General

#echo "Hello">>x.sh Input and output

#translates all lower to upper read : read input to shell script interactively
echo “enter your name”; read name; echo “Hello $name”
echo "$text"|tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
paste: join 2 files laterally #Paste file1.txt file2.txt
echo Length of $text is ${#text} System date and time
result=$(echo "sqrt(5+7)" | bc -l) date +"%Y/%m/%d" :displayes date . date +%Y #display year
#settilng precision Date +”%H:%M:%S” #displays time
echo "scale=4; 10/3" | bc -l date -d "+3 days" +"%Y/%m/%d" # future date
echo $result date -d "+3 hours" +"%H:%M:%S" #future time
start_date="2023-01-01"
chmod
end_date=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d")
r (read) = 4 ,chmod a+rwx file.txt
diff=$((($(date -d "$end_date" +%s) - $( date -d "$start_date"
w (write) = 2 ,chmod 754 file.txt +%s))/86400))
x (execute) = 1 Echo “Days bw $start_date and $end_date is: $diff”
chown Vim commands
chown [options] user[:group] file/directory vi +3 f1 : open the file f1 and position the cursor at line 3
chown newuser:newgroup file.txt vi +/pat f1 :open and position at the 1st occurrence of pat
chown --reference=reference_file target_file vi + foo :open and position the cursor at the end
chown -R bob /home/project vi -R foo : open foo in read only mode, prevent changes
egrep vi -o f1 f2 :open multipls files in vertical mode
egrep [options] "pattern" file vi -O f1 f2 :opens fies in horizontal split mode
egrep "apple|orange" fruits.txt #apple or orange :w #save and remain in editing mode
egrep -i "apple" fruits.txt #case insensitive :w bar #save the file as bar (similar to save as)
egrep -i -c "apple" fruits.txt #count the lines :w ! bar #overwrite existing bar without confirmation
egrep -n -i "apple" fruits.txt #display line no. :x #save the file and quit editing mode
egrep "cat.*" animals.txt :q #quit editing mode when no changes are made
egrep "[0-9]+" numbers.txt :q! #quit editing mode and abandon changes
egrep -w "apple" fruits.txt #whole word match yy - Copies the current line.
egrep -v -i "iii" fruits.txt #invert match 6yy - Copies six lines.
egrep -l "pattern" f1 f2 … #gives files name y - Copies a selected region.
egrep -r "apple" linuxprac/ #for a directory p - Pastes copied text after the cursor.
egrep -C 1 "apple" fruits.txt #show bfr and after P - Pastes copied text before the cursor.
egrep "^[1-9]+" fruits.txt #only numbers x - Deletes the character under the cursor.
Arithmetic 6x - Deletes the current character and five to the right.
expr 3 + 5 #note the gap.echo "5+3" |bc #outputs 8 dd - Deletes the current line.
((x=5+3)), x=$((5+3)) and echo $x.let “x=5+6” ,echo $x outputs 8 4dd - Deletes four lines.
Text processing commands dw - Deletes a word under the cursor.
head file.txt #beginning of a file i - Inserts text to the left of the cursor.
tr #translate or delete characters a - Appends text to the right.
tr [options] SET1 [SET2], tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < input.txt > output.txt o - Opens a new line below.
tr -d 'aeiouAEIOU' < input.txt > output.txt #removes vowels O - Opens a new line above.
tr ' ' ',' < input.txt > output.txt #replaces space with commas u - Undoes the last command.
sort filename.txt #Sort lines in a file in ascending order [Ctrl-r] - Redoes the last undone change.
sort -r filename.txt #descending order U - Undoes all changes to the current line.
sort -n numbers.txt #sort numerically :!cmd - Executes a UNIX command.
sort -f file.txt #lines sorted ignoring case or [Ctrl-z] - Escapes to the UNIX shell temporarily.
