A well-defined group of objects that share a common characteristic is called SET

The set that contains all objects under consideration is universal set
The number of elements contained in a set is determined by cardinality
If a set does not contain all the elements of a given set, it is called Proper subset
It is a sentence containing one or more variables which becomes a proposition upon
replacement of the variables. Predicate
It is a statement with truth value; either true or false but not both. Proposition
This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions with the
connective word and. Conjunction
This occurs due to the development of a certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within
the solid. Fracture
What is the equivalent symbolic form, using p and q, of the statement “If the sky is cloudy,
then probably it will rain.” p→q
The compound statement “Prices are going up, but wages are not” in symbolic form in terms
of p and q is ___.
“A triangle is right if and only if it has a 90-degrees angle.” p↔q
Proper subset is a subset that is not equal to the original set,Example: Given { 3, 5, 7 } then
the proper subsets are { }, {5, 7}, {3, 7}, {3, 5}. The improper subset is {3, 5, 7}.
Cardinality of the Set. It is the number of distinct elements belonging to a finite set. It is
also called the cardinal number of the set A denoted by n(A) or card(A) and |A|.
Power Set. It is the family of all the subsets of A denoted by Power
Conjunction ∧ and Conditional ⇒ if...then...

Disjunction ∨ or (inclusive) Biconditional ⇔ if and only if

Negation ∽ not
Reasoning is the practice of stating ideas clearly and precisely to arrive at a conclusion.
Intuition is similar to guessing. It is also called reasoning by guessing or reasoning
by common sense. “I think I will like Statistics”.
Analogy is a form of reasoning in which other similarities are inferred from a similarity
between two or things. Tree is to leaf as flower is to petal.
Inductive Reasoning is the process of gathering specific information, usually through
observation and measurement and then making a conjecture based on the gathered
Information.
Deductive Reasoning is the process of showing that certain statements follow logically
from agreed upon assumptions and proven facts. All birds can fly. Tweetie is a bird.
Conditional is a statement in mathematics that consists of a hypothesis and a conclusion.
These statements are usually written in if-then statements.
Hypothesis. The hypothesis of a conditional states that the given facts are assumed as true.
This is found in the “if” of the conditional.
Conclusion. The conclusion of a conditional states what needs to be proven or established
or true. This is found in the “then” part of conditional.
Converse. A converse of a given conditional is formed when the “if” and “then” parts are
reversed.
Biconditional. A biconditional is a statement that combines a conditional and its converse
with the phrase “if and only if” (abbreviated as “iff”).
Understand the problem. (See) > Devise a plan. (Plan) > Carry out the plan. (Do) >
Look back. (Check
Scientia a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about
how the universe behaves through either observation or experimentation or both
Science Defined “modern science is a discovery as well as an invention.”
Technology Defined the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to
produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems
comes from the Greek root word, technē, meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand’
John Heilbron (2003, p. vii), “modern science is a discovery as well as an invention.”
Historical Antecedents of S&T Focuses on how S&T changed across time and the impacts
of scientific and technological innovation on prevailing social, cultural,
political, and economic contexts across time
What’s in a historical antecedent? Historical antecedents in S&T can be understood as
the previous state of science and technology or previous scientific or technological tools that
paved the way for more advanced and sophisticated S&T to arise
Ancient Period (2.5 million years ago – 450 AD) The advances in S&T during the ancient
period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of living, communication,
transportation, and self-organization.
Middle Ages (450 AD – 1450 AD) • Major advances in scientific and technological
development, including a steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in
traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method, had taken place.
Modern Age (1450 AD – present) people of the modern age realized the utmost
importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production.
Industrialization took place, but greater risks in human health, food safety, and environment
rose, which had to be simultaneously addressed as scientific and technological progress
unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
intellectual revolutions refer to series of events that led to the emergence of modern
science and more current scientific thinking across critical periods in history.
Jean Sylvain Bailley’s Two-Stage Process 1 sweeping away the old 2 establishing the new’
The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after Polish
mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus The idea that it is the Sun and not
the Earth that is at the center of the universe proved to be unsettling in the beginning.
Darwinian Revolution English naturalist, geologist, and biologist Charles Darwin is credited
for stirring another important scientific revolution in the mid-19th century.
Sigmund Freud is credited for stirring a 20th century scientific revolution named after him,
the Freudian Revolution.
Mesoamerica This is the region and cultural area in North America
Asia had two of the world’s great early civilizations – from India and from China.
Middle East Middle East is considered as the home to the “Cradle of Civilization” where
many of the world’s oldest cultures and civilizations were seen.
Africa According to some historians, Africans were nothing more than savages whose only
contributions to the world were farming and slaves.