Lec - 1 Circuit I
Lec - 1 Circuit I
Lecture 1
Dr. Abdallah Ramadan Fawzy
E-Mail: [email protected]
The figures and text included in slides are borrowed from various books, websites, and
other sources for academic purposes only. The author do not claim any originality.
Course Contents
➢Basic dc circuit elements, series and parallel Networks
➢Ohm's law and Kirchoff's laws
➢NodalAnalysis
➢MeshAnalysis
➢Source Transformation Method
➢Superposition Theory
➢Thevenin's Theorem and Norton Theorem
➢Maximum Power Transfer
➢Alternating current Fundamentals and AC generation
➢RMS value, average value, form factor and crisp factor
➢Phasor concept
➢Relation between voltage and current in resistor, capacitor and inductor
➢Response of RL and RC circuits
➢Sinusoidal response of RLC circuit
➢Series Resonance
Introduction
➢Electrical systems pervade our lives; they are found in home, school,
workplaces, factories, and transportation vehicles-everywhere.
➢The challenge is to develop models that will predict the physical behaviour of
real components accurately and result in mathematical equations that can be
solved.
SI Units
Quantity Quantity symbol Unit Unit symbol
Capacitance C Farad F
Charge Q Coulomb C
Current I Ampere A
Electromotive force E Volt V
Frequency f Hertz Hz
Inductance (self) L Henry H
Period T Second s
Potential difference V Volt V
Power P Watt W
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Temperature T Kelvin K
Time t Second s
Common Prefixes
Prefix Name Meaning (multiply by)
T tera 1012
G giga 109
M mega 106
k kilo 103
m milli 10-3
micro 10-6
n nano 10-9
p pico 10-12
Circuit Symbols
E. M. F.
Electromotive force and potential difference
Electromotive force (EMF) refers to the voltage generated by a source like a battery or
generator, which can drive an electric current through a circuit. It’s often measured in
volts (V) and represents the energy per unit charge available to move electrons in a
circuit.
Key Points about EMF:
1.Definition: EMF is the energy provided by a source per unit charge. It's not a force in
the traditional sense but rather a potential difference that causes current to flow.
2.Sources of EMF:
1. Batteries: Chemical reactions generate EMF.
2. Generators: Mechanical energy (like rotating coils in a magnetic field) converts
to electrical energy.
3. Solar Cells: Convert light energy into electrical energy.
Electrical Circuits
Electric charge
◦ an amount of electrical energy
◦ can be positive or negative
Electric current
◦ a flow of electrical charge, often a flow of electrons
◦ conventional current is in the opposite direction to a flow of electrons
i = dq
dt
where
i = current in amperes
q = charge in coulombs
t = time in sec.
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
electron motion
v = dω
dq
i v -
+
Circuit Element
A B
Electrical Power
Time rate of expending or absorbing energy and is measured by Watts.
p = dw
dt
d ω dq
p = = vi
dq dt
➢In a particular circuit, there can be active elements that absorb power – for
example, a battery being charged.
Passive elements
passive elements are the elements that can not generate energy, such as
resistors, capacitors and inductors.
resistors
➢The ability of a material to resist (impede, obstruct) the flow charge is called
its resistivity. It is represented by the letterR.
➢A resistor is a circuit element that dissipates electrical energy (usually as
heat)
➢Real-world devices that are modeled by resistors: incandescent light bulbs,
heating elements, long wires
➢Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω)
➢Resistor is indicated by the symbol
➢Resistance of a wire depends on some factors like as length (L), cross-
sectional area (A) and resistivity of material (ρ).
R=ρ L
A
G= 1
R
Any questions?