uniq filename.txt #Remove consecutive duplicate lines SED commands
uniq -c filename.txt #consecutive # of occurrences of each line sed [options] 'pattern(s) command' input_file(s)
uniq -d filename.txt #Show only the lines that are repeated Replace the first occurrence of "fruits" with "apples"
uniq -i filename.txt #Treat lines as identical regardless of case: -sed 's/fruits/apples/' fruit.txt
Uniq -f #lines that occur only once Replace all occurrences of "apples" with "oranges" and edit the file
sort filename.txt | uniq #remove all duplicates in-place # sed -i 's/apples/oranges/g' fruit.txt
File display a manipulation Search for "fruits" and replace with "oranges" ignoring case, and
cat file.txt #display file content redirect output to # sed 's/fruits/oranges/gi' fruit.txt > orange.txt
cat file1.txt file2.txt>new.txt #combine multiple files Replace all occurrences of "fruits" with "apples" globally across the
Cat f1.txt>>f2.txt #concatenate f1 to f2 file: sed 's/fruits/apples/g' fruit.txt
cat fruits.txt | head -n 2 #display first 2 lines Replace "fruits" with "apples" globally, case-insensitive:
ls -l | egrep "^d" #lists all the directories in present dir sed 's/fruits/apples/gi' fruit.txt
tail -f #monitor and display the last part of a file in real-time sed 's|fruits|apples|gi' fruit.txt
tail -f file.txt # display last lines(10 default)
tail -n 10 -f file.txt #displays last lines
● |: Alternate delimiter. This is helpful when the pattern
System and user info
hostname #name of the local host. Uname #OS name or replacement text contains / to avoid escaping it.
Uname -r #OS release .Who #Users and activities ● g: Global flag ensures all occurrences of "fruits" are
Passwd #change own password replaced.
Su # superuser from nonprivilaged account ● i: Case-insensitive flag ensures that "Fruits",
exit ,logout #terminate shell script "FRUITS", etc., are also replaced.
ssh and remote access
ssh -p port_no user@remote_host
sed '1,2s/fruits/apples/gi' fruit.txt
scp local_file user@remote:/path # copy local to remote machine
scp user@remote:/remote_path local_path/ #remote to local copy
Env and variables ● 1,2: Specifies the line range (from line 1 to line 2) for
set :assign values to positional parameters the substitution.
export : pass variable value to sub-shell
 ● s/fruits/apples/gi: Replaces all occurrences of sed '/[aeiou]/d' file # Deletes lines containing vowels.
"fruits" with "apples" on the specified lines, ignoring sed '/[0-9]/d' file # Deletes lines containing numbers.
case. sed '2,4d' file # Deletes lines 2 to 4.

# At the line before “i”

sed '2,$s/fruits/apples/gi' fruit.txt
sed '/banana/i This is a fruit:' file # Inserts "This is a fruit:"
before lines containing "banana".
● This replaces "fruits" with "apples" from line 2 to the sed '/^apple/i This starts with "apple".' file # Inserts "This starts with
end of the file. 'apple'." before lines starting with "apple".

sed "s/fruits/$(echo apples | tr a-z A-Z)/gi" # At the line after “a”

sed '/banana/a This is a fruit:' file # Inserts "This is a fruit:"
fruit.txt
after lines containing "banana".
sed '/^apple/a This starts with "apple".' file # Inserts "This starts
● $(echo apples | tr a-z A-Z): This command with 'apple'." after lines starting with "apple".
transforms the replacement string "apples" into
uppercase ("APPLES"). The tr command translates all # At the beginning of the line “s/^/”
lowercase letters (a-z) to uppercase (A-Z). sed '/banana/s/^/The fruit is:/' file # Adds "The fruit is:" at the
● Double quotes: When using shell substitution within a beginning of lines containing "banana".
sed command, you must use double quotes instead
of single quotes so the shell can interpret the # At the end of the line “s/$/”
command. sed '/banana/s/$/ is a fruit/' file # Adds " is a fruit" at the end
of lines containing "banana".
AWK
sed -E 's/(apple|banana)/fruit/g' file awk '{ print $1 }' names.txt # No pattern, only action. Prints the
first column of a file.
● -E: Enables Extended Regular Expressions (ERE), awk -F',' '{ print $2 }' contacts.csv # Field separator -F','
which simplifies the use of parentheses, alternation, (default is space). Prints the second column.
and other features. awk -F',' '{ print $2 , $4 }' contacts.csv # Prints the second and
● (apple|banana): Matches either "apple" or fourth columns.
awk -F',' '{ print $2 + $4 }' contacts.csv # Performs mathematical
"banana".
operation (sum of second and fourth columns).
● fruit: Replacement string.
awk '$2 > 80 { print }' scores.txt # Prints lines where the second
● g: Global flag to replace all occurrences on each line. field is greater than 80.
awk '/error/ { print }' log.txt # Prints lines containing the pattern
sed -E 's/(apple) pie/\1 strudel/g' file "error".
awk 'NR >= 10 { print }' book.txt # Prints lines starting from line
10 onwards.
● (apple): Captures the word "apple".
awk 'NR <= 10 { print }' book.txt # Prints the first 10 lines.
