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Lec - 1 Circuit I

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views19 pages

Lec - 1 Circuit I

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abdomaggo46
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Circuits I

Lecture 1
Dr. Abdallah Ramadan Fawzy
E-Mail: [email protected]

The figures and text included in slides are borrowed from various books, websites, and
other sources for academic purposes only. The author do not claim any originality.
Course Contents
➢Basic dc circuit elements, series and parallel Networks
➢Ohm's law and Kirchoff's laws
➢NodalAnalysis
➢MeshAnalysis
➢Source Transformation Method
➢Superposition Theory
➢Thevenin's Theorem and Norton Theorem
➢Maximum Power Transfer
➢Alternating current Fundamentals and AC generation
➢RMS value, average value, form factor and crisp factor
➢Phasor concept
➢Relation between voltage and current in resistor, capacitor and inductor
➢Response of RL and RC circuits
➢Sinusoidal response of RLC circuit
➢Series Resonance
Introduction
➢Electrical systems pervade our lives; they are found in home, school,
workplaces, factories, and transportation vehicles-everywhere.

➢A circuit model is used to connect our visualization to our analysis of a


physical system.

➢The challenge is to develop models that will predict the physical behaviour of
real components accurately and result in mathematical equations that can be
solved.
SI Units
Quantity Quantity symbol Unit Unit symbol
Capacitance C Farad F
Charge Q Coulomb C
Current I Ampere A
Electromotive force E Volt V
Frequency f Hertz Hz
Inductance (self) L Henry H
Period T Second s
Potential difference V Volt V
Power P Watt W
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Temperature T Kelvin K
Time t Second s
Common Prefixes
Prefix Name Meaning (multiply by)
T tera 1012
G giga 109
M mega 106
k kilo 103
m milli 10-3
 micro 10-6
n nano 10-9
p pico 10-12
Circuit Symbols
E. M. F.
Electromotive force and potential difference
Electromotive force (EMF) refers to the voltage generated by a source like a battery or
generator, which can drive an electric current through a circuit. It’s often measured in
volts (V) and represents the energy per unit charge available to move electrons in a
circuit.
Key Points about EMF:
1.Definition: EMF is the energy provided by a source per unit charge. It's not a force in
the traditional sense but rather a potential difference that causes current to flow.
2.Sources of EMF:
1. Batteries: Chemical reactions generate EMF.
2. Generators: Mechanical energy (like rotating coils in a magnetic field) converts
to electrical energy.
3. Solar Cells: Convert light energy into electrical energy.
Electrical Circuits
Electric charge
◦ an amount of electrical energy
◦ can be positive or negative

Electric current
◦ a flow of electrical charge, often a flow of electrons
◦ conventional current is in the opposite direction to a flow of electrons

Current flow in a circuit


◦ a sustained current needs a complete circuit
◦ also requires a stimulus to cause the charge to flow
Basic Electrical Quantities
Basic quantities: current, voltage and power.
Electric current:
Electric current in a wire is defined as the net amount of charge that passes
through the wire per unit time , and is measured in amperes (A).

i = dq
dt
where
i = current in amperes
q = charge in coulombs
t = time in sec.

➢1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second (C/s)


➢Current in circuits physically realized by movement of electrons.
➢Direction of current must be specified by an arrow.
➢By convention, current direction defined as flow of positive charge.
➢Electrons have negative charge.
➢They move in the opposite direction of current.

- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
electron motion

positive current direction

➢In general, current can be an arbitrary function of time.


Constant current is called direct current (DC).
Current that can be represented as a sinusoidal function of time (orin
some contexts a sum of sinusoids) is called alternating current (AC).
Voltage
Voltage is the energy absorbed or expended as a unit chargemoves from one
point to the other.

➢Sometimes called potential difference.


➢Can be created by a separation of charge.
➢Is a measure of the potential between two points.
➢Voltage pushes charge in one direction.
➢We use polarity (+ and – on batteries) to indicates which directionthe
charge is being pushed
➢Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through anelement,
measured in volts (V)

v = dω
dq

where v = voltage in volts


ω = energy in Joules
q = charge in coulombs

i v -
+
Circuit Element
A B
Electrical Power
Time rate of expending or absorbing energy and is measured by Watts.

p = dw
dt
 d ω  dq 
p =  = vi
dq   dt 

where p = power in watts


ω = energy in Joules
t = time in seconds
q = charge in coulombs
i = current in apperes
v = voltage in volts
By convention
– Circuit elements that absorb power have a positive value of p.
– Circuit elements that produce power have a negative value of p.
Elements of electrical circuits
Active elements
Active elements are the elements that can generate energy or power, suchas
voltage and current sources.

➢Ideally, a voltage source produces Vs volts regardless of the currentabsorbed


or produced by the connected device.

➢Ideally, a current source produces Is amps regardless of the current inthe


connected device.

➢In a particular circuit, there can be active elements that absorb power – for
example, a battery being charged.
Passive elements
passive elements are the elements that can not generate energy, such as
resistors, capacitors and inductors.

resistors
➢The ability of a material to resist (impede, obstruct) the flow charge is called
its resistivity. It is represented by the letterR.
➢A resistor is a circuit element that dissipates electrical energy (usually as
heat)
➢Real-world devices that are modeled by resistors: incandescent light bulbs,
heating elements, long wires
➢Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω)
➢Resistor is indicated by the symbol
➢Resistance of a wire depends on some factors like as length (L), cross-
sectional area (A) and resistivity of material (ρ).

R=ρ L
A

Where ρ resistivity in Ω.m


L length in m
A cross-section area in m2
➢The conductance (G) of a pure resistor is the reciprocal of its resistance.
The unit of conductance is the siemens (S) or mho ( ).

G= 1
R
Any questions?

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