​−​ 2​

are isoelectronic - they all have ten electrons. CO and N​2 are isoelectronic molecules - they both have
14 electrons.

Covalent bond: The strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of
electrons between them. ​ Polar covalent bond occurs when there is an asymmetric electron
distribution within the covalent bond due to difference in electronegativities.

𝞼 (sigma) ​bond​: A bond that results from a direct (end-on) overlap of two orbitals, e.g. a sigma bond
in H​2 molecule is formed by overlap of two 1s orbitals. Similarly, a sigma bond in HCl is a result of the
end-on overlap of 1s orbital of hydrogen with 3p orbital of chlorine.

π​(pi) ​bond​
: A bond that is formed when two orbitals overlap sideways, e.g. a pi bond in C​2​H​.
4​

Dative covalent bonding: Occurs when one atom donates both electrons in a bond. e.g. in NH​4​+ or
H​O​
3​
+​
ions. Marked with an arrow.

Shapes of the molecules: ​


Shapes adopted by the molecules so as to minimise the electronic
replusions.

Shape of the Bond angle (°) Number of Number of Examples


molecule bonds made lone pairs on
by the central the central
atom atom

Linear 180 2 0 BeCl​2​,


Ag(NH​3​)​2​+

Trigonal 120 3 0 BF​3​, C​H​4


2​
planar

Tetrahedral 109.5 4 0 CH​4​, NH​4​+​,


CoCl​4​2​−

Trigonal 107 3 1 NH​, H​


3​ O​+
3​
pyramidal

Bent 104.5 2 2 H​2​O

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Trigonal 120, 90 5 0 PCl​5
bipyramidal

Octahedral 90 6 0 SF​6​, Cu(H​2​O)​6​2+

Allotropes​
: Different forms of the same element, e.g. allotropes of carbon are: diamond, graphite,
graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes etc.

Malleable​
: A malleable substance can be shaped.

Ductile​
: A ductile substance can be drawn into a wire.

Intermolecular forces:​Forces b
​etween​the molecules (cf. ​bonding​, an ​intra​molecular​force).

Electronegativity​
: The ability of atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond. The most
electronegative elements (N,O,F) are small and have a relatively high nuclear charge.

Dipole​
: Difference in charge between the two atoms of a covalent bond caused by a shift in electron
density in the bond due to the electronegativity difference between elements participating in
bonding. ​Polar molecules​exist as dipoles, e.g.

Metallic bonding: Strong electrostatic attraction between metal ions and the sea of delocalised
electrons that surround them.

Delocalised electrons:​The electrons that are not contained within a single atom or a covalent bond.

Bond length:​Internuclear distance between two covalently bonded atoms.

London forces: Weak intermolecular forces arising due to ​fluctuations of electron density ​within a
nonpolar molecule. These fluctuations may temporarily cause the ​asymmetric electron distribution​:
the molecule becomes an ​ instantaneous dipole​. This dipole can ​induce a dipole ​in another molecule,
and so on. The attraction increases with size/shape (points of contact between the molecules) and
number of electrons (more fluctuations = more instantaneous/induced dipoles).

Permanent dipole-dipole interactions: ​Dipole-dipole attractions between polar molecules. Stronger


than London forces.

Hydrogen bond: A type of intermolecular force (with some bonding character) between a hydrogen
bonded to a more electronegative atom than hydrogen (usually N,O,F) and other atom in a
same/different molecule. Directional nature - the bond angle is often 180°. Responsible for
anomalous properties of water, e.g. the density of ice < density of water. Ice occupies greater
volume than water due to the directional nature of hydrogen bonds within the solid structure.

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