● \1: Refers to the first capture group (i.e., "apple"). awk 'NR >= 10 && NR <= 20 { print }' book.txt # Prints lines
● The command replaces "apple pie" with "apple strudel", from 10 to 20.
keeping "apple" intact. awk 'NF > 3 { print }' scores.txt # Prints lines with more than 3
fields
sed -E 's/(apple|orange) juice/\1 smoothie/g' # Calculating the sum of numbers
file awk '{ sum += $1 } END { print "Sum:", sum }' numbers.txt #
Calculates the sum of the first column.
# Calculating the average of numbers
● (apple|orange): Matches either "apple" or "orange" awk '{ sum += $1 } END { average = sum / NR; print "Average:",
and captures it. average }' grades.txt # Calculates the average of the first column
● \1: Refers to the matched word (either "apple" or # Performing arithmetic operations
"orange"). awk '{ result = $1 + $2 + $3; print $1, $2, $3, "=", result }'
● The command replaces "apple juice" or "orange juice" operations.txt # Adds the first 3 columns and prints the result.
with "apple smoothie" or "orange smoothie", BASH SCRIPTING
respectively. echo "Hello, $(whoami)!."
date
sed -E 's/[0-9]+/NUM/g' file ls -l

echo "what is your name"; read name ;echo hello $name;

● [0-9]+: Matches one or more digits (the + allows for mkdir $name ; cd $name; touch tt.sh; echo "hello $name">> tt.sh
matching multiple digits). #program to calculate sum and product of first N numbers
● NUM: The replacement string for any sequence of digits. echo "Enter a number"; read N ; sum=0; product=1
for (( i=1; i<=N; i++ ))
sed -n '/banana/p' file # print line containing "banana" do
sed -n '/banana/!p' file # print lines NOT containing "banana" sum=$((sum + i))
sed -n '/^apple/p' file # print line starting with "apple" product=$((product * i))
sed -n '/^$/p' file # print empty lines done
sed -n '/^$/!p' file # print non-empty lines echo "sum of the first $N : $sum" ;echo "product is: $product"
sed -n '2,4p' file # print lines 2 to 4 #Reverse a string by taking input
sed -n '/[aeiou]/p' file # print line containing any vowel echo enter a string; read input_string; reversed_string=""
sed -n '/[0-9]/p' file # print line containing numbers for (( i=${#input_string}-1; i>=0; i-- ))
sed -n 's/apple/date/gp' file # replace "apple" with "date" and print do
the modified lines reversed_string+="${input_string:i:1}"
sed '/banana/d' file # Deletes lines containing "banana". done
sed '/^apple/d' file # Deletes lines starting with "apple". echo "The reversed string is: $reversed_string"
sed '/^$/d' file # Deletes empty lines. #Count Vowels
echo "enter a string";read input_string; vowel_count=0 i. file vs folder (-f, -d) ii. Does it exist? (-e) iii. Is it readable,
vowels="aeiouAEIOU" writable, executable, empty (-r, -w, -x. -s) iv. If I am owner or group
for (( i=0; i<${#input_string}; i++ )) (-O, -G) v. date comparison (-nt, -ot)
do # Check if string is non-empty and contains "unix"
char="${input_string:i:1}" # Get the current character read -p "Enter a string: " str
if [[ $vowels == *"$char"* ]]; then if [ -n "$str" ] && [[ "$str" == *unix* ]]; then
((vowel_count++)) # Increment the counter if it's a vowel echo "Valid string"
fi else
done echo "Invalid string"
echo "The number of vowels in the string is: $vowel_count" fi
# Check if file exists # Check if number is greater than 50 and less than 200
if [ -f "file.txt" ]; then read -p "Enter a number: " num
echo "File exists" if [ $num -gt 50 ] && [ $num -lt 200 ]; then
else echo "Number is in the valid range"
echo "File does not exist" else
fi echo "Number is out of range"
# Check if two strings are equal fi
str1="hello" # Check if sum of two numbers is greater than 100
str2="hello" read -p "Enter first number: " num1
if [ "$str1" = "$str2" ]; then read -p "Enter second number: " num2
echo "Strings are equal" if (( num1 + num2 > 100 )); then
fi echo "Sum is greater than 100"
# Check if it's a directory else
dir="mydir" echo "Sum is 100 or less"
if [ -d "$dir" ]; then Fi
echo "It's a directory" #while loop, sum of digits
fi read -p "Enter a positive integer: " number
CASES sum=
read -p "Enter a day: " day if ! [[ "$number" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
day=$(echo "$day" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]') echo "Please enter a valid positive integer."
case $day in exit 1
monday|tuesday|wednesday|thursday|friday) fi
echo "Weekday" while [ "$number" -gt 0 ]; do
;; digit=$(( number % 10 )) # Get the last digit
saturday|sunday) sum=$(( sum + digit )) # Add the digit to the sum
echo "Weekend" number=$(( number / 10 )) # Remove the last digit
;; done
*) echo "The sum of the digits is: $sum"
echo "Invalid day" #sum of elements at even position in array
;; # Read integers from a file into an arry
esac arr=()
# Check if string starts with "abc" while read -r line; do
read -p "Enter a string: " str arr+=("$line")
if [[ "$str" == abc* ]]; then done < "numbers.txt" # Replace with your filename
echo "String starts with abc"
fi sum=0
# Check if string contains "bash" for (( i=0; i<${#arr[@]}; i+=2 )); do
read -p "Enter a string: " str sum=$(( sum + arr[i] ))
if [[ "$str" == *bash* ]]; then done
echo "String contains bash" echo "Sum of even-indexed elements: $sum"
Fi #create associate arrat of countries and capital
# Check string length # Declare associative array
read -p "Enter a string: " str declare -A capitals
if [ ${#str} -gt 10 ]; then capitals=( [USA]="Washington, D.C." [France]="Paris"
echo "String is long" [Germany]="Berlin" )
else for country in "${!capitals[@]}"; do
echo "String is short" echo "The capital of $country is ${capitals[$country]}"
fi done
# Check if string is "yes" or "y" #write array in reverse
read -p "Enter a string (yes/y): " response arr=(1 2 3 4 5)
if [ "$response" = "yes" ] || [ "$response" = "y" ]; then for (( i=${#arr[@]}-1; i>=0; i-- )); do
echo "Affirmative" echo "${arr[i]}"
else done
echo "Negative" # Recursive function to calculate factorial
fi factorial() {
# Check if string is "admin" and user ID is greater than 1000 if [ "$1" -le 1 ]; then
read -p "Enter username: " user echo 1
read -p "Enter user ID: " uid else
if [ "$user" = "admin" ] && [ $uid -gt 1000 ]; then local prev_fact
echo "Admin user" prev_fact=$(factorial "$(( $1 - 1 ))")
else echo $(( $1 * prev_fact ))
echo "Regular user" fi
Fi }
read -p "Enter a number: " num
result=$(factorial "$num")
echo "Factorial of $num is $result" echo "Line $line_number has $word_count words."
#guessing game ((line_number++))
# Generate a random number between 1 and 100 done < "$filename"
target=$(( RANDOM % 100 + 1 )) #linux commands
guess=0 ls *.out 2>/dev/null | wc -l # Counts the number of .out files in the current
attempts=0 directory.
grep "ENERGY" *.out # Searches for the keyword "ENERGY" in all .out files.
echo "Welcome to the Number Guessing Game!"
ls d*.hsd # Lists files starting with "d" and ending with ".hsd".
echo "I have selected a number between 1 and 100. Can you find . -name "*.out" -exec wc -l {} + | awk '{s+=$1} END {print s}' # Recursively
guess it?" counts the total number of lines in .out files.
while [ "$guess" -ne "$target" ]; do find . -type f -mtime -7 # Lists files modified in the last 7 days.
read -p "Enter your guess: " guess grep -o "\*\*\*" out | wc -l # Counts occurrences of "***" in a file named out.
((attempts++)) sed -n '10,20p' out # Displays lines 10 to 20 from the file "out".
du -h * # Displays the size of each file in the directory in a human-readable
if [ "$guess" -lt "$target" ]; then
format
echo "Too low! Try again." ls -lS # Lists files sorted by size from largest to smallest.
elif [ "$guess" -gt "$target" ]; then sort names.out | uniq # Displays all unique lines from "names.out".
echo "Too high! Try again." grep "energy" out | awk '{print $3, $5}' # Extracts lines with "energy" and
else displays the 3rd and 5th columns.
echo "Congratulations! You've guessedr: $target" grep "energy" out | awk '{printf "%.5f %.5f\n", $3, $5}' # Extracts the 3rd and
5th columns, rounding them to five decimal places.
echo "It took you $attempts attempts."
ls -d */ # Lists only directories in the current working directory.
fi find . -type f -empty # Lists all empty files in the directory.
done find . -type f -size +10M # Lists all files larger than 10MB.
# Deletes all lines starting with the number '3' in a file.
sed -i '/^3/d' your_file.txt # grep "go*l" file.txt # Matches "gl", "gol", "gool", "gooool", and so on.
# inserts "Your text here" after every 5th line in a file. grep "12*34" file.txt # Matches "1234", "12234", "122234", and so..
awk 'NR % 5 == 0 { print; print "Your text here"; next }1' your_file.txt grep "c.t" file.txt # Matches "cat", "cet", "cft", but not "ct" or "catt".
> temp.txt && mv temp.txt your_file.txt grep "a.b" file.txt # Matches "abb", "acb", "aab", but not "ab" or
# This script replaces the first word of each line with "Hello". "aabb".
sed -i 's/^\w\+/Hello/' your_file.txt # Replace 'your_file.txt' with your grep "a.*b" file.txt # Matches "ab", "aabb", "aXb", etc.
actual filename grep "[aeiou]" file.txt # Matches any lowercase vowel.
# reverses the order of words in each line. grep "[1-3]" file.txt # Matches a digit between 1 and 3.
sed -E 's/(.*) (.*)/\2 \1/' your_file.txt # Adjust the regex for multiple grep "[^Z]" file.txt # Matches any character except "Z".
words if needed grep "[^0-9]" file.txt # Matches any non-digit character.
# capitalizes the first letter of each word and appends " - end" grep "^Start" file.txt # Matches "Start" at the beginning of a line.
to each line. grep "sun$" file.txt # Matches "sun" at the end of a line.
sed -E 's/\b([a-z])/\U\1/g; s/$/ - end/' your_file.txt # Replace grep "g\+" file.txt # Matches one or more occurrences of "g".
'your_file.txt' with your actual filename grep "colou\?r" file.txt # Matches "color" and "colour".
# Thiscalculates and prints the average of numbers in grep "GIF\|JPEG" file.txt # Matches "GIF" or "JPEG".
'numbers.txt'. grep "wood\(cock\|house\)" file.txt # Matches "woodcock" or
awk '{ total += $1; count++ } END { print "Average:", total/count }' "woodhouse".
numbers.txt grep "\{3\}" file.txt # Matches exactly 3 occurrences of the previous
# This script finds and prints the maximum and minimum character.
values from 'values.txt'. grep "\d\{3\}" file.txt # Matches any three-digit number.
awk 'NR == 1 { min = max = $1 } { if ($1 < min) min = $1; if ($1 > grep "\w\+" file.txt # Matches one or more word characters.
max) max = $1 } END { print "Min:", min, "Max:", max }' values.txt grep "\s\+" file.txt # Matches one or more whitespace characters.
# This script calculates and prints letter grades based on grep "[[:alpha:]]\+" file.txt # Matches one or more alphabetic
scores in 'grades.csv'. characters.
awk -F, '{ grep "[[:upper:]][[:digit:]]" file.txt # Matches an uppercase letter
if ($2 >= 90) grade = "EX"; followed by a digit.
else if ($2 >= 80) grade = "A"; grep "[[:space:]]" file.txt # Matches any whitespace character.
else if ($2 >= 70) grade = "B"; grep "[[:punct:]]" file.txt # Matches punctuation characters like ".",
else if ($2 >= 60) grade = "C"; "!", "?", etc.
else grade = "F";
print $1, grade alias # Abbreviate a command sequence.
}' grades.csv cd dirname # Change current directory to dirname.
# This script calculates and prints the total sales revenue for chmod # Change file's permissions.
each product and overall total from 'sales.csv'. chown # Change file's ownership.
awk -F, '{ revenue = $2 * $3; total += revenue; print $1, revenue } cp # Copy file.
END { print "Total Sales Revenue:", total }' sales.csv grep # Lines containing a pattern.
# This script computes and prints the percentage increase in gzip # Compress file (to .gz).
sales from one month to the next in 'salesdata.csv'. ls -l # List directory contents in long format.
awk 'NR == 1 { prev = $1; next } { increase = (($1 - prev) / prev) * mv # Move files to another directory.
100; print "Percentage increase:", increase "%"; prev = $1 }' pwd # Print working directory.
salesdata.csv rm # Remove files or directories.
# counts the no of words in each line of a file sed # Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
read -p "Enter the filename: " filename ssh # Log in to a remote machine.
if [[ ! -f "$filename" ]]; then tar # Archive and extract files.
echo "File does not exist." touch # Change file's timestamp or create empty file.
exit 1 uname -r # Display operating system release.
fi wc # Count lines, words, and characters in a file.
line_number=1 df -h # Display disk space usage in human-readable format.
while IFS= read -r line; do du # Show disk space usage of files and directories.
word_count=0 head # Output the first part of files.
for word in $line; do tail -f # Output the last part of a file and track it live.
((word_count++)) top # Display real-time system resource usage.
done ps aux # List all running processes.